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The objective of this work is to study the exchange rate policy and its impact on sectoral competitiveness in Morocco. For this issue we used a VAR econometric model with annual data covering a period from 1990 to 2020. As a result of this study, we found that the exchange rate policy adopted and applied by the Moroccan monetary authorities showed that the real effective exchange rate experienced an appreciation that is, a loss of competitiveness. Thus, the monetary authorities have chosen the second course of action which is the gradual flexibility of the exchange rate regime and the improvement of the weak performance of exports. This is done through the diversification of production structures on the one hand and the diversification of exports on the other. Indeed, the overvaluation of the national currency results in a loss of competitiveness towards foreign countries, which means that domestic goods cost more than they should. Conversely, when the domestic currency is undervalued, this allows a gain in competitiveness.Keywords. Competitiveness, Exchange rate policy, VAR, Production structures, Diversification of exports..JEL. C01, C50, E10, E60, F02, F30, F41.

The evolution of the Common Agricultural Policy and the changing of its paradigm was a subject of extensive consideration in the literature, but never the implications of specific cultural aspects on agricultural performance and production structures were ever taken into consideration. The main aim of the paper is the analysis of the some aspects regarding the influences of the cultural models on agricultural production structures in Romania and some EU-28 countries, form a larger perspective, starting with the CAP transformations over the time and the European agricultural model, analysing the role of the multifunctional agriculture in shaping the holding's structure and performances, and in the last it is considered the role of agriculture and rural communities in promoting renewable including bio-fuels.

In this article, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is employed to study the comparative performance of German and Colombian energy-intensive sectors between 1998 and 2005. The results of the DEA indicate that the great majority of energy-intensive sectors improved on this index during the sample period, demonstrating that energy input is an important variable within the production structure and a key element in technology development. At a second stage, regression analysis using panel data analysis reveals that several factors, including labor productivity, the share of electricity, investments and enterprise size can be considered determinants of differences in energy efficiency among German and Colombian energy-intensive sectors. Our results also show that different energy policies should apply, and that they should encourage the importance of energy efficiency in order to achieve a sustainable economic development and climate stabilization today and in the near future.

International audience; In France, the ending of milk quotas marks a breach in the mode of milk supply management and dairy farmers' conditions. Regulation administered by public authorities gave way to private regulation by dairy companies. In this context, farmers and actors of territorial development are concerned about the future of dairy farming at local scale. This paper explores the effects of ending milk quotas at the local level by comparing two contrasting case studies: upland and lowland areas. It is based on the same conceptual framework of socioeconomic metabolism, which addresses the biophysical exchange relationships between societies and their natural environments. We sought a better understanding of the effects of ending milk quotas, through looking at milk flows and uses of local resources, and the system of actors activating and regulating these flows, and their strategies. Our research is based on interviews and presentations of our characterization of milk production designed to prompt discussions between farmers and local actors. We show that the ending of milk quotas, and the ensuing high price volatility, means increased disparities between farmers. It generates (i) in the upland area, rivalry and tensions at the local level, and (ii) in the lowland area, difficulties in sustaining cow milk production in an area that is turning towards crop production. Lastly we discuss, among other topics, the multidimensional and growing requirements and systems boundaries that farmers are facing.

This paper makes analytical, methodological and empirical contributions to the literature on purchasing power parity. Purchasing power parities are required in a host of cross-country welfare comparisons, such as poverty rates and gross domestic product. The subject has recently generated much interest in the wake of the release of the final results of the 2011 International Comparison Program. This paper introduces a preference-based analytical framework that departs from the conventional Balassa-Samuelson framework in deriving empirically verifiable propositions on the link between purchasing power parity and exchange rates, and between purchasing power parity and inequality. The paper also provides an alternative methodology for calculating purchasing power parities that are benchmarked against the 2011 International Comparison Program purchasing power parities. As this study shows, the alternative methodology is capable of easy implementation on readily available data sets. The benchmarking exercise suggests that the 2011 International Comparison Program generally understates purchasing power parity and overstates gross domestic product, and that the purchasing power parities vary across expenditure percentiles. The study reports regional variation in the direction of the difference between the two purchasing power parities. The empirical evidence is supportive of the positive association between inequality and purchasing power parity derived in the paper.

Economic development critically involves diversification and structural transformation—that is, the continued, dynamic reallocation of resources from less productive to more productive sectors and activities. This paper documents that, over an extended period, developing Asia has on average been particularly successful in diversifying its exports, particularly in comparison with Sub-Saharan Africa. Much of the progress has occurred through diversification along the ‘extensive margin,’ that is, through entry into completely new products. In addition, developing Asia has on average benefited significantly from quality upgrading, helping it capitalize on already existing comparative advantages. Yet, agricultural and natural resources tend to have lower potential for quality upgrading than manufactures. Therefore, for lower-income “frontier” countries, diversification into products with longer “quality ladders” may be a necessary first step before large gains from quality improvement can be reaped.

