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Copyright of Menoufia Journal of Agricultural Economic & Social Science is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Northeast State-owned Forest Areas comprise the largest region of resources in China. The transformation of the Northeast State-owned Forest Areas is due to various stimuli, such as policies, systems, and markets. In the context of ecological construction and the reform of the state-owned forest system in Northeast China, these have undergone a transformation in terms of economy, society, and ecology. However, a mismatch persists between employment and industrial structures, leading to hidden unemployment. This study employs the framework of hidden unemployment theory, utilizing the Cobb–Douglas production function to quantify the hidden unemployment rate, revealing the relationship between transformation and hidden unemployment. Through this analysis, the underlying causes of hidden unemployment in Northeast China's state-owned forest regions are scrutinized. There is a bidirectional causal relationship between ecological transformation and hidden unemployment, while there is a unidirectional causal relationship between economic transformation and hidden unemployment. Variance decomposition analysis highlights the substantial contribution of social transformation, followed by economic transformation, with ecological transformation playing a comparatively smaller role. Based on the above research, this article proposes expediting the reforms within the forest industry groups, facilitating the separation of governmental and corporate interests. Additionally, it advocates for strategic forestry development planning to effectively absorb surplus labor, and proposes three policy directives aimed at supporting forest area employees, including provisions for job transfers and reemployment opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain yield, irrigation-yield production functions (IYPFs), evapotranspiration-yield production functions (ETYPFs), total soil water-yield production function (TSWYPF), crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and basal ET (ETb) response of subsurface drip-irrigated (SDI) maize were investigated under full irrigation treatment (FIT), 75 % FIT, 50 % FIT, and rainfed (RF). Yield response to irrigation differed significantly (P

This research was conducted to model paddy production based on weather factors. This needs to be done to predict crop yields and regulate paddy cropping patterns. In setting the cropping pattern, the weather is selected which consists of temperature, wind speed, and rainfall, as a variable factor of production. Meanwhile, other factors (such as fertilization, sunshine, air humidity, etc.) are assumed to be in catteries paribus conditions. The research method used is a mixed method between qualitative methods which are descriptive details and quantitative methods which are based on weather data and Paddy's harvest data. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of weather on paddy production results. Analysis is done to get the production function. Parameters are estimated using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method by minimizing the sum of squared errors. Based on data analysis, a correlation of 0.899 was obtained with a standard error of .051665515. the results of model testing also show significant results with the F statistic obtained at 33.98 with a p-value of 0.028 which is less than 5%. So it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between weather and paddy productivity. In such a way that the weather can be used as a reference in determining the prediction of loss risk and paddy production. This model can also be recommended for further research, namely to determine insurance losses that may arise when extreme weather events occur.

This study aimed to examine the prospects of various modelling tools in building complex models of regional tourism systems. It surveyed the international experience in forecasting tourist demands and modelling the tourism industry. It found that the hybrid approach – combining simulation modelling with econometric models to forecast tourist demands and deep learning models to process data from various sources – seems to be the most promising one. Simulation modelling is divided into two parts: system dynamics as a model of domestic tourism in terms of assessing state support’s impact on the development of tourist infrastructure and agent-based modelling, which is used to form tourists’ profiles and assess their needs as accurately as possible. Then, a more detailed study of the possibilities of using CGE models in the framework of integrated modelling of the tourism system, with an emphasis on sustainable development, was proposed. To reduce the level of uncertainty typical in a socio-economic system, integration into the CGE model of production functions was proposed. Thus, the potential applicability of using production functions for modelling tourism processes from the point of view of the state of the economy in a pandemic s being investigated. This study classified the production functions and adopted the function of constant elasticity of substitution to assess the income gained from the tourist products consumed by domestic tourists. Based on synthetic data, the possible income from tourist products were calculated using the income distribution in four groups of profitability. We performed the calculation using written code in the statistical programming language R. The formula we used considered the annual income of population groups, spending on rental housing and the consumer basket, as well as the elasticity of consumption of tourist services.

The aim of this research was to study the productivity and economic indicators of sugar cane production in Egypt and the Minia Governorate. It also aimed to estimate the statistical functions of physical production in order to assess the economic efficiency of the main resources used in sugar cane production within the study sample. Additionally, statistical estimation of cost functions was conducted to obtain indicators of the economic efficiency of sugar cane production. The research yielded several results, among the most important of which were: through estimating the production function of sugar cane in the DeirMawas center, it was found that production factors account for approximately 72% of the variations in sugar cane production quantity in the study sample. The significance of the seedlings variable (Q2) and the nitrogen fertilizer variable (Q4) were established, as their coefficients were statistically significant with the dependent variable, while the significance of the other variables was not established. The production elasticity of the seedlings element (Q2) was approximately 0.507, which means that a 10% increase in the use of this production factor leads to a 5.07% increase in sugar cane production. The total elasticity of the function was approximately 1.45, indicating that these factors operate within the range of increasing returns to scale. The results also indicated that the most significant problems and obstacles faced by sugar cane producers in the Minia Governorate during the 2021/2022 agricultural season were primarily related to the high prices of fertilizers.

