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The article discusses several issues about the printing press in light of the advances in artificial intelligence technology and its use across scientific disciplines.

Mozambique has the sixth highest prevalence of HIV in the world and ranks fourth in new infections. The government-owned print press Notícias has played an important role in the social construction of HIV and AIDS in the country as it was entrusted with the role of disseminating HIV and AIDS information to the public since the outbreak of the pandemic in the country in 1986. Using Notícias’ articles and frame analysis perspective, the article analyses the way Notícias has framed HIV and AIDS in the country since the late 1980s. The choice of media results from the fact that the way a phenomenon is constructed influences the way it is understood, as well as the way people may behave before it. The study found that Notícias’ frames on HIV and AIDS have suffered from a threefold tension: the need to maintain the Frelimo government’s former centralised and grassroots-orientated socialist ideology of health services in the context of the liberal market; the need to balance the influence of the global multilateral and bilateral actors and the Frelimo government’s political interest of translating HIV and AIDS response to the Mozambican context; and the need to portray a nationalist and positive image of the government’s performance in HIV and AIDS response before Mozambique’s non-fully plausible societal practices for an effective HIV and AIDS response. In a top-down approach, Notícias’ frames reflect not only the African post-independence ancillary and nationalist role of government-owned print press but also the power of global actors. Less is done from the societal bottom-up perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kadim is the property of Kadim and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Contamination of aquatic ecosystems with printing industry wastewater is a serious concern because of the toxicity associated with the effluent components and a tendency to create cascading ecological effects. The influence of printing-press effluent on the freshwater microalga Chlorella sorokiniana strain UTEX2714 was studied under controlled laboratory conditions. The microalga was subjected to various effluent concentrations prepared by diluting printing-press effluent with bold basal medium (BBM) in the following ratios (effluent:medium): 1:149, 1:119, 1:99, 5:95 and 10:90, reflecting greater concentrations of the effluent. The control BBM had no effluent added. Higher effluent concentrations had a negative impact on the cell density of C. sorokiniana; at low effluent concentrations the algae displayed a high growth rate and high chlorophyll a production (p < 0.05), although total chlorophyll content did not differ significantly among treatments (p ≥ 0.05). This study also discovered an increase in peroxidase activity in this microalga in response to higher concentrations of printing-press effluent, which indicated an increase in oxidative stress that prompted antioxidant defence mechanisms. We conclude that printing-press effluent adversely affects the physiology of C. sorokiniana, indicating the potential of printing wastewater to harm phytoplankton in freshwater environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a comprehensive examination of the primary characteristics of opinion journalism within two prominent newspapers in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Utilizing a content analysis approach, a systematic random sample comprising 560 opinion articles published in 2022 was analyzed from these two printed newspapers in the UAE. The findings unveiled a predominance of male columnists (87%) and a predominant focus on international issues (67%) within opinion journalism featured in the leading UAE newspapers. Interpretation emerged as the primary goal (37%), with political topics ranking highest on the agenda (37%). Noteworthy differences were observed between the newspapers at the individual level, with nearly half of Al-Ittihad's columnists being local, while The National's writers exhibited a more international profile. Moreover, issues pertinent to the Emirates garnered less attention in The National compared with Al-Ittihad. In addition, while The National prioritized interpretation, Al-Ittihad leaned toward providing information. Furthermore, The National predominantly addressed political and conflict issues, whereas Al-Ittihad focused on political and social issues. The study's implications and limitations are deliberated upon in further detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the various institutions of the Université Saint- Joseph (U.S.J.) in Beirut, the works of its scholars, and their contributions to the knowledge of the Orient in the Christian East. The research question is the following: Were these prestigious institutions all "cultural symbols" of the knowledge of the Orient in the Christian East at the time? In order to answer the question, we particularly refer to the Oriental Library (La Bibliothèque Orientale); the creation of the Oriental Faculty; its publications, including the faculty's organ entitled Les Mélanges de la Faculté Orientale (Mélanges of the Eastern Faculty); the Catholic Printing Press, the journals Al-Machriq and