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Sterilization and castration have been synonyms for thousands of years. Making an animal sterile meant to render them incapable of producing offspring. Castration or the physical removal of the testes was discovered to be the most simple but reliable method for managing reproduction and sexual behavior in the male. Today, there continues to be global utilization of castration in domestic animals. More than six hundred million pigs are castrated every year, and surgical removal of testes in dogs and cats is a routine practice in veterinary medicine. However, modern biological research has extended the meaning of sterilization to include methods that spare testis removal and involve a variety of options, from chemical castration and immunocastration to various methods of vasectomy. This review begins with the history of sterilization, showing a direct link between its practice in man and animals. Then, it traces the evolution of concepts for inducing sterility, where research has overlapped with basic studies of reproductive hormones and the discovery of testicular toxicants, some of which serve as sterilizing agents in rodent pests. Finally, the most recent efforts to use the immune system and gene editing to block hormonal stimulation of testis function are discussed. As we respond to the crisis of animal overpopulation and strive for better animal welfare, these novel methods provide optimism for replacing surgical castration in some species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was carried out to determine the knowledge levels of the students of Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, on the concept of artificial intelligence and its use in veterinary practices. For this purpose, an online questionnaire was applied to a total of 529 students in the study, covering all grades of the faculty. The questionnaire consists of two parts. In the first part, there are 10 questions including demographics, knowledge about the concept of artificial intelligence, etc. The second part consists of 26 5-point Likert-type questions to determine students' thoughts on artificial intelligence applications. Data were analyzed using statistical tests. Consequently, the students participating in the study are partially knowledgeable about artificial intelligence (52.9%). They know the importance of following the developments in artificial intelligence for the profession (45.2%). They think that artificial intelligence applications will improve their professional skills (53.5%). They have the opinion that a robot cannot replace a veterinary surgeon (36.7%) and artificial intelligence cannot cause unemployment in veterinary medicine in the future (35.3%). In addition, they believe that artificial intelligence can cause ethical problems (39.3%) and that applications made with this technology should be developed in an ethical sense (42.4%). As a result, while the students think that artificial intelligence will have positive effects in the field of veterinary medicine, they also think that artificial intelligence can bring negative ethical implications. It can be concluded that including elective courses on artificial intelligence applications in veterinary faculties and conducting further research on the subject would be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although the issue of high mental health burden among veterinarians is well-documented in previous studies, little is known about the specific occupational stress factors associated with mental health issues. Therefore, the aims of this study were twofold: (1) to assess occupational stress factors within the veterinary profession, with a particular emphasis on comparing the expectations of veterinary students with the experiences of practicing veterinarians and (2) to link the experienced stress with mental health indicators in veterinarians. Methods: All registered veterinarians and veterinary-medicine students in Austria were invited to participate in a cross-sectional online survey. The data collection took place during the winter of 2022/2023 and included standardized questionnaires on mental well-being (WHO-5), depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), stress (PSS-4), and insomnia (ISI-2). Additionally, participants were asked about various estimated (students) or experienced (vets) occupational stress factors, which were to be rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from "not at all" to "very strongly". An open question invited respondents to identify in free text further experienced/anticipated sources of work-related stressors in veterinary practice. Results: A total of 430 students and 440 veterinarians participated in the study. The results of a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicate that the burden of bureaucracy is perceived as less stressful by students than experienced by veterinarians, all other areas are perceived as more stressful by students than by veterinarians. In veterinarians, bureaucracy is experienced as the most burdensome, followed by animal suffering, and communication with animal owners. Further analysis of possible associations between the extent of perceived stressors and indicators of mental health shows that while bureaucracy is the most burdensome, it has the smallest correlation with mental health indicators. On the other hand, financial concerns, which are not ranked among the main stressors, have the strongest correlation with impaired mental health. Conclusion: The results suggest that financial security for veterinarians is crucial to safeguard their mental health. The