A field experiment was conducted at the University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya in the spring season of 2021 for the potato crop under the influence of organic biofertilizers and water stress. Three levels of bio-organic fertilizers were used 0 (OM0), 1 (OM1) and 1.5 (OM2) ton ha-1 and three levels of irrigation 30 (I-30), 50 (I-50) and 75 (I-75) % water depletion were available to evaluate the role of bio-organic fertilizer and water stress in production functions and water use efficiency. I-30 treatment showed the highest water consumption ranging between 468 and 486 mm season-1 and decreased to 355-436 mm with water stress treatments I-75. The values of water consumption varied according to the levels of bio-organic fertilizer. The percentage of decrease in water consumption was 1.49 and 3.66% at low stress and reached 6.37% at high stress (I-75) compared to OM0. Both treatments I-30 and I-50 gave the same yield. Bio-organic fertilization led to an increase in the average yield of tubers 32.8 and 41.9% for both OM1 and OM2 compared to OM0. The production functions indicate that the yield increases by 0.057 ton ha-1 mm-1 of added water, and the water depth must be greater than 64.2 mm to obtain a yield that is 1.96 ton ha-1 more (significant limit) than the treatments in the experiment (1.96=0.057(Irr.). )-1.70). Fertilizer levels are higher than 1.9 ton ha-1 to obtain a higher yield of tubers by 26.29 tons/ha and the efficiency of water use is nil according to the water use function when the water consumption is higher than 692.7 mm. The response factor decreased when adding bio-organic fertilizer compared to OM0, which means that plants were not affected significantly under water stress conditions.

Wheat production is one of the most important grain crops, and the state gives it special attention to improve its production. Wheat is a strategically important crop for Egyptian food security, especially in light of recent fluctuations in its prices both globally and locally. Additionally, it is used in biofuel production in some countries like the USA and Brazil, which can impact global wheat supply. Despite an increase in wheat production in Egypt in recent years, this increase has been offset by a continuous population growth and local consumption, leading to an increase in wheat imports. The study analyzed the relative importance of production costs for different wheat varieties, including Egypt 1, Egypt 2, Giza 171, Giza 168, and Sids 12. The average total costs for these varieties were estimated, with Egypt 1 having costs of approximately 11.7 thousand Egyptian pounds per feddan, Egypt 2 at 11.9 thousand pounds per feddan, Giza 171 at 10.4 thousand pounds per feddan, Giza 168 at 11.8 thousand pounds per feddan, and Sids 12 at 10.5 thousand pounds per feddan. Fixed costs constituted a significant portion of the total costs for each variety, accounting for around 39.4%, 39.3%, 54.3%, 39.2%, and 54.6% of the average total costs, respectively. Net returns per feddan were estimated for each variety, with Egypt 1, Egypt 2, Giza 171, Giza 168, and Sids 12 having returns of approximately 1025.15, 3231.62, 4418.79, 989.52, and 5075.94 Egyptian pounds per feddan, respectively. Production functions were estimated in a logarithmic form to assess economic efficiency, and a cubic cost function was chosen to estimate cost and profit maximization for each wheat variety. Variable costs for these varieties ranged from approximately 7.13 to 4.79 thousand Egyptian pounds per feddan. The research recommends the following: Enhancing the efficiency of productive inputs in agricultural operations for wheat production to increase farmers' productivity and profits. Encouraging farmers to adopt technical recommendations and knowledge through the Agricultural Extension System to improve their productivity. Developing high-quality and high-yield wheat varieties that are more resilient to drought, salinity, and heat. Promoting the cultivation of high-yield wheat varieties, particularly Giza 171, Egypt 1, 2, and Sids 12. Addressing the problems faced by wheat farmers in the study area and finding solutions to increase wheat cultivation and improve per-feddan productivity for the crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the production approach to markup estimation, any flexible input should recover the markup. I test this implication using manufacturing datasets from Chile, Colombia, India, Indonesia, the U.S., and Southern Europe, as well as store-level data from a major U.S. retailer, and overwhelmingly reject that markups estimated using labour and materials have the same distribution. For every dataset, markups estimated using labour are negatively correlated with markups estimated using materials, exhibit greater dispersion, and have opposite time trends. I continue to find stark differences in markups estimated using energy and non-energy raw materials. Non-neutral productivity