Al-Bashir; and various other publications. Indeed, these institutions expanded the knowledge of the Orient to the students of the Université Saint-Joseph. This study is part of the scientific debate dealing with cultural, political history in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the historical context of writing and the thematic and stylistic features of the prefaces dedicated to the patrons of Arabic Christian printing in the Middle East, namely the prince of Wallachia Constantin Brâncoveanu and the Ukrainian hetman Ivan Mazepa. These prefaces are contained in the first old prints in Arabic script which were published in Wallachia (the 1701 Liturgikon and the 1702 Horologion) and in Aleppo (the 1706 Psalter and the 1708 Tetraevangelion). The inclusion of accompanying texts of this kind to the books was due, firstly, to the European tradition of those times, and secondly, to the sincere gratitude of Syrian Christians for the material support that the Church of Antioch desperately needed. Mazepa's financial assistance came at a time when the newly created Aleppo printing press was on the verge of ceasing its activities due to lack of funds. The hetman allocated six thousand gold pieces, which made it possible to print several more books before the printing press ceased to function after 1711. The prefaces in honor of both patrons were signed by the former patriarch of Antioch (at that time metropolitan of Aleppo) Athanasios III Dabbās, the initiator of Arabic printing in the East. In addressing his benefactors, the author resorts to the genre of panegyric, closely intertwined with the sermon, which brings the texts of the analyzed prefaces closer to the style of baroque sermon that was widespread in Europe at the time. The texts contain many quotations from Scripture, allusions to biblical images and events and historical figures. The leitmotif of the panegyric is the theme of alms, in the context of patrons' donations to Arabic printing. By using such stylistic devices as metaphor, simile, antithesis, and parallelism, the virtues of the benefactors are praised, and they are compared to biblical characters, apostles, and saints. The publication offers a Ukrainian translation of the first preface from the Bucharest Horologion (1702) and the Aleppo Psalter (1706) dedicated to Constantin Brâncoveanu, as well as the preface in honor of Ivan Mazepa from the Aleppo Tetraevangelion (1708), known in historiography as the "Mazepa's Gospel". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Magazine of Historical Studies & Archaeology is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Started by Ian Hamilton Finlay and Jessie McGuffie in 1962, the little magazine Poor. Old. Tired. Horse. – along with the Wild Hawthorn Press which launched in 1961 – was an influential (and combative) presence within the small press milieu of the 1960s. Both magazine and press displayed a 'constructive' sensibility that encompassed geometric abstract painting, Russian constructivism, Op art, and concrete poetry. This constructive aesthetic often appeared in the context of relatively 'square' themes – teapots and old tired horses – that in the countercultural climate of liberated mind and body, seemed quaint. 'Square' therefore denotes a tendency toward the orthogonal (as opposed the curvilinear) and a sense of propriety that is deliberately unhip. In both cases, the 'square' nature of POTH was a critical incitement aimed at the Dionysian excesses of contemporary poetry, art and the Mimeo Revolution that propagated them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the modern commercial printing press, a common problem is the efficient management of the maintenance of different machines of newspaper printing press. If Effective Maintenance Management is applied, productivity of the machines can be increased by reducing breakdown time of the machine. Productivity Management is an organizational framework that helps machines to improve productivity. Productivity of a machine is dependent on the failure probability which can be controlled by technical and management actions. The present investigation is established by the analysis of productivity, effectiveness and failure probability on the basis of Pareto Analysis. Pareto chart is also developed to understand the actual scenario where highest priority events are sequentially arranged. It has been observed that the web-offset printing machine has the highest productivity and effectiveness with less failure probability while the exposure unit has the highest failure probability having low productivity and effectiveness. Based on the reduction of probability of failure to meet the acceptable criteria, further maintenance planning can be suggested. This approach confirms that productivity and effectivity of the machines of newspaper printing press can be increased by considering consequences of the machines and their corresponding failure assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image denoising attempts to restore images that have been degraded. Historical document denoising is specially challenging because there is considerable background noise or variation in contrast and illumination in handwritten literature and the first times of the printing press. The main objective of this work is to propose a new method for historical document denoising based on an Attentive Generative