The evolution of the Common Agricultural Policy and the changing of its paradigm was a subject of extensive consideration in the literature, but never the implications of specific cultural aspects on agricultural performance and production structures were ever taken into consideration. The main aim of the paper is the analysis of the some aspects regarding the influences of the cultural models on agricultural production structures in Romania and some EU- 28 countries, form a larger perspective, starting with the CAP transformations over the time and the European agricultural model, analysing the role of the multifunctional agriculture in shaping the holding’s structure and performances, and in the last it is considered the role of agriculture and rural communities in promoting renewable including bio-fuels., Original scientific paper

This report reviews the status of Maghreb countries' economic integration with the world, with the Arab world, and within the Maghreb itself. It focuses on trade in goods and services, labor and capital flows, financial integration and cross-border infrastructure integration. It discusses the potential benefits of and key constraints to greater integration. The focus on trade liberalization with the European Union (EU) provides an opportunity for individual Maghreb countries to lock in policies that would eventually help them harmonize policies within their own region. The same argument can be made regarding accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The Maghreb countries would reap significant additional benefits if, in parallel to reforms undertaken to improve trade liberalization with Europe, they improved conditions for streamlined trade among themselves. There is significant potential for trade in services in the financial sector, transportation and logistics, and communications and information, among other sectors. According to some studies, comprehensive services reforms that involve increased competition and regulatory streamlining would yield benefits that are at least twice the magnitude of those achieved through tariff removal alone.

This paper analyzes the economic effects of agricultural price and merchandise trade policies around the world as of 2004 on global markets, net farm incomes, and national and regional economic welfare and poverty, using the global economy wide Linkage model, new estimates of agricultural price distortions for developing countries, and poverty elasticity's approach. It addresses two questions: to what extent are policies as of 2004 still reducing rewards from farming in developing countries and thereby adding to inequality across countries in farm household incomes? Are they depressing value added more in primary agriculture than in the rest of the economy of developing countries, and earnings of unskilled workers more than of owners of other factors of production, thereby potentially contributing to inequality and poverty within developing countries (given that farm incomes are well below non-farm incomes in most developing countries and that agriculture there is intensive in the use of unskilled labor)? Results are presented for the key countries and regions of the world and for the world as a whole. They reveal that, by moving to free markets, income inequality between countries will be reduced at least slightly, all but one-sixth of the gains to developing countries will come from agricultural policy reform, unskilled workers in developing countries the majority of whom work on farms will benefit most from reform, net farm incomes in developing countries will rise by 6 percent compared with 2 percent for non-agricultural value added, and the number of people surviving on less than US$1 a day will drop 3 percent globally.

Earnings from farming in many developing countries have been depressed by a pro-urban bias in own-country policies as well as by governments of richer countries favoring their farmers with import barriers and subsidies. Both sets of policies, which reduce national and global economic welfare and contribute to global inequality and poverty, have been undergoing reform since the 1980s. Using the linkage model of the global economy and modifications to the pre-release of version 7 of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) protection database for 2004, this paper seeks to compare the effect of those reforms to date with those that would come from removing remaining agricultural and trade policies. Two sets of results are thus presented: one showing the effects of policy reforms between 1980-84 and 2004, the other showing what the removal of remaining distortions as of 2004 could be. Both sets of results indicate improvements in the real value of agricultural output and exports, the real returns to farm land and unskilled labor, and real net farm incomes in most developing country regions despite the adverse effect on the international terms of trade for some developing countries that are net food importers or are enjoying preferential access to agricultural markets of high-income countries. Landowners in those high-income countries still offering their farmers price supports could readily afford to compensate them from the benefits of removing remaining agricultural protectionism.

Esta dissertação analisa as estruturas de produção dos documentários portugueses patentes nas três primeiras edições (2002, 2004 e 2005) do Doclisboa – Festival Internacional de Cinema Documental de Lisboa. O estudo empreende um levantamento e avaliação da dimensão económica, sociológica e tecnológica da actividade cinematográfica através da análise dos sistemas de financiamento e das relações de trabalho das equipas técnicas e artísticas. Na prossecução deste objectivo são delineadas e enquadradas as esferas do profissional e do artesanal da respectiva actividade produtiva. A investigação dá um maior enfoque na actividade artística e laboral do realizador, como elemento central da estrutura de produção. A estratégia metodológica adoptada visa apreender as inovações e transformações tecnológicas operadas no domínio do digital e a consequente afectação do campo produtivo. Aborda-se a problemática inerente entre a aceleração e massificação da tecnologia digital e a sustentabilidade das estruturas de produção da actividade cinematográfica documental portuguesa. Percorre-se de modo sucinto alguns momentos da história do documentário português realçando o movimento documentarista dos anos 90. São expostos os seus méritos e as suas dificuldades, características ainda hoje presentes e influentes na produção contemporânea. No quadro teórico é proposta uma reflexão em torno da ontologia do documentário, evidenciando a sua componente criativa e as questões de representatividade numa época e implementação da imagem digital. This dissertation analyses the production structures of the Portuguese documentaries within the three first editions (2002, 2004 and 2005) of Doclisboa – Festival Internacional de Cinema Documental de Lisboa (Lisbon International Documentary Cinema Festival). The study surveys and assesses the economic, sociological and technological dimension of the cinematic activity by analysing the financing systems and work relations of the technical and artistic teams. In the pursuit of this aim the professional and non-professional spheres of the respective productive activity are outlined and framed. The investigation emphasizes the artistic and working activity of the director as central element to the production structure. The adopted methodology aims at understanding the technological innovations and changes carried out within the digital domain and the consequent effect on the production field. The inherent problems between acceleration and massification of digital technology and the sustainability of the production structures of Portuguese documentary cinematography are approached. Some history moments of Portuguese documentaries are summarised giving emphasis to the documentary movement of the 90s. Its merits and difficulties are exposed, characteristics which are still present nowadays and influence the production of our time. Concerning theory, a reflection is proposed on the documentary ontology, emphasizing its creative component and representation matters in a time and implementation of digital image.