differences across firms can explain these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to study the standard estimation production cost of almond rain-fed varirties in Homs Governorate for 2019. The order to achieve its objectives, the research depends on econometric and statistical analysis conducted on the primary data collected through a face-to-face interview with the farmers in the eastern district of Homs province. The results indicated that in the almond varieties cultivated for green consumption (Auja - Dfadaei), the Auja variety had the highest productivity compared to Dfadaei, while the dry varieties, the French variety had the highest productivity compared with the rest of the cultivated varieties in the studied area, where its productivity reached (164.7) kg. / dunums, while the lowest productivity was for the albladi variety, which amounted to (104.48) kg/dunam. The results of the descriptive analysis of the structure of production costs showed that the highest value of the total costs was for the French variety and the lowest for the albaldi variety In terms of the profit achieved, the French variety ranked first, as it was found that the use of one Syrian pound of the changing assets of the French variety led to a profit of (3.38) SP. as for estimating the total cost function, it was the cube model was the most suitable for the relationship adopted in the study, through its estimation in the short term, it was found that the present productivity scale of all verities is away from the productivity scales for economic efficiency and maximizing profit. And the optimal output size in the long run was (23.71) tons this output level requires an optimal area of (42) donums, and the minimum price at which almond growers sell (249100.17) SP/ton was calculated. The long-term supply function was derived, and it was found that there is a positive relationship between the quantity supplied of almonds and the price, when the price is greater than (249100.17) SP/ton. It was found, through measuring technical efficiency that about (28%) of economic resources were not exploited optimally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires that some institutional organizations (corporations, government entities, NGOs, universities, and so forth) report annually the amount of different greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions generated. The organizations are to select and utilize various EPA equations for calculating various kinds of GHG emissions. That database is then available to plan for climate-change mitigation. The simplistic linear production functions expressed in the equations, along with exemptions, allows for the totals reported by EPA for carbon dioxide, methane, and the other GHG emissions to be significantly understated. Although understated, that database is utilized by various agencies of government in the United States for policy mitigation and in negotiations with other countries. Because meaningful climate-change mitigation policy requires accurate measurement, the purpose here is the analysis and critique of EPA equations for reporting greenhouse-gas emissions and to offer advice about what EPA ought to be doing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract One of the priorities in the management of agricultural inputs, such as water and fertilizers, involves investigating the variations in the crop yields under actual field conditions, subjected to the effects of various simultaneous stresses. The current study is mainly aimed at investigating the simultaneous effects of triple water, salinity, and nitrogen stresses on basil, Mazandaran mass cultivar, and determining its production functions in such situations. The study was conducted at Doshan Tappeh Agricultural Experiment Station with an area of one ha in Tehran, Iran. A factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with different irrigation levels as the main treatment. In addition, two sub-treatments, i.e., salinity and fertilization, were conducted in three replications by a water and soil laboratory in 2016 and 2017. The irrigation treatments included full irrigation (FI) in 100% (W1) and deficit irrigation (DI) in 80% (W2), 60% (W3), and 40% (W4) of crop water requirements. The salinity treatment involved 1.175 ds m−1 (S1) (control treatment), 3 ds/m (S2), and 5 ds/m (S3), while the fertilization treatment involved 100% (F1) (control treatment), 75% (F2), and 50% (F3) of the recommended fertilizer requirement. Overall, results indicated that under a constant fertilizer treatment, the rise in the salinity and water stress reduced the basil yield, while under the water-fertilizer double stress, the basil yield rate first decreased and then had a notable increase. By applying water and salinity stresses, the crop yield experienced a steeper reduction under the water stress than the salinity stress. Contrary to expectations, fertilization reduced basil yield under these conditions.