Adversarial Network (Attentive-GAN). Our proposed model for historical document denoising is named Doc-Attentive GAN , and it employs an attention map generated by a deep network to help the generator to learn and focus on the modification between the target image and its noisy version. It has been trained and tested with different historical document collections such as well-known DIBCO datasets, Arabic Historical Documents from the Tunisian National Library, and Incunabula books. The experiments demonstrate a clear improvement in the visual quality of the images obtained by Doc-Attentive-GAN with respect to the state-of-the-art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important function of book covers from past to present has been to protect the book. Cover design has always been important in the manuscript books produced before the printing press became widespread, as well as in the books printed later on. Book covers provide the first contact between the reader and the text and enable the reader to obtain preliminary information about the content. Although reading practices have partially changed with the existence of e-books today, book covers continue to maintain their importance regardless of the production method. On the other hand, book covers can be subject to text analysis because they are visual texts. The research area of the study includes book covers published in the USA between 1896 and 2023 in the context of the Armenian Claims. Although all books included in the research universe were taken into account, a purposeful sampling method was used by examining the most striking examples and Roland Barthes' semiotic analysis method was used in examining the book covers. The importance of our study comes from examining the reflection of the Armenian claims on book covers and interpreting the Turkish and Armenian images and visualizations of the Armenian Claims that appear or are created on these covers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first Cyrillic printing house was founded in Cetinje and during a short period of its work published five incunabula: Octoechos of the First Tone (Oktoih prvoglasnik), Octoechos of the Fifth Tone (Oktoih petoglasnik), Psalter with Additions (Psaltir s posledovanjem), Breviary (Trebnik) and The Gospel (Četvorojevandjelje). The most deserving person for the existence of the Cetinje printing house was the ruler of Zeta, Đurađ Crnojević, while the technical editor of the books was Hieromonk Makarije. The Cetinje printing house was the first one among South Slavs, and printing in Cyrillic letters - the second of the kind in Europe. Contacts with the Serenissima were decisive since the printing press and typographic equipment were bought in Venice. Octoechos of the First Tone was published on January 4th 1494, as stated in its colophon. This book is of high quality, thus being the most important issue of Old Church Slavonic printing. Both the preface and epilogue underline the motives of Đurđe Crnojević for publishing liturgical books - preserving the faith and resistance against spiritual colonialisation. The Cetinje incunabula's main characteristics are their reliance both on Slavic manuscript tradition and Renaissance innovations (particularly in ornamentation), as well as high technical quality. Ornaments show an interweaving of Eastern and Western tendencies: the heritage of Serbian-Slavonic manuscripts on the one side and Gothic-Renaissance and pure Renaissance traditions on the other. The language is consistently Serbian-Slavonic, in the Ekavian dialect. These features of the contemporary Serbian church and literary language were maintained till the end of its use, sometime around the middle of the 18th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews scholarship in American religious history around the concept of the public sphere. Considering that the public sphere was readily aligned with the productions of the printing press, 'materializing' surveys works that have relied upon, expanded, and critiqued print's centraility to early American religious public culture. Recent attention to materiality has also encouraged greater attention to contingencies, locality of circulation, and specificity of audiences in our studies of public texts that would trouble technological determinisms that readily aligned Protestant ascendance, secular modernity, and print publishing with democratization. The essay concludes with new questions regarding print culture, calls for greater multimedia approaches to our study of media objects, and posits the importance of critically evaluating what we count as public or private in our historical narratives about religious communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analyzes one of the successful pieces from the repertoire of Felix Berner’s 18th-century children’s troupe, the opera buffa Das böse Weib (The Wicked Wife). Two librettos for the musical piece have survived, with the first one published in 1768 in Buda, at Leopold Franz Landerer’s printing press. The second libretto appeared without a date or place. The author of the study examines Felix Berner’s opera buffa at the intersection of two textual traditions: the 17th and 18th-century “malus mulier” texts and the tradition of commedia dell’arte, which dates back to the mid-16th century. By incorporating contemporary newspaper articles and playbills, the study partially outlines the characteristics of Felix Berner’s contemporary performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Latin American & Latinx Visual Culture is the property of University of California Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