training of veterinary medicine students and practicing veterinarians in the areas of administration, time management, handling animal suffering, and communication with animal owners might be beneficial in reducing their job-related stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: As in humans, the treatment of skin wounds is a common clinical practice in veterinary medicine, especially in horses. This subject still requires great attention from researchers due to animal welfare concerns and economic losses resulting from the prolonged treatment of chronic wounds. This study has reviewed the scientific literature to identify which types of therapy have been described for equine wound healing. After selecting the publications using pre-established eligibility criteria, 81 manuscripts were included for data extraction on the characteristics of the articles, treatments, evaluation types, and results. Although the literature on equine wound management is very vast, there was observed a lack of evidence for the adoption of a treatment protocol, and many treatments with controversial results. Equine skin wound treatment continues to be a challenge for veterinarians. Despite being a frequent practice, it remains difficult to choose an evidence-based treatment protocol. This study aimed to comprehensively explore the literature and provide a scoping review of therapeutic strategies for equine skin wounds and identify knowledge gaps and opportunities for future research. This review was conducted using specific criteria to select literature that described methods to manage second intention wound healing. After removing duplicates and screening papers for suitability, 81 manuscripts were included for data extraction. Of these, 59 articles were experimental studies, 10 were case reports, 9 were case series, and 3 were clinical studies. The most frequent wound location was the distal limbs. Macroscopic assessment was the main tool used to evaluate treatment effectiveness. All of the case reports, case series, and clinical studies reported positive outcomes with regard to the treatment used, while only 36% of the experimental studies found significant healing improvement in treated wounds compared to control groups. It was found that there are many treatments that have exhibited controversial results, and there exists a lack of evidence for the adoption of specific treatment protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Veterinaria is the property of University of Sarajevo, Veterinary Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Supply chain issues disrupt veterinary care and cause downstream consequences that alter the practice of veterinary medicine. Antimicrobials are just 1 class of pharmaceuticals that have been impacted by supply chain issues over the last couple of years. Since February 2021, 2 sponsors/manufacturers of penicillin products have reported shortages in the active pharmaceutical ingredient. With the release of the 2021 Summary Report on Antimicrobials Sold or Distributed for Use in Food-Producing Animals by the FDA, a key finding was a 19% decrease in penicillin sales and distribution from 2020 to 2021. Herein, we provide our clinicians' professional perspective regarding how drug shortages, specifically that of penicillin, might contribute to misconstrued patterns in antimicrobial use and what can be done by veterinarians and the FDA to minimize the impact of an antimicrobial drug shortage on animal health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: LUAD (Lung adenocarcinoma), the most common subtype of lung carcinoma and one of the highest incidences and mortality cancers in the world remains still a substantial treatment challenge. Ivermectin, an avermectin derivative, has been traditionally used as an antiparasitic agent in human and veterinary medicine practice during the last few decades. Though ivermectin has been shown to be effective against a variety of cancers, however, there is few available data reporting the antitumor effects of ivermectin in LUAD. Methods: The effect of ivermectin on cell viability and proliferative ability of LUAD cells was evaluated using CCK-8 and colony formation assay. Apoptosis rate and autophagy flux were detected using flow cytometry based on PI/Annexin V staining and confocal laser scanning microscope based on LC3-GFP/RFP puncta, respectively. Western blotting experiment was conducted to verify the results of changes in apoptosis and autophagy. LUAD-TCGA and GEO databases were used to analyse the expression and predictive value of PAK1 in LUAD patients. Xenograft model and immumohistochemical staining were used for verification of the inhibitor effect of ivermectin in vivo. Results: Ivermectin treatment strikingly impeded the colony formation, and the viability of the cell, along with cell proliferation, and caused the apoptosis and enhanced autophagy flux in LUAD cells. In addition, ivermectin-induced nonprotective autophagy was confirmed by treating LUAD cells with 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor. Mechanistically, we found that ivermectin inhibited PAK1 protein expression in LUAD cells and we confirmed that overexpression of PAK1 substantially inhibited ivermectin-induced autophagy in LUAD cells. Based on TCGA and GEO databases, PAK1 was highly expressed in LUAD tissues as compared with normal tissues. Furthermore, LUAD patients with high PAK1 level have poor overall survival. Finally, in vivo experiments revealed that ivermectin efficiently suppressed the cellular growth of LUAD among nude mice. Conclusion: This study not only revealed the mechanism of ivermectin inhibited the growth of LUAD but also supported an important theoretical basis for the development of ivermectin during the therapy for LUAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arquivos de Ciências Veterinárias e Zoologia da Unipar is the property of Associacao Paranaense de Ensino e Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

