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Digitally enabled firms such as Alphabet, Amazon, and Meta achieved rapid growth in part through business model innovations that challenged the existing norms and regulations of the markets they entered. Research has explored aspects of their norm-breaking behavior—for example, getting users to behave differently, or offering free services to forestall competitors. I focus on their tactics for getting through or around regulatory infrastructure designed to protect consumers and other stakeholders. Specifically, I examine the relationship between large digital firms and three sets of institutional structures—competition policy, employment law, and individual property rights. I identify three tactics firms have used to overcome potential resistance: some have finessed regulations by identifying gaps and inconsistencies they could take advantage of, some have sidestepped regulations by arguing that those regulations do not apply to their situation, and others have nullified those rules by denying their existence altogether. I discuss regulatory responses to these tactics, from providing a free pass on one extreme, to doubling down on existing rules on the other extreme, and negotiating a new set of rules in themiddle. I concludewith thoughts on the role of institutional innovation in fostering economic development in the context of digital innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A circular economy is a "closed-loop" system designed so that products flow back into the production cycle after use. With many companies implementing take-back programs as part of their sustainability strategy, a fundamental shift in consumption has occurred, with consumers considering disposal during and even before purchase decision making. Eight experiments reveal that consumers indicate a greater willingness to pay for circular program products. An increase in psychological ownership underlies the difference in product valuation. Specifically, the additional disposal control uniquely afforded by circular products increases the capacity of circular take-back program products to evoke psychological ownership. The process explanation is directly tested through mediation. Experimentally manipulating antecedents of psychological ownership (i.e., disposal control and psychological ownership) provides further support for the conceptual framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a stakeholder theory of corporate governance grounded in classical property rights theory, adopting the view that governance should help free individuals to maximize their collective welfare. In contrast to the agency view of corporate governance, we submit that the central problem in corporate governance is to devise coalitional contracting solutions to the collective action problems inherent in team production and team innovation. Agency problems and other contracting problems resulting from shirking, hold-up, market power, and externalities are best understood in this context. We develop design principles for the allocation of property rights to mitigate each of these contracting problems by reducing stakeholders' vulnerabilities to opportunistic behaviors. We extend earlier efforts to build a stakeholder theory of corporate governance by considering a more comprehensive set of transaction problems and analyzing the comparative efficiency of different governance arrangements for different types of firm–stakeholder relationships and different economic contexts. One conclusion from our theory is that giving primacy to shareholders, or any other group of stakeholders, is a comparatively inefficient solution to governing the modern global and knowledge-driven corporation. We discuss the implications of our theorizing for the debate about the purpose of the firm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article, titled "The Role of Migration in Classes of Labour: Work and Life in a Central Indian Steel Town," provides an ethnographic study of the industrial workers in the central Indian steel town of Bhilai. The author explores various topics such as labor recruitment, reservations, promotions, and unions, as well as the relationship between caste and class. The article highlights the significant role of labor migration in shaping and reproducing capitalism in Bhilai, emphasizing how migration created the city and transformed rural sending regions. It also discusses how migration contributes to the formation and consolidation of class divisions among workers, as well as the impact of migration on class-based superiority and non-class identities. The article concludes by raising questions about the potential for migration to challenge capitalism and foster working-class solidarity in the future. [Extracted from the article]

The definition, delineation, and enforcement of property rights depend on how the wider political and economic environment (or institutional environment) was created and by whom. Organization and management theories implicitly assume this institutional environment is given, fixed, and exogenous to private firms. We challenge this assumption and consider the institutional environment as the result of political struggles between different actors (including private firms) who, if successful in this struggle, will define a particular property rights regime. We maintain that private firms can endogenously create the institutional environment by legitimizing an existing one that protects their property rights or by delegitimizing (and seeking the replacement of) another one that threatens their property rights. Our study combines insights from history, political economy, and organization and management theories and shows the benefits for organization and management scholars of studying long-term processes in light of classic works that sought to understand how political and economic orders were created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Realization of rights to land, which are guaranteed by national legislation, primarily by the Constitution of our country, is of great importance in the context of a legal democratic s tate. Restrictions or violations of guaranteed rights must be minimized and eliminated, which can be done by investigating problematic aspects and «weak spots» in the field of land relations, including the right to obtain ownership of land plots from state and communal lands on a free basis, and in relation to the right to buy out plots obtained on the right of permanent use. Thus, according to Article 13 of the Constitution of Ukraine [1], it is established that the state ensures the protection of the rights of all subjects of ownership and management, the social orientation of the economy. All subjects of property rights are equal before the law. Article 14 of the Constitution of Ukraine stipulates that the right to own land is guaranteed. This right is acquired and exercised by citizens, legal entities and the state exclusively in accordanc e with the law. The article is devoted to the study of actual and, at the same time, problematic aspects related to the realization of the specified rights to land. The analysis of the current legislation and international experience regarding the acquisition of rights to land plots was carried out, the current judicial practice was analyzed on the issues initiated in the research, and proposals were made to solve the existing problems. The influence of the martial law on the realization of the right to obtain ownership of plots within the framework of free privatization, on the realization of the preferential right to purchase land plots, and on general issues of land use by subjects of law in the field of agribusiness is considered. The main focus of the article is on the search for optimal solutions and ways to solve problems that arise in the context of acquiring land from state and communal arrays, the preferential right to purchase a plot of land, and the purchase of plots by subjects who at one time received plots with the right of permanent ownership. use. According to the content of the article, successively, according to the description of the issues, proposals are put forward