Introduction Watermelon is a popular fruit that is cultivated in greenhouses and on the ground, and water and fertilizer, as two essential factors for the growth of the product, significantly affect the yield of crops. Watermelon is the twelfth plant in terms of cultivated area in Iran. Due to its importance in export and virtual water, it is necessary to pay special attention to the characteristics of water needs and water consumption. However, water resources are scarce and irrational irrigation and use of fertilizers are common. This caused environmental pollution and waste of resources and also affects the growth and absorption of nutrients. Plant absorption, therefore, affects the yield and quality of the product. China is the first producer of this product in the world with the production of 67% of the total watermelon crop. The next ranks with less than 4% of world production are held by Turkey, Iran, Brazil and Egypt. According to FAO statistics, Iran ranks third in the world in watermelon production. In Iran, 91,000 hectares are cultivated with watermelon, of which 85,400 hectares are irrigated.Considering the special attention given to the watermelon plant as one of the high consumption options in the cultivation pattern, it was necessary to conduct a research in this field to investigate the amount of water required and reduce its yield under deficit irrigation. Materials and Methods In this study, Charleston variety watermelon was grown with a density of 8000 plants per hectare on May 29, 2022 in the soil and water research farm in Alborz province. Also, Crimson Sweet cultivar with a density of 11,000 thousand plants per hectare was cultivated on Desember 25, 2021 in the southern research center of Kerman province.In this regard, a research was conducted in the form of randomized block design in 4 full irrigation treatments, 75% of water requirement, 50% of water requirement and 30% of water requirement in the research farm of the Soil and Water Research Institute and Kerman Research Center. After applying low irrigations in different treatments, the performance of each treatment was measured. Also, the water requirement values of watermelon were investigated using the water requirement system of the Soil and Water Research Institute of the country under standard conditions. Also, by using two production functions, the sensitivity coefficients of the Charleston variety were determined. Also, the water requirement values of watermelon were investigated using the water requirement system of the Soil and Water Research Institute of the country under standard conditions. Also, using two production functions, the sensitivity coefficients of the Charleston variety were determined. Results and Discussion The results showed that the standard water requirement of watermelon in Karaj is about 488 mm and in Jiroft area of Kerman is 423 mm and it is in good agreement with the water requirement estimated by the water requirement system. The results show that watermelon in both cultivars reacted to the lowest amount of stress, so it is sensitive to lack of irrigation, and therefore it is necessary to investigate the values of the production function in their case according to the applied treatments. On the other hand, the highest sensitivity coefficient occurred in the period of 60 to 80 days after cultivation in the middle period of growth and the recalibrated production function estimated the yield of the plant with appropriate accuracy in the applied stresses, which the statistical indicators of Charleston variety RMSE, NRMSE, MBE , d and EF were 497, 0.02, -119, 0.99 and 0.98, respectively, and the Crimson number was 568, 0.095, -536, 0.98 and 0.96 respectively, so the sensitivity coefficients and production function It is proposed to simulate the performance of both watermelon cultivars under water stress conditions. Also, the highest productivity was obtained in the low irrigation treatment of 70% and Crimson variety has higher water consumption efficiency. Therefore, this variety is recommended for watermelon cultivation with 70% less irrigation. Conclusion Summarizing the results showed that the standard water requirement of watermelon in Karaj is about 488 mm and in Jiroft area of Kerman is 423 mm and it is in good agreement with the water requirement estimated by the NIAZAB system. The sensitivity coefficients and the production function presented for simulation The performance of both watermelon cultivars is suggested under water stress conditions. On the other hand, the highest sensitivity coefficient occurred in the period of 60 to 80 days after cultivation in the middle period of growth and the recalibrated production function estimated the yield of the plant with appropriate accuracy in the applied stresses, which the statistical indicators of Charleston variety RMSE, NRMSE, MBE , d and EF were 497, 0.02, -119, 0.99 and 0.98, respectively, and Crimson number was 568, 0.095, -536, 0.98 and 0.96, respectively. Therefore, the sensitivity coefficients and production function It is proposed to simulate the performance of both watermelon cultivars under water stress conditions. Of course, due to the high performance level of the Crimson variety, the amount of water productivity in this variety is twice that of the Charleston variety, so in terms of water consumption efficiency, the cultivation of the Crimson variety is a priority compared to the Charleston variety. Also, the highest productivity was obtained in the low irrigation treatment of 70% and Crimson variety has higher water consumption efficiency. Therefore, this variety is recommended for watermelon cultivation with 70% less irrigation.

In this study, we examine the efficiency of companies in Hungary's agriculture, fisheries and forestry sector. We analysed corporate efficiency by using stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). We used two methods to perform the SFA calculations - the Cobb-Douglas and translog functions. The result variable for the SFA calculation was gross value added (GVA), and the explanatory variables were tangibles, material costs, employee costs and other costs. The original database contained cross-sectional and time series data and was transformed into a panel database. We used the maximum log-likelihood method for parameter estimation. We performed the efficiency analysis in the case of the Cobb-Douglas and translog functions in two ways - first, without z variables (factor effects) and second, considering different factors (subsectors, workforce categories, ranking by total assets and ranking by total sales). Taking z variables into account increased the value of the efficiency coefficients. The latter model's results show that the companies' average performance in the sector examined was more than 70%. Further calculations also showed that the subsectors of the agriculture, fisheries and forestry sector differed in efficiency scores. The larger companies operated more efficiently than the smaller ones in the sector examined.