OBJECTIVE: With 47 states experiencing a federally recognized veterinary shortage, it is important to identify areas of need and an evidence-based strategy for solving this complex problem. SAMPLE: 478 graduates of the Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine. METHODS: First destination outcomes for graduates from the Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine DVM classes of 2019 to 2022 (n = 478) were examined. Logistic regression and latent class analysis were conducted to identify variables that car'~ predict a graduate's choice of employment in rural, food animal versus other employment settings. RESULTS: Results indicate that a graduate's community of origin (rural, suburban, urban), preferred community, and gender have the strongest relationships with choice of employment setting (location and type). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These findings can be used to influence admissions practices by colleges of veterinary medicine to shape the demographics of veterinary classes and the potential practice location and types of veterinary graduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Owner comprehension is vital to recruitment and study success, but limited information exists regarding the readability of public‐facing veterinary clinical trial descriptions. Objectives: The current study sought to evaluate the readability of public‐facing online veterinary clinical trial descriptions from academic institutions and private referral practices. Animals: None. Methods: This prospective study assessed readability in a convenience sample of veterinary clinical trial study descriptions using 3 common methods: the Flesch‐Kincaid Grade Level (F‐K), Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES), and online Automatic Readability Checker (ARC). Results were compared across specialties and between academic and private institutions. Results: Grade level and readability consensus scores (RCSs) were obtained for 61 online clinical trial descriptions at universities (n = 49) and private practices (n = 12). Average grade‐level RCS for study descriptions was 14.13 (range, 9‐21). Using Microsoft Word, the FRES score was higher in descriptions from universities compared to private practices (P =.03), and F‐K scores were lower in university compared to private practice descriptions (P =.03). FRES (P =.07), F‐K (P =.12), and readability consensus (P =.17) scores obtained from ARC were not different between institution types. Forty‐eight studies (79%) had RCSs over 12, equivalent to reading material at college or graduate school levels. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Similar to other areas in veterinary communication, the evaluated veterinary clinical trial descriptions used for advertising and recruitment far exceeded the recommended 6th‐grade reading level for medical information. Readability assessments are straightforward to conduct, and ensuring health literacy should be a customary best practice in veterinary medicine and clinical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the hazardous use of antibiotic growth promotors in the poultry industry has led to the development of drug resistance and violative tissue residues. Therefore, the European Union Regulation banned application of these growth promotors, and the international authorities have searched for other natural and safe feed additive sources as substitutes for antibiotics. Chitosan has been used as a feed-additive alternative in veterinary medicine practices worldwide. Chitosan and chitosan-based nanoparticles have been extensively investigated in the poultry production system and have proved several positive impacts. The overall performance parameters of broilers and layers have been improved following dietary treatments with chitosan. Besides, chitosan showed antimicrobial activity against many bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic diseases as well as boosting of the immune response. Modulation of the antioxidant activity and modification of some blood parameters have also been detected owing to dietary chitosan supplementations. Moreover, chitosan nanoparticles have been now applied as a vaccine delivery vehicle and a mucosal adjuvant for many important poultry bacterial and viral diseases. Therefore, this review article sheds light on the effects of chitosan and its nanoparticle forms on the production traits of broilers and layers, their antimicrobial, immuno-regulatory, and antioxidant properties, as well as their effects on the blood constituents and vaccine production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Veterinary science is based on data collection at the animal or herd level. Beyond the variability in the variable in question, the data collected can depend on the device used or the person performing the measurement. Determination of these sources of variation is crucial to be able to use these measurements in practice or research. In this manuscript, I review the multiple indicators that can be used for determining these sources of variability in order to obtain robust indicators that are useful when trying to quantify test–retest reliability (between multiple measurements by different devices or operators). I also present the pros and cons of each indicator in the