"The Press and the People: Cheap Print & Society in Scotland, 1500-1785" is a comprehensive survey of cheap print and popular literature in early modern Scotland. The book explores the relationship between increased book production and circulation, mass communication, and popular culture. It examines the emergence of a literate society in Scotland and the role of cheap prints in promoting literacy. The book also highlights the contributions of women printers and the importance of caddies and paper criers in sustaining the book trade. Overall, this book provides valuable insights into the history of cheap print in Scotland and its impact on society. [Extracted from the article]

James Wigley has been historicised by Australian art scholars as a social realist, but the focus of his work through the late 1950s, 1960s and 1970s differed from others who were a part of this art movement. During this time, he returned again and again to join the "strike mob" who had walked off pastoral stations in the Pilbara in 1946 and become independent by mining and purchasing their own pastoral properties. The organiser of the strikers, Don McLeod, invited Wigley to help the strikers with building boats to gather pearl shell, and later to run a printing press at the school in the new settlement of Strelley, on one of their pastoral leases. During his time with the strikes, Wigley drew and painted; he would send work to Melbourne and return there to exhibit work about the Pilbara and the people who lived there. He also illustrated the schoolbooks he was printing for the Strelley Literature Centre in the late 1970s. This article argues that this significant body of work places Wigley alongside other Australian artists who spent substantial time in remote Aboriginal communities, and whose experiences shaped their art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undoubtedly, the invention of the printing press by Gutenberg brought about a profound paradigm shift, transforming both the late medieval book markets and the general reading culture. However, as with many paradigm shifts, we need to differentiate in this regard more than scholarship has acknowledged so far. First, many medieval narrative motives, topics and themes continued to be rather popular well into the seventeenth century, if not beyond. Second, manuscript culture did not simply disappear. Instead, as this article outlines, in many areas and especially among the upper social classes, luxury items in the form of manuscripts remained critically important. A closer analysis also indicates that many times practical knowledge (fencing, horse training, medicine, etc.) and personal observations were copied down by hand and thus passed on to the specific audiences without the printing press involved. The manuscript did not disappear at all; instead, it assumed a more specialized function in terms of knowledge, autobiographical reflections and social representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the presence of Hungarian book publishing as a theme in the Hungarian written press in Romania in the last two years (2022-23). The author investigates the extent to which information on the state of Hungarian publishing in Romania reaches the wider public who follows the print and online press. Looking at a year’s worth of publishing reports, major book events stand out and set the rhythm of book publishing in Romania. News articles tend to discuss the issues referring to book publishing connected to these events, highlighting current problems, but also positive attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early modern age witnessed a number of revolutionary changes in the ways people communicated with each other. Within the shifting balances between oral and print cultures following upon Gutenberg's invention of the printing press, epistolarity played a crucial role in how written language was perceived as a source of reliable information. The highly dynamic cultural environment of Restoration England, existing as it did in various forms of intellectual exchange with other European and international spheres, brought forth a sizeable increase in various forms of literary practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isabella Whitney is often celebrated as the first professional woman English writer. Such "firsts", however, are sticky—a matter of shifting data and definitions. More importantly, a focus on a "first" woman can often obfuscate the reality of women's historical involvements in a field. When Whitney's first work was published, the printing press had not yet been in England a full century, and professional writers of any description were still thin on the ground. But women who wrote, who were involved in the book trade, or who otherwise participated in the publishing world were no anomaly. While gender is important to both Whitney's work and her historical place, this article will prioritize placing those considerations in conversation with the larger contextual community of early modern print. How might we continue to reconceptualize Whitney's place in the history of