The use of natural resources as an input to economic growth and the interactions between economic and ecological systems have resulted in an accumulation of environmental externalities. This accumulation can negatively affect future levels of welfare and economic growth. In this paper, such dynamics are assessed and quantified by introducing explicit environmental externality variables in a production function. This is performed in an endogenous growth model where cumulative environmental externalities interact with economic growth. Using efficiency analysis, a dynamic econometric model is estimated showing the significance of a negative influence of past levels of use of natural resources on GDP over a broad range of stochastic frontier analysis estimations. The results are applied to propose an alternative specification to the production function of a modelling tool used by the European Commission for the assessment of climate policies in the European Union. The findings show that observed GDP is overestimated when environmental externalities are not considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the priorities in the management of agricultural inputs, such as water and fertilizers, involves investigating the variations in the crop yields under actual field conditions, subjected to the effects of various simultaneous stresses. The current study is mainly aimed at investigating the simultaneous effects of triple water, salinity, and nitrogen stresses on basil, Mazandaran mass cultivar, and determining its production functions in such situations. The study was conducted at Doshan Tappeh Agricultural Experiment Station with an area of one ha in Tehran, Iran. A factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with different irrigation levels as the main treatment. In addition, two sub-treatments, i.e., salinity and fertilization, were conducted in three replications by a water and soil laboratory in 2016 and 2017. The irrigation treatments included full irrigation (FI) in 100% (W1) and deficit irrigation (DI) in 80% (W2), 60% (W3), and 40% (W4) of crop water requirements. The salinity treatment involved 1.175 ds m−1 (S1) (control treatment), 3 ds/m (S2), and 5 ds/m (S3), while the fertilization treatment involved 100% (F1) (control treatment), 75% (F2), and 50% (F3) of the recommended fertilizer requirement. Overall, results indicated that under a constant fertilizer treatment, the rise in the salinity and water stress reduced the basil yield, while under the water-fertilizer double stress, the basil yield rate first decreased and then had a notable increase. By applying water and salinity stresses, the crop yield experienced a steeper reduction under the water stress than the salinity stress. Contrary to expectations, fertilization reduced basil yield under these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine the efficiency of companies in Hungary's agriculture, fisheries and forestry sector. We analysed corporate efficiency by using stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). We used two methods to perform the SFA calculations – the Cobb-Douglas and translog functions. The result variable for the SFA calculation was gross value added (GVA), and the explanatory variables were tangibles, material costs, employee costs and other costs. The original database contained cross-sectional and time series data and was transformed into a panel database. We used the maximum log-likelihood method for parameter estimation. We performed the efficiency analysis in the case of the CobbDouglas and translog functions in two ways – first, without z variables (factor effects) and second, considering different factors (subsectors, workforce categories, ranking by total assets and ranking by total sales). Taking z variables into account increased the value of the efficiency coefficients. The latter model's results show that the companies' average performance in the sector examined was more than 70%. Further calculations also showed that the subsectors of the agriculture, fisheries and forestry sector differed in efficiency scores. The larger companies operated more efficiently than the smaller ones in the sector examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Menoufia Journal of Agricultural Economic & Social Science is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scientific Journal of Agricultural Sciences (SJAS) is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Innovations in water-saving cultivation strategies are urgently needed to achieve high yield and elevated water use efficiency (WUE) simultaneously in arid regions with limited water resources. Here, we conducted a two-year field study to compare the impacts of eight combinations of planting patterns (PPs) and mulching on the soil water content (SWC) in the top 60 cm soil layer, the growth, the yield, and the WUE of wheat under two irrigation rates (1.00 and 0.50 ET). These combinations included three conventional flat planting (CF) patterns, including CF without mulch (CFNM), with plastic film (CFPM), and with wheat straw mulch (CFSM); three raised-bed planting (RB) patterns, including RB without mulch (RBNM), with plastic film (RBPM), and wheat straw (RBSM) mulch; and two ridge–furrow planting (RF) patterns, including RF without mulch (RFNM) and with plastic film mulch (RFPM). The results showed that the tested treatments affected the SWC at different depths under both irrigation rates. Compared with the two non-mulched treatments under 0.50 ET, the SWC of the three PPs with plastic film and the two PPs with wheat straw mulching were significantly higher before irrigation by 14.4–22.0% and 6.9–17.2% at 0–20 cm soil depth, 16.4–29.0% and 6.6–14.9% at 20–40 