regarding the improvement of national legislation, the development of special measures and mechanisms aimed at the protection of land ownersh ip rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reveals the scientific and practical category of protection of the rights of landowners and land users through the prism of the system of land and legal science and methods of their protection. It also reveals the content of the ownership right to a land plot, which in modern conditions has a fundamental nature and for these reasons needs to be provided by the state with effective mechanisms for its protection and protection. The article examined the scope of the law regarding the ownership and use of land plots, taking into account the legal nature of the land plot as real property. The types of ways of protecting land rights in accordance with the current legislation are defined. The definition of an effective way of protecting land rights is analyzed, taking into account the legal model and material and legal actions necessary to achieve specific tasks facing the protection of the rights of landowners and land users. The article carries out a scientific and practical analysis of the practice of the Supreme Court of Ukraine in the field of methods of protecting the rights of landowners and land users in the essence of a land dispute. The author investigated the direct influence of the chosen method of protection on the form of court proceedings and the results of the court case. The scientific study emphasizes the importance of the correct terminological interpretation when resolving land disputes, referring to the judicial practice of the court of cassation. The emergence of certain land disputes is currently a fairly constant process, which cannot be said about the judicial practice of resolving disputes of this category. Therefore, this article proposes to consider the most relevant conclusions of the Supreme Court regarding the resolution of land disputes. The decisions of the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court, which resolve procedural issues of civil proceedings regarding evidence and proof and determining the jurisdiction of disputes regarding the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of participants in land relations in the civil proceedings of Ukraine, are analyzed. The conclusion was drawn that, by its legal nature, judicial protection of the rights of landowners and land users is a complex interdisciplinary category, and its implementation in civil proceedings requires the court to take into account the norms of civil, land legislation, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis of theoretical approaches and judicial practice of vindicatio defense of rights to land plots. Reforming social relations requires periodic rethinking of legal categories and the practice of their application. Therefore, periodic comparison of scientific positions in the field of land rights defense with judicial practice in this field is extremely necessary. The research is focused on highlighting the issues of correlation of vindicatio defense with other remedies of defense: restitution, condictio, recognition of land rights, recognition of acts of public authorities as invalid, negatorio method of defense, etc. A special feature and problem of the defense of rights to land is the correctness of choosing a vindicatio or negatorio defense, since modern judicial practice has made its corrections in this matter. In this vein, the article pays special attention to defense in case of arbitrary occupation of land. The only form of defense in case of arbitrary occupation of lan d plots, which is directly indicated in the legislation, is a judicial one. At the same time, the remedy of defense is not specified in the law, which created a scientific discussion on this matter outlined in the article. Taking into account the systematic conclusions of judicial practice regarding the cases of choosing vindicatio or negatorio defense, arbitrary occupation of a land plot is an indirect temporary illegal possession. In the case of violations of legal ownership by such a temporary illegal owner of a plot of land, both the owner and the temporary legal user must apply negatorio defense. Summing up, we can conclude that modern judicial practice has mainly determined the ways of defensing land rights. In not all cases, such approaches are supported by legal science. But at the same time, it brings some certainty to the regulation of land relations and creates a relatively stable basis for the defense of land rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is dedicated to current issues of legal protection of unregistered industrial designs. It has been established that an unregistered industrial design is a type of industrial design that has its own legal regime, containing features inherent only to an unregistered industrial design. It has been proven that an unregistered industrial design as an industrial design must meet the conditions for granting legal protection, which are established by law. It was established that bringing an unregistered industrial design to the public should take place precisely on the territory of Ukraine. It is substantiated that the disclosure that took place on the Internet cannot always be interpreted as disclosure on the territory of Ukraine. It is established that the owner of an unregistered industrial design has an exclusive right to its use. It is justified that the owner of a registered industrial design has broader rights to prohibit unauthorized use of the industrial design than the owner of an unregistered industrial design, since the owner of a registered industrial design can prohibit both the copying of his industrial design and the use of a similar product if «its appearance causes informed user has the same overall impression as the protected industrial design.» It is well-founded that the owner of an unregistered industrial design has narrowed opportunities to protect the rights to the industrial design, as he can only prohibit direct copying of the product and even then with restrictions. It has been proven that when protecting rights to an unregistered industrial design, it is necessary to prove the existence of rights to such an unregistered industrial design. It has been proven that an unregistered industrial design is an important object of industrial property, it is a type of industrial design, intellectual property rights to which arise from the moment it is brought to public notice on the territory of Ukraine and which are valid for three years (shortened term of legal protection), it does not require registration and entry into the State Register of Industrial Designs of Ukraine, the rights to it are not certified by the Certificate, its owner has narrowed rights to its use and protection of rights to it, compared to the powers of the owner of a registered industrial design. It is substantiated that the legal regulation regarding the unregistered industrial design needs to be clarified in terms of the exercise of exclusive property rights of intellectual property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is considered the formation of an economic-legal mechanism for the protection of intellectual property rights in the field of national security and defense of Ukraine and it is substantiated that this mechanism is a complex system in a broad sense, where there is a combination of integrated innovative activity of the state scientific and production structures of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine with the Ukrainian National Office of Intellectual Property and Innovations in the direction of protection of intellectual property rights, and also it has a basis of innovativeness (innovative-intellectual activity) taking into account the relevant principles and priorities. The effectiveness of the mechanism in the conditions of creating an innovative and intellectual environment in the field of defense with the cycle «science-technics-technology-production-defense» is determined as a targeted combination of highly qualified leading specialists and scientists in the appropriate organizational-functional and