women's writing, circumventing tokenization and promoting a fuller appreciation of all women's places in the world of early modern writing, print, and books? Whitney's work then emerges as an exemplar of early professional authorship qua professional authorship, full stop, and as one access point for appreciating the rich and extensive involvement of women in the early English publishing and writing networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Size presses on paper machines are used to apply a solution of a polymer - usually starch - to the surface of the sheet and thereby to increase the stiffness, surface strength, and printing quality of the product. This article reviews publications dealing with the size press equipment, the materials, and factors affecting both the operating efficiency and attributes of the resulting paper. The emergence of film-press equipment (e.g. blademetering size presses) in the 1980s has greatly decreased the frequency of web breaks and increased productivity. Starch technology at the size press, though relatively mature, continues to evolve. By adjustment of starch attributes, solids levels, and incorporating other additives, modern papermakers can tune size press outcomes to meet a range of paper product requirements, including strength, hydrophobicity, and the reduction of air permeability. By application of various synthetic polymers, mineral particles, and even nanocellulose in combination with starch or other base polymers, there is potential to extend the technology to meet a range of future needs for paper products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During its age-long existence, dozens of ordinances concerning the competence and procedure at the Court of Holland were issued. For a clear understanding of the functioning of the Court of Holland in a general sense, the ordinances of 1462, 1480, 1515, 1522 and 1531 are essential. After 1531 many ampliations and specific instructions followed, but the Instruction of 1531 remained the fundamental document for the functioning of the Court of Holland until its dissolution in 1811. Until recently, historians relied upon seventeenth-century handwritten copies and ignored contemporary prints of the existing ordinances. Nevertheless, the Dutch authorities immediately used the printing press to proclaim laws publicly since the 1500s. The Instruction for the Court of Holland of 1515 was one of the earliest printed state publications in the Low Countries. This paper analyses the issuing, publication and printing of the consecutive ordinances for the Court of Holland in the sixteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The history of printing is a captivating narrative that has significantly influenced the dissemination of knowledge and the development of human society. This article explores the prehistory of literacy, the emergence of writing systems, the tools used before the invention of printing, and the profound impact of Johannes Gutenberg's movable type printing press. It also discusses the challenges faced by printing technology over the centuries, the role of digitalization, and the enduring value of traditional printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Estudios Románicos is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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In 1643, a manuscript was sent from Batavia to Amsterdam. It described in vivid detail a world virtually unknown to the West, that of South-Indian Hinduism, taken from the words of local Brahmins and drawn up by VOC minister Abraham Rogerius. It was not until 1651 that De Open-Deure tot het Verborgen Heydendom appeared from the presses of the Leiden printing house of François Hackius. By then, its author had died, and circumstances regarding the actual publication are shrouded in mystery. This is also true about the life of Abraham Rogerius and the identity of the Open-Deure's anonymous editor, A.W. JCtus. Traditionally associated with the Polish Socinian theologian Andreas Wissowatius, A.W's annotations added a wealth of scholarly detail to Rogerius plain narrative. In this paper, I greatly expand upon the existing biographies of Rogerius and draw lines between the various actors involved with the eventual publication of his writings. I provide a fresh insight into the editorial history and afterlife of the Open-Deure, showing that there are in fact two different editions that diverge at key points. Moreover, I demonstrate that the elusive A.W. JCtus is most certainly not Wissowatius, but instead the Leiden lawyer and politician Arnoldus Wittens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have for some years hypothesized a "new visibility" of religion, so that a relevant role in the publicization of religion is played by the media. However, while the public visibility of religion in the media has recently become a topic of great interest at the international level, in Italy, the literature on this topic is quite scarce. It is of particular interest in Italy due to the central role played by the Catholic Church, which, despite the changed socio-political context and the transformations of the media system, does not seem to have lost its capacity to intervene publicly. Therefore, this study intends to fill this gap through a longitudinal analysis of the coverage of the Catholic Church in the main Italian print