absence of a "one size fits all" framework to report them adequately depending on the specific context. Reliable indicators of health status (heart rate, rectal temperature, blood marker, etc.) are of cornerstone importance in the daily practice of veterinary medicine. The reliability of a measurement assesses the variability that is associated with the variable to be measured itself vs. other sources of variation (measurement device, person performing the measurement, etc.). Quantitative and continuous indicators are numerous in practice and the determination of their reliability is a complex issue. In the absence of a gold standard approach, several indicators of reliability have been described and can be used depending on several assumptions, study design, and type of measurement. The aim of this manuscript is, therefore, to determine the applicability of commonly described reliability indicators. After a description of the different sources of errors of a measurement, a review of the different indicators that are commonly used in the veterinary field as well as their applicability, limitations, and interpretations is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The foramen magnum is a large round or oval opening surrounded by parts of the occipital bone. It connects the cranial cavity with the vertebral canal. The foramen magnum is an important structure having various applications in veterinary practice and forensic medicine. The variability of its shape and sexual dimorphism allow it to be exploited for sex and age identification in different species. This retrospective study used computed tomographic (CT) images of the caudal region of the 102 mixed‐breed cat heads (55 males and 47 females). Eight linear measurements of the foramen magnum (FM) and occipital condyles were performed on CT images. The aim of the study was to find out if the linear measurements of the CT images of the foramen magnum showed variability between the sexes of the cats. In general, the values of the linear measurements in male cats were higher than in females. The mean maximum length of the foramen magnum (MLFM) was 11.18 ± 0.84 mm and 10.63 ± 0.72 mm in male and female cats, respectively. The mean maximum internal width of the foramen magnum (MWFM) was 14.43 ± 0.72 mm in males and 13.75 ± 1.01 mm in females. The difference between FM measurements in female and male cats was statistically significant (p value; FML: 0.001, FMW: 0.000). The MLFM confidence interval was 10.41 mm to 10.86 mm in female cats and 10.97 mm to 11.39 mm in males. The confidence interval of MWFM was 13.5 mm to 14.0 mm in female cats and 14.2 mm to 14.66 mm in male cats. With these intervals, we can predict the probability of sex in cats with 95% confidence. It was noted that measurements of the occipital condyles were not sex‐determining. The difference in foramen magnum index in female and male cats was statistically insignificant (p value; 0.875). As a result of the study, it was seen that the linear measurements of the foramen magnum were sex‐determining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opisthorchiosis is a parasitic liver disease found in mammals that is widespread throughout the world and causes systemic inflammation. Praziquantel remains the drug of choice for the treatment of opisthorchiosis, despite its many adverse effects. An anthelmintic effect is attributed to the main curcuminoid of Curcuma longa L. roots—curcumin (Cur)—along with many other therapeutic properties. To overcome the poor solubility of curcumin in water, a micellar complex of curcumin with the disodium salt of glycyrrhizic acid (Cur:Na2GA, molar ratio 1:1) was prepared via solid-phase mechanical processing. In vitro experiments revealed a noticeable immobilizing effect of curcumin and of Cur:Na2GA on mature and juvenile Opisthorchis felineus individuals. In vivo experiments showed that curcumin (50 mg/kg) had an anthelmintic effect after 30 days of administration to O. felineus-infected hamsters, but the effect was weaker than that of a single administration of praziquantel (400 mg/kg). Cur:Na2GA (50 mg/kg, 30 days), which contains less free curcumin, did not exert this action. The complex, just as free curcumin or better, activated the expression of bile acid synthesis genes (Cyp7A1, Fxr, and Rxra), which was suppressed by O. felineus infection and by praziquantel. Curcumin reduced the rate of inflammatory infiltration, whereas Cur:Na2GA reduced periductal fibrosis. Immunohistochemically, a decrease in liver inflammation markers was found, which is determined by calculating the numbers of tumor-necrosis-factor-positive cells during the curcumin treatment and of kynurenine-3-monooxygenase-positive cells during the Cur:Na2GA treatment. A biochemical blood test revealed a normalizing effect of Cur:Na2GA (comparable to that of curcumin) on lipid metabolism. We believe that the further development and investigation of therapeutics based on curcuminoids in relation Opisthorchis felineus and other trematode infections will be useful for clinical practice and veterinary medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the degree of hemolysis in canine packed RBCs at varying catheter sizes and flow rates as determined by RBC count, Hct, hemoglobin, creatine phosphokinase, and phosphorus. This study hypothesized that changes in flow rate and catheter diameter would change the degree of hemolysis. SAMPLE A fresh unit of canine RBCs. PROCEDURESA fresh unit of purchased canine packed RBCs was run through an IV infusion pump through 5 different catheter sizes (16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 gauge) at 5 different rates (50,250,500,750, and 999 mL/h). Each sample was submitted for a CBC and chemistry, and RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, creatine phosphokinase, and phosphorus were specifically evaluated to assess for the degree of hemolysis. RESULTSCompared to the control, flow rate did not significantly affect the degree of hemolysis, Smaller catheter sizes had a significantly increased hemolysis (P < .05) based on variables to evaluate hemolysis (RBC count, Hct, hemoglobin, creatine phosphokinase, and phosphorus). This study's hypothesis was upheld in association with the catheter diameter but was rejected with flow rate. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Blood transfusions are a common practice in veterinary medicine as treatment of anemia and hemorrhage. Hemolysis was greater when small catheter sizes were used. Larger catheters are recommended when feasible when performing transfusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Neutron capture therapy, or NCT, is a unique irradiation-based method that is used to treat invasive advanced tumors as it minimizes the impact on healthy cells and tissues. Modern neutron sources for NCT include accelerators that can be installed in treatment facilities. One of the main conditions for the successful application of NCT is sufficient accumulation of the drug in tumor cells which allows it to capture neutrons, be activated, and release energy that destroys cancer cells. Among the elements capable of capturing neutrons, boron, gadolinium, and lithium are considered to be the most suitable for NCT. In our study, we showed the results of neutron capture therapy with gadolinium in a group of dogs and cats with spontaneous tumors to clarify the technical aspects of the method while adjusting the treatment conditions as close as possible to those of clinical trials. We conducted a clinical veterinary study on neutron capture therapy (NCT) at a neutron-producing accelerator with seven incurable pets with spontaneous tumors and gadolinium as a neutron capture agent (gadolinium neutron capture therapy, or GdNCT). Gadolinium-containing dimeglumine gadopentetate, or Gd-DTPA (Magnevist®, 0.6 mL/kg b.w.), was used. We observed mild and reversible toxicity related to the treatment. However, no significant tumor regression in response to the treatment was observed. In most cases, there was continued tumor growth. Overall clinical improvement after treatment was only temporary. The use of Gd-DTPA for NCT had no significant effects on the life expectancy and quality of life of animals with spontaneous tumors. Further experiments using more advanced gadolinium compounds are needed to improve the effect of GdNCT so that it can become an alternative to boron neutron capture therapy. Such studies are also necessary for further NCT implementation in clinical practice as well as in veterinary medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graph Peter P. Emily, DDS, of Lakewood, Colorado, died peacefully aged 90 on Wednesday August 24th, 2022. These missions are staffed by veterinary and dental volunteers with experience in exotic animal dentistry and provide an important opportunity to train the next generation of veterinarians in exotic animal dentistry. Within the veterinary dental world, Dr Emily was universally known as "Pete", which is used in this Appreciation. [Extracted from the article]

Background and Aim: Vessel sealing (VS) is used widely in human medicine and veterinary practice during laparoscopic surgery; however, few studies have investigated VS in canine ovariohysterectomy (OHE) using the median celiotomy approach. This study aimed to compare the effect of VS and suture ligation (SL) on surgical time, blood loss, and perioperative pain in canine OHE through median celiotomy. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight dogs were randomly and equally assigned into two groups that underwent surgery either by SL at both the ovarian pedicle and uterus or using a disposable VS device. The short form of the Glasgow composite pain scale (SF-GCPS) and the Colorado state university canine acute pain scale (CSU-CAP) were used to determine pain preoperatively (baseline); at 30 min; and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 24, and 72 h post-operatively. Perioperative physiological parameters, surgical duration, and percentage of blood loss were recorded. Repeated measures analysis was performed to determine the differences in all parameters among time-related tasks and between both groups. A significant difference was defined at p < 0.05. Results: The duration from identification of the first ovary to uterus removal was shorter in VS than in SL (p < 0.05). No clinically relevant differences were found among physiological variables. Both groups showed higher SF-GCPS and CSUCAP values after surgery compared with baseline. The SF-GCPS in SL at 1 h was higher than in VS (p < 0.05). Two dogs in the SL group required additional post-operative rescue analgesia. No differences were found between the groups in terms of blood loss. Conclusion: The use of a VS device in dogs undergoing OHE celiotomy decreased post-operative pain and shortened the perioperative time, making it an effective alternative technique for this common surgery. However, the VS device must be applied 2-3 times in the same location during the OHE procedure to prevent technical failure. This disposable device was reused up to 5 times for economic reasons without device failure. Soft tissue damage during OHE using the VS device should be investigated in a future prospective study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing and complex One Health concern worldwide, threatening the practice of human and veterinary medicine. Although dogs are a potential reservoir of multidrug-resistant bacteria, there are very few surveillance studies on AMR from the canine population in the United States. Here, we assessed the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, identified temporal resistance and minimum inhibitory concentration trends, and described associations between resistance phenotypes among canine clinical enterococci in the northeastern United States. Methods: Through a large-scale retrospective study design, we collected species identification, minimum inhibitory concentration, and clinical data from 3,659 canine enterococci isolated at the Cornell University Animal Health Diagnostic Center between 2007 and 2020. We used the Mann-Kendall test, Sen's slope, multivariable logistic regression, and survival analysis models to detect the presence of a significant trend in resistance over the study period. Results: Enterococcus faecalis was the most prevalent species (67.1% of isolates), followed by Enterococcus faecium (20.4%). We found high levels of AMR among enterococci to almost all the tested antimicrobials, particularly E. faecium. The lowest percentage of resistance was to vancomycin and chloramphenicol. Multidrug resistance was common (80% of E. faecium and 33% of E. faecalis) and 31 isolates were extensively drug resistant. Multidrug resistance among E. faecium increased over time, but not in E. faecalis. Resistance to penicillins, enrofloxacin, and rifampin increased during the study period, but resistance to tetracyclines is on a downward trajectory compared to AMR data from the last decade. Emerging vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis (0.3%) and E. faecium (0.8%) infections in the canine population are of great concern to both human and animal health. One E. faecium isolate with acquired vancomycin resistance was identified in 2017 and four vancomycinresistant enterococci isolates were identified in 2020. Conclusion: There is a crucial need to make rational prescribing decisions on the prudent use of antimicrobials and improve the quality of care for patients, especially when empirical antimicrobial treatment for enterococcal infection is common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hill and Daniels ([3]) observed in stomach cadavers from managed horses fewer I Gasterophilus i sp. when compared to semi feral cadavers which suggests that the level of parasite control in the managed horses was enough to keep infection levels low. I Gasterophilus i sp. are not deemed parasites of clinical importance, and unlike cyathostomins, large strongyles, tapeworms or ascarids, intestinal disease is not associated with I Gasterophilus i sp. The case report of Carbonell et al. ([2]) reported cutaneous gasterophilosis in two older horses that had been following a selective parasite control programme for over a decade. [Extracted from the article]

The study focused on canine distemper cases exhibiting distinctive signs such as temporal twitching, hind limb weakness, howling, champing of jaws and jerky limb movements. Cicutavirosa and Conium maculatum were the homeopathic medicines used for treatment of CD affected dogs alongside standard therapeutic approaches. Out of ninety-seven dogs suspected for CD, sixtyeight were diagnosed as positive for CDV infection based on Lateral flow assay and selected for the study. These dogs were divided into two equal groups (group A - standard therapy and group B - standard therapy plus homeopathy therapy (34 in each group). Within 45 days of medication, 79.41% (27 dogs) from group B exhibited clinical recovery, as evidenced by a reduction in nervous signs frequency. As chronic CD leads to progressive demyelination and neurological complications, homeopathic therapy was found effective in prolonging and enhancing the quality of life in CD affected dogs. Practice of homeopathy in veterinary medicine is upcoming due its ease of administration, absence of side effects and non-interference with recommended allopathic treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Veterinary use of radiation in the diagnosis, management, and treatment of disease has expanded and diversified, as have the corresponding radiological protection concerns. Radiological exposure of personnel involved in veterinary procedures and, where applicable, members of the public providing assistance (e.g. owners or handlers) has always been included within the system of radiological protection. Veterinary practice is now addressed explicitly as the modern complexities associated with this practice warrant dedicated consideration, and there is a need to clarify and strengthen the application of radiological protection principles in this area. The Commission recommends that the system of radiological protection should be applied in veterinary practice principally for the protection of humans, but with explicit attention to the protection of exposed animals. Additionally, consideration should be given to the risk of potential contamination of the environment associated with applications of nuclear medicine in veterinary practice. This publication focuses primarily on justification and optimisation in veterinary practice, and sets the scene for more detailed guidance to follow in future Recommendations. It is intended for a wide-ranging audience, including radiological protection professionals, veterinary staff, students, education and training providers, and members of the public, as an introduction to radiological protection in veterinary practice. © 