cm soil depth, and 3.3–34.8% and 3.4–14.5% at 40–60 cm soil depth, respectively. All measured wheat parameters, except harvest index, were significantly affected by the interaction between irrigation rate and PPs. The highest values for plant dry weight (PDW), yield components, grain yield (GY), and WUE under 1.00 ET were obtained in the two PPs with wheat straw mulch, while the three PPs with plastic film showed the highest values of these parameters under 0.50 ET. The yield response factor (Ky) based on PDW was acceptable for all PPs mulched with plastic film and wheat straw as well as for RFNM, while Ky based on GY was acceptable only for the PPs mulched with plastic film and for RFNM, as the Ky values of these PPs were less than 1 under 0.50 ET. The SWC at different depths exhibited quadratic and nonsignificant relationships with all parameters under 1.00 ET, while these relationships were linear and strong under 0.50 ET, with a few exceptions. Overall, we conclude that combining any PPs with plastic film mulching could be used as a feasible and effective strategy for obtaining high wheat yield and WUE in the irrigated and arid agroecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango is considered one of the most important fruit crops in Egypt due to its widespread cultivation compared to other fruit crops and in addition to its importance as an important fruit crop it comes in third place after both citrus, oranges, grapes in terms of its contribution to the monetary value of the total Egyptian agricultural exports, and can be crystallized the problem of studying in the possibility of answering questions about what is the concept of the optimal economic size of the farm? What are the factors affecting farm sizes? What are the different measures of farm sizes? What is the optimal economic size of mango farms in new and old lands? To what extent is there a moral impact on the productive efficiency of the farm in question? The research aims generally to measure the optimal size of mango farms in new and old lands and estimate the production functions to identify the value of the marginal output of the various factors of production and estimated the total productivity flexibility of the function by about 1.07 this indicates that the increase of these production elements by the estimated function of 10% leads to an increase in the total output of the acre of mango by about 10.7 % which means an increase in the yield of capacity. The marginal output and average output per productive component were derived from the total output function of the study sample as table (1) showed that the (M.P) for both human labor and nitrogen fertilizer was estimated at about 0.018, 0.029 tons for those productive elements on The order as estimated the value of the marginal product of these productive elements about 210.42, 339.01 pounds respectively.

Grain yield, irrigation-yield production functions (IYPFs), evapotranspiration-yield production functions (ETYPFs), total soil water-yield production function (TSWYPF), crop evapotranspiration (ET c), and basal ET (ET b) response of subsurface drip-irrigated (SDI) maize were investigated under full irrigation treatment (FIT), 75 % FIT, 50 % FIT, and rainfed (RF). Yield response to irrigation differed significantly (P<0.05) between the treatments with FIT having the highest grain yield, followed by 75 % FIT, 50 % FIT, and RF in all growing seasons. There was a 14, 6, and 12 % yield reduction in 75 % FIT, 50 % FIT, and RF with respect to FIT, respectively. FIT had the highest ET c , followed by 75 % FIT, 50 % FIT, and RF. ET c reduction with 75 % FIT, 50 % FIT and RF with respect to FIT had similar reductions between the years. Under these experimental conditions, ET c of SDI-irrigated maize can be expected to be reduced by 5.2 % (25 mm), 13 % (65 mm), and 26 % (130 mm) with the limited irrigation (75 % FIT and 50 % FIT) and RF, respectively. The amount of irrigation water required for maximum grain yield varied between the growing seasons as a function of climatic conditions (262, 225, and 173 mm in 2004, 2005, and 2006, respectively). Based on the IYPFs, a 25.4 mm of irrigation application resulted in 0.061, 0.063, and 0.066 t/ha yield increase (beyond the intercept) in 2004, 2005, and 2006, respectively, with a 3-yr average of 0.063 t/ha. A 25.4 mm of irrigation application resulted in 15.6, 16.0, and 13.7 mm of increase in ET c (beyond the intercept) in 2004, 2005, and 2006 seasons, respectively, with a 3-yr average of 15.1 mm. On a three-year average basis, 10.7, 29.1, and 67 % yield reduction in 75 % FIT, 50 % FIT, and RF treatments with respect to FIT can be expected under these climate, soil-water, and crop management conditions with SDI-irrigated maize. A strong dependence of the ETYPF slopes on RF treatment's yield was observed. ET b had substantial inter-annual variation as 356, 230, and 315 mm in 2004, 2005, and 2006, respectively. ET b was strongly and positively correlated (R2=0.99) with the seasonal precipitation and strongly, but negatively correlated (R2=0.89) with seasonal cumulative thermal unit (Growing Degree Days). Based on the pooled ETYPFs, a 25.4 mm of ET c resulted in 1.86, 1.72, and 2.61 t/ha grain yield (beyond the intercept) in 2004, 2005, and 2006, respectively, with a seasonal average of 2.1 t/ha. Data and information of this research can provide guidance for irrigation professionals, managers, advisors, engineers, agronomists, economists, and other professionals and can be incorporated into the planning, forecasting, allocating and managing of water resources availability-demand-actual use analyses and decisions to enhance crop production efficiency. • Yield was reduced by 14, 6, and 12% in 