newspapers in the last 17 years (2005–2021). In total, 202,788 articles were collected and analysed using a content analysis. Results show that, in Italy, we cannot speak of a greater visibility of religion, in particular of the Catholic Church today in print press than in the past, nor of a uniformity with respect to the way in which is spoken about it in terms of issues and religious actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ABI Technik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 1643, a manuscript was sent from Batavia to Amsterdam. It described in vivid detail a world virtually unknown to the West, that of South-Indian Hinduism, taken from the words of local Brahmins and drawn up by VOC minister Abraham Rogerius. It was not until 1651 that De Open-Deure tot het Verborgen Heydendom appeared from the presses of the Leiden printing house of François Hackius. By then, its author had died, and circumstances regarding the actual publication are shrouded in mystery. This is also true about the life of Abraham Rogerius and the identity of the Open-Deure's anonymous editor, A.W. JCtus. Traditionally associated with the Polish Socinian theologian Andreas Wissowatius, A.W's annotations added a wealth of scholarly detail to Rogerius plain narrative. In this paper, I greatly expand upon the existing biographies of Rogerius and draw lines between the various actors involved with the eventual publication of his writings. I provide a fresh insight into the editorial history and afterlife of the Open-Deure, showing that there are in fact two different editions that diverge at key points. Moreover, I demonstrate that the elusive A.W. JCtus is most certainly not Wissowatius, but instead the Leiden lawyer and politician Arnoldus Wittens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rewritable photonic crystal (PC) paper has the potential to significantly reduce the consumption of forest resources in the printing industry, while also being environmentally friendly and efficient. However, traditional PC papers based on solvent or photothermal responses can lead to diffusion, which can hinder printing accuracy. In this study, a novel rewritable PC paper compatible with pin‐printing is presented based on a pressure‐responsive shape‐memory PC paper. High‐resolution printing can be realized by both computer‐programmed 3D‐printed seals and pin‐printing techniques. The information written on this PC rewritable paper can be erased by water, enabling the paper to be rewritten and reused at least 8 times without any change in performance. Furthermore, the information stored on the PC paper is stable and can be stored in ordinary environments for at least 6 months without fading. The PC paper has the capability of multicolor printing with a precision finer than 100 μm and has potential in office papers, smart price tags, and anti‐counterfeiting labels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay proposes a revisionist interpretation of the debates between Buddhists and Protestants in nineteenth-century Siam. It argues that the Buddhist–Protestant debates were different in nature from the earlier Buddhist–Catholic clashes, which were interwoven with colonial ambitions and occasionally erupted in acts of persecution against the Catholics. The debates among Protestant missionaries and the Siamese royalist elite, monks and lay literati comprised an intellectual exchange mediated by the printing press. Centred around the encapsulation and bifurcation of religiosity and modernity, the debates helped the literati readjust their epistemological position during Siam's early modern era, creating a discursive space for the emergence of a form of scientific Buddhism. The latter affirms that Buddhism not only accords with aspects of modern science but was precocious in its understanding of features such as the analysis of mental states prior to modern scientific methods. The 'scientificity' of Buddhism as articulated by Siamese literati had long-lasting effects on Thai intellectual life well into the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the effects the new technology of printing had on the rich and multilingual textual culture of late medieval Britain. Before setting up his press in Westminster, William Caxton had books published in Latin, French and English. As soon as he relocated to England, however, he abandoned this multilingual business model and devoted all his energies to print books in English, as did his successors Richard Pynson and Wynkyn de Worde. Not only did they favour English over all other British languages, but promoted a London-based variety of English at the expense of other dialects. Hence, before giving to the press the Scots Contemplacioun of Synnaris by William Touris, Wynkyn de Worde chose to have it Anglicized. When Walter Chepman and Andrew Myllar established a printing press in Edinburgh in 1508, they replicated the choices of their English counterparts, promoting the standard form of Scots and even Scotticizing Middle English texts, such as Sir Eglamour of Artois. I conclude by arguing that the introduction of the printing press in Britain enhanced the prestige of the language variety used by the elite and became instrumental in eroding the balances existing in the British language ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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