technical-technological production structure, which is aimed at innovative-intellectual activity and technical-technological entrepreneurship, where the economic component is taken into account-receiving remuneration during the commercialization of intellectual property rights objects in the form of profit, royalties, combined payment, which are intended to stimulate the subjects of right to protect intellectual property rights. Attention is focused on the activities of subjects that have violated intellectual property rights in the aspect of the directions of violations. These directions allow us to look for effective ways of countering such activities in the field of national security and defense of Ukraine. It is noted that the formation of an economic and legal mechanism for the protection of intellectual property rights in the sphere of national security and defense of Ukraine will contribute to effective countermeasures against violations of property rights of intellectual property in this important field of activity. Important criteria for the effectiveness of the protection of intellectual property rights are outlined, which are: the level of professionalism and personal responsibility of judges, the level of creative thinking and creativity of judges, the level of court independence, the level of software, organizational, personnel, legal and information support of the court apparatus. Arguably, the lack of appropriate legislative regulation and experience in the commercialization of military and defense technologies and equipment using IPPR is pointed out in Ukraine, creates opportunities for violations of property rights of intellectual property, which lead not only to the lack of effective protection of the rights of IPPR subjects, but also affect on the defense capability of the state. The economic and legal mechanism for the protection of intellectual property rights in the field of national security and defense of Ukraine is presented, which requires coordination of the efforts of all subjects authorized to protect and protect intellectual property. It is noted that the development of the sphere of intellectual property has a decisive influence on the state of national security, which is linked to organizational measures to neutralize internal sources of threats and protect against external threats to national security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the subjective side of the criminal offense under Article 190 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, in particular, real estate fraud. The author establishes that the subjective side of a criminal offense is of great importance for characterizing fraud. As is known, the subjective side of a criminal offense is its internal side, namely, the mental activity of a person which reflects his/her attitude to the socially dangerous act which he/she commits and its cons equences. It is noted that the content of the subjective side of the criminal offense of real estate fraud includes such features as guilt, motive and mercenary purpose. The author concludes that when committing real estate fraud, a person realizes the socially dangerous nature of the offense which he/she commits. Guilt in committing real estate fraud is characterized by direct intent, the content of which is formed by two aspects -- intellectual and volitional. The mercenary purpose in committing real estate fraud is expressed in obtaining personal property benefits and is a necessary subjective feature of this type of fraud; it arises in the mind of the guilty person in the form of the final result of the criminal offense -- the achievement of material benefit. The motives for committing real estate fraud are of a mercenary nature. They are manifested as internal motivations that guide the perpetrator in committing real estate fraud and form the structure of criminal mercenary motivation. Real estate fraud is committed by persons who are psychologically prepared to commit a criminal offense, clearly realize the illegal actions aimed at seizing ownership of residential property, clearly realize the illegal actions aimed at seizing ownership of someone else's real estate (to obtain money in a particularly large amount), and the consequences in the form of harm to the victim. Persons who develop such fraudulent schemes mislead victims about their true criminal intentions or abuse the victim's trust for material gain. The criminals are certainly guided by a selfish purpose and mercenary motives that are fundamental to their behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Kenya's dynamic renewable energy landscape, characterized by complex policy frameworks, complex land tenure regimes, and diverse community dynamics, this qualitative research investigates the mechanisms and motivations guiding community decision-making when trading land for electricity access within the context of renewable energy projects. Through the lens of the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, particularly the rules in use, this study unravels the complexities of rural communities' trade-offs inherent in both large-scale and small-scale renewable energy projects. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observations in rural communities engaged in these projects. The findings offer new insights into communities' decision-making processes and institutional dynamics in shaping outcomes, with a focus on land rights and land use implications. The analysis highlights the relational nature of the trade-offs, influenced by factors such as land tenure systems, project scale, electricity access, traditional knowledge, and local context, supporting the importance of understanding communities' diverse roles and positions, power dynamics, and governance structures. Overall, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the complexities surrounding land-electricity trade-offs in renewable energy projects in rural areas, emphasizing the need for adaptable strategies to address evolving community needs and challenges. Article highlights: Large and small renewable energy projects present unique trade-offs in rural areas, influencing land use decisions and community dynamics. Land tenure systems shape rural communities' decision-making and benefit distribution, influencing their trust, support and involvement in renewable energy development. Strategic planning is essential to balance immediate energy needs with long-term rural communities' development and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Since the 2000s, rural elites have engaged in ‘greening’ the Amazon extractive frontier. Private and state‐led initiatives have consolidated the agro‐industrial system by incentivizing compliance and effectively legalizing deforestation. Brazil's Rural Environmental Registry (Cadastro Ambiental Rural — CAR) is fundamental to ‘sustainable producer’ initiatives and international and local carbon markets. Since its emergence at the end of the 1990s, it has been funded and promoted by European countries and the World Bank through the G7 Pilot Programme for the Conservation of Brazilian Rainforests and the Amazon Fund. This analysis draws on a critical political economy approach and several years of multi‐site interviews, participant observation and archival research to illuminate how donor and recipient agencies have sustained territorial and georeferencing technologies as an international state project to enable the green economy, despite political shifts and the inherent contradictions of this instrument. The article shows how ecological modernization technologies enable the ‘greening’ of agro‐industry expansion while exacerbating land conflicts and marginalizing Indigenous and traditional peoples’ collective land rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by the US government's denial that outer space is a global commons, and the heated discussion in China regarding property rights in outer space resources, this article looks at this controversial term: "global commons". It finds that this term was mostly adopted as a political, rather than legal, term. As a result of the over-emphasis on the implications of global commons on the property rights to outer