75% FIT, 50% FIT, and RF (rainfed) with respect to FIT. • On a 3-yr average, a 25.4 mm irrigation resulted in 0.063 ton/ha increase in grain yield. • On a 3-yr average, a 25.4 mm of irrigation application resulted in 15.1 mm increase in crop ET (ET c). • On average, a 25.4 mm of ET c resulted in 2.1 ton/ha increase in grain yield. • Basal ET (ET b) was 356, 230, and 315 mm in 2004, 2005, and 2006, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed mainly to study the economics of production and marketing of milk farms in the New Valley Governorate, this can be achieved through statistical estimation of production and costs functions, and estimating the most important indicators of the economic efficiency of milk farms in the sample of the study according to the different production capacities, as well as a study of the marketing pathways for milk farms in the New Valley Governorate, in addition to estimating margins, marketing efficiency, and distributing consumer pound, and to identify the most important production and marketing problems facing milk producers the study sample and proposals for solving them. in achieving its objectives, the research relied on the use of descriptive and quantitative economic analysis methods. It depends on field data for a sample of milk farms in the New Valley Governorate for the agricultural season 2020/2021, where their number reached 158 farms, and they were distributed over three production capacities. The results of the research explained that the most influential factors in the quantity of milk produced are the quantity of green fodder, the quantity of concentrated fodder, veterinary care, the length of the milking season, and estimating the function of total costs at the sample level, the results indicated that the elasticity of costs amounted to about 1.03, and this indicates that the sample producers are working in the economic production stage. Using the criteria of economic efficiency, the results showed that the third production capacity is more economic efficiency than the first and second production capacities, the net return increases by increasing the production capacity of the farms, and this capacity also ranked first in relation to the rate of return on the invested pound, which amounted to about 0.51, the net return to the head in that capacity was higher than the other production capacities, as it amounted to about 7.95 thousand pounds. The results of distributing the consumer's pound indicate an increase in the producer's share of the consumer's pound and the convergence of the share of the wholesaler and the retailer, and the high share of the product is due to the high production costs of feed, veterinary care, and labor. It was also found that the distribution of the consumer's pound is unfair, as the producer receives about 72.1%, while middlemen get about 27.9% of the consumer's pound, and the proportion of mediators distributed by 13.5% for the wholesaler and about 14.4% for the retail trader, this shows the low share of middlemen from the consumer's pound. By estimating the marketing efficiency of milk farms in the study sample was estimated at 66.5%, 69.2%, 71.6%, and 69.1% at the level of the three production capacities and the total sample, respectively. it was clear from this that the marketing efficiency was high at the level of milk farms in the sample of the study. In light of these results, the research recommends the following: (1) Working to provide concentrated feed at reasonable prices, while giving it subsidies, and expanding the agriculture of nontraditional fodders such as silage, rice straw, and corn Stover, (2) Expanding the establishment of milk collection centers to prevent traders from controlling prices, and achieving better prices for producers, in addition to ensuring the safety and quality of milk during its circulation, (3) Work to establish links for milk producers, whose mission is to collect and market milk, and (4) Activating the role of veterinary units and providing fortifications at reasonable prices, with the need to providing guidance services to producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sector of knowledge intensive services is very often neglected, although it is very important for today's economy – it is highly innovative, fast-growing and usually provides highly paid and stimulating employment, involved in the creation and transfer of knowledge. It provides knowledge-intensive inputs to other entities in the private and public sectors. It deals with activities concerned primarily with human capital, thanks to the knowledge and skills of employees who are available to other companies. The aim of the article is to estimate the Cobb-Douglass production function for the knowledge intensive services sector and to compare it with the production function of the manufacturing sector which is one of the decisive sources of gross domestic product. Data for the period 1995-2018 in the annual frequency come from the database of the Czech Statistical Office. The output of the industry is measured as gross output at current prices, the amount of capital expressed by means of Gross fixed capital formation and work as employment in the sector. The change in capital per worker has the highest impact on output in the case of the manufacturing industry, which is dependent on physical capital. In the case of the fields of information and communication activities and professional, scientific and technical activities, the increase in the capital adequacy of work will be reflected in a lower increase in output per worker. These sectors are linked to human capital, so the non-inclusion of human capital in the production function leads to misleading results.