2022 ICRP. Published by SAGE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Communication skills are a necessary competency in veterinary medicine, and shared decision-making (SDM) between practitioners and patients is becoming increasingly important in veterinary practice as in human medicine. There are few studies that have quantitatively measured SDM in veterinary health care, and the relationship between SDM and consultation satisfaction is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of SDM implementation in veterinary hospitals and the relationship between SDM implementation and consultation satisfaction among pet owners. We conducted a cross-sectional study using self-administered questionnaires among pet owners and veterinarians. In total, 77 pet owners who visited a veterinary clinic and 14 veterinarians at the clinics participated in this study. After a veterinary clinic visit, owners were asked to rate their decision-making preferences using the Shared Decision Making Questionnaire for patients (SDM-Q-9) adapted for veterinary medicine, as well as their satisfaction with the consultation. The corresponding veterinarians were asked to complete the veterinary version of the survey (SDM-Q-Doc). Results: Most pet owners (64.9%) preferred SDM in veterinary consultations. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.84 for the veterinary SDM-Q-9 and 0.89 for the veterinary SDM-Q-Doc both confirmed high reliability. The Spearman's correlation coefficient between the SDM-Q-9 and consultation satisfaction was 0.526 (p < 0.001), which was significant. The SDM-Q-Doc was not significantly correlated with either the SDM-Q-9 or pet owner consultation satisfaction. We conducted a sensitivity analysis of correlations among veterinarians; responses on the SDM-Q-Doc to examine the association between the SDM-Q-Doc and SDM-Q-9 and owner satisfaction; the results remained the same and no association was found. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that evaluation of SDM among pet owners was associated with their satisfaction with veterinary consultation. Veterinarians may be able to improve the satisfaction level of pet owners by adopting a consultation method that increases SDM. We did not consider the content of veterinary care or the number of visits to the veterinary clinic; future studies should be conducted to confirm the validity of our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The Varroa mite is one of the most dangerous pests of honey bee colonies, spreading many diseases, and its high infestation rate leads to the death of the colony. Due to its wide-scale distribution and lethal effect, this mite parasite threatens not only the honey industry but also the pollination of many plant species, including several cultivated plants. Therefore, an uncontrolled varroosis could threaten the human food supply as well as trigger biodiversity loss. Control options against Varroa are still inadequate; the mite could develop resistance to synthetic chemicals, whereas the efficiency of organic acid and essential oils-based treatments is very variable. Recently, lithium has been identified as a potential and effective anti-Varroa agent with both systematic and contact modes of action. Present experiments revealed that the efficiency of the lithium treatment depends greatly on the application method. The trickling method of application in repeated treatment and concentration of 500 mM provided very high, >>90%, efficiency. However, further investigations are required before the lithium chloride could be registered as a veterinary medicine in beekeeping practice. Varroosis is one of the most dangerous threats to the bee industry but means of its treatment are still unsatisfactory. Lithium-based anti-Varroa treatments may provide an alternative, as this trace element can be a natural component of honey and is well tolerated by adult bees. However, it can be toxic to larvae and its use in beekeeping practice is not yet well understood. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of relevant application methods of acaricides used in beekeeping practice in brood-free conditions for lithium. Vaporisation proved to be an inefficient method of lithium treatment and killed only 9.9 ± 3.3% (mean ± SD) of mites in the hive. Lithium-impregnated paper strips showed moderate efficiency by killing 55.1 ± 26.2% of mites. The most effective way of applying lithium was the trickling method; different trickling treatments decreased the abundance of mites on average by 65 to 99.7%, depending on the applied dosage and the number of treatments. Repeated trickling treatments were more effective than single treatments, and they generally provided >90% efficiency. Experiments also proved that adding sugar to the trickling solution does not influence treatment efficiency. Thus, it is suggested that repeated and sugar-free trickling treatments with moderate lithium dosage could be the most rational methodology. Since lithium is not yet legalised in beekeeping practice, comprehensive studies are also needed to uncover the amount of lithium residue in bee products, depending on the treatment parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that Adolph Henry Hartwig grew up around animals on his German family stock and dairy farm in Watertown, Dodge County, in southeastern Wisconsin where he had opportunity to study the natural habits and wants of ailing farm animals. Topics include considered that the course further inspired Hartwig with determination to take up this interesting study, but neither the time nor the means to continue attending college could be spared.