space resources, states that plan to develop private space mining may avoid calling outer space a global commons. This article argues that this response may not be necessary. It then examines the real purpose of the global commons discourse by analogizing the tragedy of commons and thus puts forward the suggestion to adopt the non-exclusive use standard to govern the activities of space resource extraction by private parties. This solution will allow countries to continue to view outer space as a global commons while liberalizing private parties' activities in outer space resource development and extraction. Moreover, China's initiative of the global community of shared future possesses the potential to serve as the overarching concept to govern its future outer space activities, including space mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific article is dedicated to highlighting the foreign experience of providing public services by notaries in the field of state registration of real property rights in the following countries: Bulgaria, Belarus, Russia, Poland, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Germany, France, USA, Australia, etc. As a result of the study of world experience, it was concluded that in order to effectively protect the rights to real estate of both private owners and the state, it is necessary to create a single registration system that will guarantee the reliability and transparency of the civil turnover of real estate. Ways of implementing foreign experience have been determined in order to improve the activities of the subjects of the public administration of Ukraine regarding the provision of public services by notaries in the field of state registration of property rights to immovable property. Attention is drawn to the fact that the Anglo-American system of registration of deeds regarding real estate objects consists in making an entry in the register at the free choice of the participants of the deed. It would be more appropriate to call this system a document accounting system, since registration is a technical operation. According to Anglo-American rules, the owner is the last bona fide purchaser of real estate. The transfer of ownership occurs as a result of the conclusion of the deed and possession of the object by the transferee. In the USA, the buyer must restore the entire chain of previous documents for the purchase of real estate. The deed can be declared invalid if the persons included or not included in the chain of transactions can assert rights to the real estate object. The lack of legal means is compensated by lawyers and insurance companies that specialize in checking the seller’s rights. Currently, the property loss insurance system is actively developing in the United States of America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring the proper administrative procedure and transparency in the activities of the guardianship and guardianship authority regarding the granting of permission to commit acts where the child has the right of ownership and use is one of the main directions of observing the property rights and interests of children in a democratic society and should be guaranteed and protected by the state. In connection with the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and in the conditions of military actions against Ukraine, an acute problem arises of the proper protection of the rights and interests of children in relation to the property in which the child has the right of ownership and use, and the proper control of the body of guardianship and care over their execution and compliance by all authorities and local self-government of the procedure for adopting and granting the appropriate permission for the implementation of the provisions of normative legal acts in compliance with the provisions of the new Law of Ukraine “On Administrative Procedure”. In connection with the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On Administrative Procedure”, which introduces the institution of interested persons, i.e. another person whose right, freedom or legitimate interest is negatively affected or may be affected by an administrative act (Article 27 of the Law), the issue of obtaining consent arises not only parents and legal representatives of the child to obtain the appropriate permission of the body of guardianship and guardianship regarding the execution of transactions with the property owned and/or used by the child, as well as other co-owners of the given property, whose rights and interests may be violated when the relevant administrative act is adopted. In addition, conflicting issues that are not regulated in the current legislation of Ukraine regarding the refusal and/or suspension of the consideration of an administrative case when the guardianship authority grants permission to commit transactions with property owned and/or used by a child are considered. The article examines the advantages and disadvantages of these norms and the conflicting gaps that exist in the administrative procedure for obtaining the permission of the body of guardianship and care for the execution of transactions regarding real property, the ownership of which or the right to use which the child has. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of issues of legal regulation of relations related to the transfer of ownership of a plot of land in the event of acquisition of ownership of a real estate object located on it. It was established that the implementation of the principle of a single legal share of the land plot and the real estate object on it is carried out in accordance with the requirements of land and civil legislation. The need to determine the quality of priority land legal norms was noted. It was found that the legislative innovations contributed to the unification of the regulatory and legal regulation of the implementation and practical implementation of the automatic transfer of the right to a land plot when the right to a residential building, other building or structure on it is transferred. The mechanism of simultaneous transfer from the expropriator (previous owner) to the acquirer of the real estate object of ownership of the land plot on which such an object is located is analyzed. The grounds and conditions under which such a transition is possible have been clarified. In addition, the issue of legislative regulation of real estate objects, with the acquisition of ownership of which provides for the automatic transfer of ownership to the land plot on which they are located, is also disclosed. Approaches regarding the need to improve norms due to their uncertainty (contradiction) were supported. The special requirements for the contract providing for the transfer of ownership of the real estate object located on the land owned by the alienator were analyzed, the subject and essential terms of the contract were clarified, and the feasibility of improving the legal requirements on the specified issues was noted. Taking into account the analysis of the formed judicial practice, the relevant issues of the consideration of disputes related to the provision of the principle of a single legal destiny of the real estate object and the land plot on it were analyzed, the problems of independent construction, acquisition of ownership rights to it were considered. Attention is focused on the issues of further improvement of land legal norms in order to ensure the effective functioning of the procedure for transferring the right to a land plot in the event of acquiring the right to a real estate object located on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the disclosure of the issue of the limitation of property rights during the legal regime of martial law and measures that can be applied to property are analyzed. The author states that one of the unresolved legal problems of today is the problem of the possibility and proper implementation of the right to property ownership of measures and methods that can limit the rights of owners to property during martial law. The author, when analyzing the limitation of the constitutional right to own, use and dispose of one’s property, emphasized the