The production function is a physical relationship between the quantity produced of the commodity and the inputs used in production during a certain period of time. As it is distributed between acres for small farms and more than 7 acres for farms, so the research aims, through its estimation of production functions, to identify the most important production elements specific to the production of potatoes, as well as to estimate the production flexibility for these elements and calculate the total flexibility, and where the results of the study showed that from the total output function (Q) to the total The study sample that the most important productive elements with a moral effect on the total yield per acre of the potato crop are represented in the quantity of seeds, human labor, automated work, phosphate fertilizer, and by estimating the different partial production elasticities for these inputs, it was found that the productive flexibility of the quantity of seeds, human work, mechanical work and phosphate fertilizer They amounted to about 0.46, 0.05, 0.06, 0.39, respectively, which indicates that the increase in the amount used of the following elements The male bug by 10% leads to an increase in the feddan production of potatoes by 4.6%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 3.9%, respectively, and these results were statistically significant at the level of significance (0.01), and the total productivity elasticity (EP) of the function was estimated at 0.96 Which means that the increase of these productive elements by the estimated function by 10% leads to an increase in the total output of an acre of potatoes by about 9.6%, and this shows that the production of potatoes in the study sample takes place in the second stage of production (the economic stage), as the percentage of increase in the amount of total output per acre is less From the percentage of the increase in the amount of production elements used, which means a decrease in the return on capacity because the elasticity of production is less than the correct one, potatoes4 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marketing process is one of the main pillars on which any economic structure is built, as it is an integral part of the production process, and one of the most important challenges that Facing the agricultural product, contract farming, especially between small farmers and marketing companies, may be one of the most prominent solutions to avoid production problems. Also, agreeing on the prices of selling the crop in advance through contracting leads to reassuring the farmer to ensure his rights. Therefore, the research problem included the study of contract farming as a marketing system that ensures that farmers get remunerative prices to market their agricultural crops, and protects farmers from price fluctuations, with farmers not falling under the burden of merchants and moneylenders. Problems related to agricultural marketing still occupy the forefront among the problems that hinder the numerous and continuous attempts to increase returns. The research aims to study the economic indicators for the production of an acre of potato crop for the contract farming system compared to the non-contractual cultivation of Nobaria, The research was limited to contract farming related to manufacturing, and the Damont variety was chosen to conduct this study, and the research dealt with the relative importance of the variable costs items for the production of one Fedan of the summer potato crop, and it was found that the costs of both mechanical work and human labor are lower in the first group (contractors) than in the first group (contractors). The second group (non-contractors) increased by 258.4 and 323.6 pounds, respectively, Total production input costs ranked first with a rate of 69.31%, 65.56% of the average total variable costs in each of the first and second groups, respectively. By testing the significance of the difference using the (T) test, a significant difference was found at the level of 0.01, It also dealt with the economic efficiency of producing one acre of the summer potato crop (Diamont variety), and it was found that the average fixed costs decreased, and the average total costs in the first group, which amounted to 4.88 Thousand pound, 22.45 Thousand pound, respectively, compared to the same in the second group, which amounted to 5 Thousand pound, 22.35 Thousand pound Respectively, Increasing the average of variable costs, acre productivity, total revenue, net return, total marginal surplus, the ratio of total return to total costs, the return on the invested pound, and the profit margin ratio in the first group than in the second group, and by testing the significance of the difference between the average of the two groups using the (T) test for the difference between the two averages, it was found that there is a significant difference between them at the level of 0.01, which is due to the high price of the crop delivery to the factory in the first group, where the crop conforms to the required specifications and standards. The potato crop production functions were estimated according to the productive groups in the double logarithmic form of the farmers of the field research sample in the Nubaria region. The value of the total productive elasticity of the elements included in the logarithmic function in the first and second group was about 0.612, 1.726, respectively, which reflects the decreasing return to capacity. Where the value of the total elasticity of the elements included in the quadratic function was about 0.99, 1.29 in the first and second groups, respectively, Finally, the most important problems that impede contract farming were addressed from the point of view of potato growers, as the data indicate that the problem of some contracting parties’ non-compliance with the terms agreed upon in the contracts came in the first place, and it is one of the most important problems. By about 25.2% of the total number of repetitions of about 238. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]