A political economy model of protection is used to determine endogenously the intersectoral patterns of protection. Three propositions are derived that are consistent with the stylized patterns of tariff protection in rich and poor countries: Nominal protection rates escalate with the degree of processing, protection is higher on average in poor countries, and rich countries protect agriculture relatively more than they protect manufacturing, whereas poor countries do the reverse. Numerical simulations for archetypal rich and poor economies confirm that the endogenously determined structure of protection is broadly consistent with observed patterns of protection.

From the antique villa to the high Middle Ages settling of the Maladrerie in Saillans (Drôme). Permanencies and mutations until the VIIIth century. This article shows the results of the preventive excavations implemented at the La Maladrerie site in Saillans (Drôme). It allowed the discovery of one part of a vast and rich installation continuously occupied, from the Gallo-Roman period up to the high Middle Ages. The interest of the discovery relies on the very good condition of conservation of the vestiges dated between the IVth and the VIIIth centuries and on the original architectural shapes that have been observed : habitats, domestic conditionings, role of ancient constructions in the choice of the Middle Ages early centuries builders. This study allows at the same time to document an area still widely unknown, the area of the Drôme valley, to address the life and the economy of the site, and to illustrate a recurrent issue in southern France, the issue of the transition between a Gallo-Roman property and the occupations of the late Antiquity and the high Middle Ages., Cet article présente les résultats de la fouille préventive réalisée sur le site de La Maladrerie à Saillans (Drôme). Elle a permis la mise au jour d’une partie d’un vaste et riche établissement occupé, sans discontinuité, depuis l’époque gallo-romaine jusqu’au haut Moyen Âge. L’intérêt des découvertes repose sur le très bon état de conservation des vestiges compris entre IVe aux VIIIe siècles et sur les formes architecturales originales qui ont pu être observées : habitats, aménagements domestiques, rôle des constructions anciennes dans le choix des bâtisseurs des premiers siècles du Moyen Âge. L’étude présentée permet à la fois de documenter un secteur encore largement méconnu, celui de la vallée de la Drôme, d’aborder la vie et l’économie du site, et d’illustrer une problématique récurrente dans le sud de la France, celle de la transition entre un domaine gallo-romain et les occupations de l’Antiquité tardive et du haut Moyen Âge., De la villa antigua al establecimiento alto-medieval de la Maladrerie en Saillans (Drôme). Permanencia y mutaciones hasta el siglo VIII. Este artículo presenta los resultados de las excavaciones preventivas efectuadas en el sitio de La Maladrerie en Saillans (Drôme). Permitió elevar a la luz una parte de un amplio y rico establecimiento ocupado, sin cesar, desde la época galo-romana hasta la alta Edad Media. El interés de los descubrimientos reposa sobre el excelente estado de conservación de los vestigios comprendidos entre los siglos IV hasta VIII y sobre las formas arquitectónicas originales que pudieron ser observadas : hábitats, acondicionamientos domésticos, papel de las antiguas construcciones en la selección hecha por los edificadores de los primeros siglos de la Edad Media. El estudio presentado permite al mismo tiempo documentar un sector todavía ampliamente desconocido, el del valle de la Drôme, abordar la vida y la economía del sitio e ilustrar una problemática recurrente en el sur de Francia, la de la transición entre una finca galo-romana y las ocupaciones de la Edad Antigua tardía y de la alta Edad Media., Le Roy Ludovic, Berdeaux-Le Brazidec Marie-Laure, Malignas Adrien, Rovira Núria. De la villa antique à l’établissement alto-médiéval de la Maladrerie à Saillans (Drôme). Permanences et mutations jusqu’au VIIIe siècle.. In: Archéologie du Midi médiéval. Tome 29, 2011. pp. 3-42.