uncertainty in the legislation of the mechanism of limitation and the lack of detail in which parts of the rights of owners may be limited. In the article, the author investigated such measures during the martial law regime as forced alienation of property and confiscation of property. Considering methods of forced alienation of property or seizure of property under martial law, the author found out that forced alienation of property should take place on the condition of prior full restitution of property or with subsequent full restitution of the value of the property. Considering the issue of confiscation of property, the author notes that confiscation of property, under the conditions of the legal regime of martial law, occurs without compensation for the value of the property. In the article, the author revealed the issue of receiving compensation for forcibly alienated property, which the author proposes to divide into two types: preliminary full compensation for the value of forcibly alienated property and subsequent full compensation for forcibly alienated property. During the research, the author considered the issue of making a decision on the introduction and implementation of measures of forced alienation of property or seizure of property and the implementation of such a decision. In the article, the author pays attention to the issue of the return of forcibly alienated property, which was preserved after the abolition of the legal regime of martial law, and the legal grounds and conditions for such return of property. According to the results of the research, the author claims that the realization of the right of ownership during the operation of the legal regime is of a limited nature, since there is a temporary limited regime during which the full realization of the right of ownership is not always possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to consideration and proposals regarding the main ways of improving the conclusion of transactions in civil law. The deed in civil law is considered as the main element of annulment, change, or termination of civil legal relations between their participants. The article draws attention to the peculiarities of the conclusion of deeds, and also considers the difficulties that arise in judicial practice in distinguishing the concept of “deeds” from related concepts. At the same time, this article analyzes some aspects of judicial practice arising from the problem of understanding and defining unilateral transactions, where it is noted that they include: issuance and cancellation of a power of attorney; acceptance or preservation of the done thing; notification by one co-owner to other co-owners about the sale of their share in joint ownership; property sale proposal; a public promise of a reward for finding a lost thing; drawing up, changing and revoking a will; acceptance of inheritance and rejection of it, etc. Also, this article takes into account the fact that when considering disputes about the invalidity of transactions, courts need to distinguish between invalid and unconcluded transactions, that is, those that do not have the necessary conditions for their conclusion established by law (for example, there is no agreement on all the essential conditions provided for by law. In the conclusions, the main ways of improving the conclusion of transactions are proposed, which include the following: economic - the conclusion of transactions is carried out in order to ensure and improve the state of the general economy of the country; political - the conclusion of transactions in civil law between participants in civil legal relations ensures the general well-being of the state and the well-being of society in general; social – the conclusion of transactions between participants in civil legal relations is determined by the social policy of the state, where the legal status of a person and a citizen plays a significant role; legal - the conclusion of transactions in civil law is determined by legal aspects, where transactions are concluded between participants in civil legal relations in accordance with the current provisions of normative legal acts; cultural - it is planned to carry out cultural and educational work, which will involve the implementation of certain measures that will have a positive effect on the improvement of the procedure for concluding transactions between participants in civil legal relations in accordance with the requirements of current legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the legal nature of electronic auctions of seized property as a mechanism for ensuring the rights of participants in executive proceedings. As part of the scientific research, the author reveals the legal nature of electronic auctions of seized property based on the analysis of their legal regulation, formulating conclusions about the role of this institution in the system of executive proceedings. The author emphasizes that electronic auctions as a special mechanism of enforcement proceedings must have a clear, consistent and unambiguous legal regulation in national legislation, since this type of activity directly affects the property rights of participants in enforcement proceedings, in particular, the right to private property, which is guaranteed to a person by the Ukrainian and international law. The article examines the legal nature of electronic trading through the prism of institutions of public electronic services and administrative services, as well as the institution of entrepreneurship. The author substantiated the conclusion that the researched institute is not a form of providing electronic or administrative services provided by the state at the request of a certain subject, nor can it be considered a separate type of entrepreneurial activity, given the multi-subject nature of the goal. The article concludes that electronic auctions of seized property by their legal nature belong to the category of measures of administrative influence on the participants of executive proceedings in terms of their property rights. This measure has an electronic legal form of forced alienation of property or property rights, which is used to ensure full, timely and legally executed decisions of courts and other bodies in executive proceedings. The role of the investigated institute is determined by the provision of a compensatory function in the enforcement proceedings, which guarantees the debt collector the acquisition of the right of ownership of the sum awarded by the court, through the forced sale of the property belonging to the debtor through electronic auctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residual rights are the right to choose asset uses not specified in the contract. They are essential in situations of uncertainty. The current energy transition presents a greater variety of assets. Moreover, it is impossible to anticipate all relevant states that the assets and the environment can embody, making it impossible to optimize them contractually. Furthermore, there is consensus that the transition must occur quickly, which means high levels of investment in new specific assets. How should we distribute property rights to maximize social benefits in a context with specific and dispersed assets? Because of the complementarity between network and distributed resources, this article questions the premise that deverticalization is invariably beneficial to consumers and argues for the need to revise the concept of network and develop the regulatory implications of such a reconceptualization. We defend the need to evaluate alternative network concepts considering the technological repertoire available to operationalize them. When considering the technological repertoire available today, characterized by the competitiveness of information and communications technology (ICT) and distributed resources, we should recognize the inherently incomplete nature of the contracts signed between network operators and users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1991, Philadelphia prosecutors formed the Public Nuisance Task Force (PNTF) to close bars they accused of harboring narcotics activity. Between the early 1990s and the