The article reports that Adolph Henry Hartwig from Watertown, Wisconsin claimed that he discovered the "air treatment" for milk fever. Topics include examines experiments were undertaken with two succeeding patients as there being injected a liberal amount of air and only enough warm water to keep the air from returning.

The article presents the case study of 10-year-old male neutered domestic longhair cat with chronic nonproductive cough. Topics include patient was an indoor-outdoor cat, was up to date on rabies vaccinations, and received monthly flea and tick prevention; and fluticasone inhaler for presumptive chronic bronchitis, with instructions to monitor the cough and lameness.

Artificial intelligence (Al) is a branch of computer science in which computer systems are designed to perform tasks that mimic human intelligence. Today, Al is reshaping day-to-day life and has numerous emerging medical applications poised to profoundly reshape the practice of veterinary medicine. In this Currents in One Health, we discuss the essential elements of Al for veterinary practitioners with the aim to help them make informed decisions in applying Al technologies into their practices. Veterinarians will play an integral role in ensuring the appropriate uses and good curation of data. The expertise of veterinary professionals will be vital to ensuring good data and, subsequently, Al that meets the needs of the profession. Readers interested in an in-depth description of Al and veterinary medicine are invited to explore a complementary manuscript of this Currents in One Health available in the May 2022 issue of the American Journal of Veterinary Research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextualization: The antiparasitic resistance caused by the indiscriminate use of anthelmintic drugs for the control of gastrointestinal parasites in production animals and pets, has become one of the biggest problems in animal health. For this reason, the use of vaccines could benefit animal health and welfare by controlling emerging zoonotic diseases and foodborne pathogens of animal origin, thus improving public health. Knowledge gap: It is relevant for professionals in veterinary science to know the clinical trials of experimental vaccines for controlling certain gastrointestinal parasites. This way, they can be at the forefront of the next available technological products and so, be able to control this menace to the animal health and public health. Purpose: To do a systematic review of clinical trials for experimental vaccines in production animals and pets for diseases caused by gastrointestinal parasites of relevance in animal production and/or public health. Furthermore, it presents the current gastrointestinal antiparasitic vaccines commercialized in different countries and their prophylactic efficacy. Methodology: PRISMA protocols were followed for this systematic review. Articles were obtained from scientific databases with the following keywords: vaccines, clinical trials, commercial vaccines, parasites control, gastrointestinal nematodes, gastrointestinal cestodes, gastrointestinal protozoa, Ascaris suum, Ancylostoma caninum, Cooperia oncophora, Echinococcus granulosus, Eimeria spp., Giardia lamblia, Haemonchus contortus, Osteortagia osteortagi, Taenia solium and Teladorsagia circumcincta. Only clinical trials of gastrointestinal antiparasitic vaccines in birds, pets, pigs and ruminants were included in this analysis, as well as commercial vaccines currently available for these same parasites. Results and conclusions: Even though there are important clinical trial studies of vaccines in these animal species (n=101) reported between 1964 to 2020, only five parasites can be prevented/controlled with commercial vaccines used in veterinary medicine: Haemonchus contortus and Echinococcus granulosus in ruminants, Taenia solium in pigs, Eimeria spp. in birds and Giardia lamblia in dogs (e.g., Cysvax™, Barbervax®, Providean® Hidatil EG95, CocciVac® and GiardiaVax™). It is expected that, with the development of bioinformatics and methodologies such as reverse vaccinology, this immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic range will be extended as to control these parasitic agents of great importance in human and animal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "President's Message," discusses the importance of mentorship and the things that are not taught in veterinary school. The author reflects on their own experiences as a seasoned veterinarian and offers advice to early-career veterinarians and soon-to-be graduates. They emphasize the impact of mentorship on both the mentor and mentee, and the benefits of sharing knowledge and experiences within the veterinary profession. The article also touches on the changing dynamics of the veterinary profession and the need to prioritize relationships and client interactions. Overall, the article encourages veterinarians to embrace the challenges and rewards of their profession and to seek guidance from experienced mentors. [Extracted from the article]