late 2010s, the PNTF would go on to seize 1,697 homes, most located in Black and Latinx neighborhoods devastated by decades of disinvestment. I contend that the PNTF mobilized municipal carceral power to target these drug nuisance properties as they attempted to manage enduring disinvestment in Philadelphia's most racially segregated neighborhoods. Prosecutors defended these practices by claiming they remedied the harms associated with the criminalized distribution of narcotics. However, my research reveals how the PNTF's home seizure program ultimately exacerbated the compounded harms caused by drug prohibition and disinvestment. I argue that within this drug nuisance policing framework utilized by PNTF prosecutors, it was precisely the vulnerability of Black and Latinx homeowners to harm that racially marked them as unfit for property ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital technology has injected new vitality into the development of enterprises, which is conducive to promoting the development of enterprises to improve quality and efficiency. Based on measuring the comprehensive index of enterprise digitisation and enterprise vitality, this paper discusses the influence and mechanism of digital transformation on enterprise vitality. It is found that digital transformation has a positive promoting effect on enterprise vitality, and with the improvement of the level of development vitality, it shows a marginal increasing trend, but with the evolution of the enterprise life cycle, it shows a marginal decreasing trend. Mechanism analysis shows that digital transformation promotes the vitality of enterprises mainly by improving productivity, alleviating information asymmetry and improving resource allocation. With the improvement of regional market integration, institutional quality, scientific and educational resources and industrial upgrading, digital transformation plays a more important role in promoting the vitality of enterprises. There exists obvious industry concentration, executive background and property right nature heterogeneity. The conclusion of this paper provides a series of empirical evidence for enterprises to digitally release their vitality and promote the high-quality development of enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses changes to the Florida Uniform Disposition of Community Property Rights at Death Act and the Florida Probate Code. Topics explored include the protection of the property ownership rights of a surviving spouse, factors that would determine the community property rights of a surviving spouse, and the new procedure for waiver of rights after death.

This research aims to contribute to the literature on Ottoman common and by analysing how mid-nineteenth century land codes influenced conflicts regarding common pastures in the Balkans. To accomplish this goal, two sets of primary sources are analysed: legal documents (Land Code of 1858 and Title Deed Regulation of 1859) as well as petition records from the Ottoman Imperial Archives. Case studies of land disputes occurring between commoners and large estate (çiftlik) holders in the Balkans are selected from the years following the enactment of these land codes. This selection enables an examination of the impact of these codes on the arguments presented by the conflicting parties. The central argument of this study points out that the Ottoman Empire's efforts to codify land laws played a crucial role in shaping the disputes over communal pastures. However, it is equally important to underline that these legal changes did not signify an unqualified victory for private property rights over commons. Instead, the rural population countered landholders' efforts by employing petitioning as a proactive strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate quantifier-free induction for Lisp-like lists constructed inductively from the empty list nil and the operation cons , that adds an element to the front of a list. First we show that, for m ≥ 1 , quantifier-free m -step induction does not simulate quantifier-free (m + 1) -step induction. Secondly, we show that for all m ≥ 1 , quantifier-free m -step induction does not prove the right cancellation property of the concatenation operation on lists defined by left-recursion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 70%–75% of people worldwide have no formally registered land rights. Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration was introduced to address this problem and focuses on delineating visible cadastral boundaries from earth observation imagery. Recent studies have shown the potential of deep learning models to extract these visible cadastral boundaries automatically. However, studies are limited by the small size and geographical coverage of available datasets and by the lack of information about which cadastral boundaries are visible, i.e., associated with a physical object boundary. To overcome these problems, we present CadastreVision , a benchmark dataset containing cadastral reference data and corresponding multi-resolution earth observation imagery from The Netherlands, with a spatial resolution ranging from 0.1 m to 10 m. The ratio between visible and non-visible cadastral boundaries is essential to evaluate the potential automation level in cadastral boundary extraction from earth observation images and interpret results obtained by deep learning models. We investigate this ratio using a novel analysis pipeline that overlays cadastral reference data with visible topographic object boundaries. Our results show that approximately 72% of the total length of cadastral boundaries in The Netherlands are visible. CadastreVision will enable new developments in cadastral boundary delineation and future endeavours to investigate knowledge transfer to data-scarce areas. Our data and code is available at https://github.com/jeroengrift/cadastrevision. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study rings whose modules and module homomorphisms display behavior similar to that of sets and their maps. For example, whenever there is an epimorphism A → B , there is a monomorphism B → A (Artinian principal ideal rings (PIR) satisfy this property and its dual for all modules). As a byproduct of this framework, we prove that a ring every factor ring of which cogenerates its cyclic right modules (one-sided version of Kaplansky's dual rings) is right Artinian and right serial. Consequently, R is an Artinian PIR if and only if every factor ring of R cogenerates its finitely generated right modules. These results can be viewed as partial answers to the CF problem, the FGF problem due to Faith and a question of Faith and Menal on strongly Johns rings. Some known results and the above one yield the following: A ring R is a direct sum of right Artinian right chain rings and Artinian PIR's if and only if every factor ring of R cogenerates its (uniform) cyclic right modules (with nonzero socle); so, such rings coincide with the right CES-rings of Jain and Lopez-Pérmouth, rings whose factors are right CF and rings that satisfy the above mentioned property for their cyclic right modules A and B. Finally, a ring is either simple Artinian or a right Artinian right chain ring if and only if one of any two cyclic right modules embeds in the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shmuel Nili claims that when a country buys fossil fuels from dictatorships it becomes complicit with property rights violations in those dictatorships. Thus, Nili argues, people who have a strong commitment to property rights should support a ban on fossil fuel imports from dictatorships, and a transition to renewable energy. This article critically discusses Nili's argument. The argument fails to consider competing moral reasons that some people may have to oppose a ban on fossil fuel imports from dictatorships, such as moral preference for family and compatriots. The argument also mistakenly assumes that renewable energy would be overwhelmingly economically attractive when fossil fuel imports are forbidden, and that switching to renewable energy would not involve importing stolen goods too. The article ends more propositively, by elaborating an alternative argument that Nili dismisses too quickly, and which may help persuade those who are strongly committed to property rights of transitioning to renewable energy: the argument that transitioning would help avoid violating those rights through contributions to harmful climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hospitality sector is extremely sensitive to economic and political crises, particularly during war, as it significantly affects hotels. Political and economic crises substantially impact the survival of hotels, especially during war. The war in Ibb City, Yemen, has increased homelessness, deflation, unemployment and fewer tourists visiting the city. Given the context, this research aims to identify the factors that help hotels in Ibb City survive during times of crises. The study employed a qualitative case study method. Experts in hospitality management, specifically the general managers of four-star hotels in Ibb City, were interviewed in-depth and face-to-face. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the collected data. The findings show that the factors that contribute to the survival of hotels are a strategic location, a grand opening, customer loyalty, a good reputation, quality service, experienced staff, pricing policy, and ownership of property. Furthermore, the study reveals the importance of hospitality managers identifying new target markets during a crisis and then adjusting their hotel's business strategy accordingly. In addition, hospitality managers must implement strategies compatible with the prevailing environmental conditions to survive and sustain. In conclusion, the study results yield useful theoretical and practical insights to guide the managers in the hospitality industry toward business adaptation for survival by highlighting the critical factors that hotels need to survive and the long-term implications of these factors for hotel performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing text analysis through machine learning techniques, this study investigates the influence of enterprise digital transformation on audit opinions within China's A‐share listed companies spanning from 2011 to 2020. The findings underscore that enterprise digital transformation has the potential to bolster standard unqualified audit opinions through the enhancement of internal control quality and information transparency. Additionally, factors such as marketization level, property rights nature, and industry classification are found to be pivotal in shaping this relationship. These research outcomes not only extend the theoretical horizons of audit opinion studies but also offer valuable insights and recommendations for auditors to optimize the efficacy of audit opinions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadasters are public records of land ownership that facilitate clear assignment of property rights and land demarcation, thereby reducing transaction costs for economic agents and strengthening the state's capacity to tax. Macro-level research on the evolution of formal land registration has largely been lacking. Using a novel dataset on the emergence and development of state-administered cadasters in 159 countries over the past millennium, we analyze empirically the association between the development of cadastral institutions and long-run economic growth. Our findings suggest a substantive positive effect of the introduction of cadasters on modern per capita income levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Invoking a property rights approach, we examine how competition between advertising exchanges influences the targeting options that these exchanges make available to advertisers. When advertisers have strong property rights over data regarding consumers' active purchase interests, competition between ad exchanges leads to too little sharing of data. This may harm consumers, who receive too few pertinent ads, and advertisers themselves can also be harmed due to a situation resembling a prisoner's dilemma. We find that reallocating property rights to consumers, that is, giving them the right to opt out of tracking may also benefit consumers who allow tracking by altering the incentives of ad exchanges to offer improved targeting options. In addition, we show that initiatives by Apple and Google to limit third-party tracking and to introduce alternative tracking systems such as Google's Topics might benefit consumers by weakening the data property rights of advertisers. Because more data are shared by default under such systems, this can be true even if these systems are less accurate than third-party tracking systems. This paper was accepted by Joshua Gans, business strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes three main contributions: First, we argue that spatial planning institutions have become fundamental ‘rules of the game’ regulating development and defining urban property rights, and that the differences of approach between places can best be explained as a product of historical processes of institutional development. Second, we introduce a historical institutionalist theory of contested institutional development based on concepts of critical junctures of major institutional change followed by reactive sequences of institutional contestation in strategic action fields. We outline a methodologically institutionalist research method designed to produce replicable comparative research of long-run processes of institutional change, based on historical narratives employing process-tracing of institutional change and examination of permissive and productive factors structuring such change. This approach generates clear research questions and supports causal analysis of processes and mechanisms of change in urban property systems to explain why current institutions take the form they do. Third we illustrate the theory and research method with the case of Toronto, a fast-growing city where property rights and obligations and development control regulations have been vigorously contested. The conclusions explore the implications for planning theory and for comparative-historical research of this analysis of institutional change processes and mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the causes of equity pledge, external conduction mechanisms, and economic consequences from the perspective of insurance participation by integrating insurance participation, equity pledge, and stock price crash risk into a unified framework. An empirical analysis of sample data from listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen between 2007–2021, indicates that equity pledge reduces the risk of collapse as companies hedge the risk induced by the equity pledge. Further research has revealed that insurance participation can mitigate stock price crash risk brought by equity pledge through a regulatory effect, which is more pronounced for private companies and those with a high shareholding ratio, and companies in manufacturing industry. This is because private companies have a higher demand for capital as their property rights are not state-owned, the degree of separation of powers and agency conflicts is greater in companies held by large shareholders, manufacturing companies usually have stable earnings and cash flow performance, and the financial support provided by insurers for equity pledges at risk can effectively reduce the risk of their collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue that despite certain appearances, Aristotle does not think of ownership as the exclusive right of a person to decide upon the use and alienation of a thing. Rather, in Aristotle, ownership is a relation between a person and a thing such that (1) the thing is instrumental for this person’s life, (2) it is external to the organic body of the person, and (3) the person is protected against being excluded from the relevant kinds of access to the thing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The importance of state capacity and institutional quality has received significant attention within the academic literature. This is especially true as it relates to the protection of property rights and, ultimately, the role it plays in economic development. This study adds to this literature by considering how lynching activity across US states impacts sovereign credit. Given that lynching tends to be associated with weak public‐sector institutions, limited‐access social orders, and the weak protection of individual and property rights, we posit that as lynchings increase so too will bond yields. The analysis covers the period 1883–1920 and find support that state borrowing costs rose as lynching activity increased. The results are robust to a number of specifications, demographic groups, and regions. Implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text discusses the European system in the modern age, describing the concept of ‘state’ as an object bounded by property rights and its owner’s jurisdiction. In order to maintain the state, it was necessary to keep the inhabitants in a state of submission, through either persuasion or force. State policy consisted in preserving the possessions of the state, improving and increasing it, combining statecraft with the subjects and concert with other state-holders. States were not autonomous units, but domains, and state affairs concerned ways of increasing or maintaining their ownership. When two princes married, they united their states and created a new political and institutional framework, with each spouse taking on the conflicts and alliances of his or her partner, creating entirely new situations. Each peace treaty or alliance was solidly sealed with a dynastic union, as can be seen in the example of the rise of the House of Habsburg, which became the first European power after integrating the inheritances of three great lineages: the Austrian Habsburgs, who contributed fiefdoms and states in Central and Eastern Europe, the House of Burgundy, who contributed states in France and the Low Countries, and the House of Trastámara, who contributed the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether there is a difference in the hidden economy's set of determinants across developed and developing countries. Applying extreme bounds analysis (EBA) to a cross-sectional dataset of 33 developed and 97 developing countries, we find a considerable variation in the determinants of the hidden economy across developed and developing countries. The results show that internet usage, inflation, financial development, poverty, and monetary freedom are robust determinants of the hidden economy exclusively in developing countries. Whereas the time required to start a business and GDP per capita growth play a crucial role exclusively in developed countries. Remarkably, the property rights index is the only determinant that is robust in both types of countries. These findings offer important insights for policymakers seeking to address the challenges posed by the hidden economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the effect of international oil price uncertainty on investment efficiency using quarterly data of Chinese A-share listed companies from 2011 to 2020. It is discovered that uncertainty about oil prices increases principal-agent conflicts and information asymmetry in enterprises, leads to more inefficient investment, and ultimately lowers firms' investment efficiency. Furthermore, China's unique property rights foundation, firm size, and life cycle limit the aforementioned consequences. Additional investigation reveals that by raising companies' cash reserves, oil price uncertainty exacerbates overinvestment behavior. The study presented in this article can serve as a guide for businesses looking to make the best decisions in the context of volatile global oil prices and support their long-term, stable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the case of A1 Properties (Sunderland) Ltd v Tudor Studios RTM Co Ltd, focusing on the interpretation of statutory requirements and the consequences of non-compliance. It highlights the importance of determining Parliament's intent in cases of procedural errors, emphasizing the need for a nuanced analysis rather than rigid distinctions between mandatory and directory requirements. The Supreme Court's judgment in this case clarifies that the same analytical framework should be applied across all areas of law, regardless of whether they concern public or private law rights. The article also points out the potential for increased disputes over the effects of non-compliance due to the lack of specific consequences outlined in statutes, urging for clarity in legislation to prevent such disputes. [Extracted from the article]

Justice Clarence Thomas, dissenting in Murr v. Wisconsin, suggested the Supreme Court take a "fresh look" at its regulatory takings jurisprudence and see "whether it can be grounded in the original public meaning of the Takings Clause." He repeated this request in Bridge Aina Le'A, LLC v. Hawaii Land Use Commission, but also sharply criticized the existing takings analysis developed in Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York, stating: "If there is no such thing as a regulatory taking, we should say so. And if there is, we should make clear when one occurs." This article responds to Justice Thomas and contends that the original and current public meaning of the term "property" as used in the Takings Clause is a group of rights, the most essential being the right to possess, the right to exclude others, the right to alienate, and, most saliently, the right to beneficial use. Contrary to assertions by the Court and commentators that the Takings Clause was originally limited to direct appropriations or physical takings of property, many early 19th century cases found takings based on destruction of the right of beneficial use, cases that today we call regulatory takings. The development of takings jurisprudence leading to the 1922 decision by Justice Holmes in Pennsylvania Coal Company v. Mahon is based on protection of these rights. This Article focuses on the essential rights that define property and thereby exposes the flaw of Penn Central which bases a taking on diminution in value, rather than substantial interference with a property right. Drawing on the original public meaning and early takings jurisprudence, as well as recent precedent in Lingle v. Chevron USA and Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid, this article proposes a takings framework based on formal or functional transfer of rights, rather than diminution in value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research subject deal with the restrictions on property ownership in protected areas, national/public parks, archaeological sites, and similar sites in accordance with the Saudi Law and directions. The research aims to clarify the locations of the protected areas, national/public parks, archaeological sites, and the similar locations, which impose restrictions on property ownership within their boundaries. The research used an analytical methodology, exploring the texts relating to the restriction of property ownership in the law and regulations specific to these sites, as well as royal and national protected areas and specific regulations issued in this regard. The topic was addressed in an introduction, a preliminary requirement, and four sections; the first section discusses the restriction of property ownership in royal and national protected areas, while the second section addresses the restriction of property ownership in national/public parks. The third section is dedicated to clarifying the sites that fall under the category of protected areas, such as mountain peaks, valleys, ravines, and floodplains, while the fourth section discusses archaeological sites that are categorized as protected areas where property ownership is restricted within their limits. The research concluded with several key findings, the most important being that the restriction on property ownership in protected areas, wildlife parks, archaeological sites, and similar sites is defined by the instructions and regulations issued in this regard, considering them as sites where private ownership cannot be acquired. The research recommended the importance of having a system that regulates real property ownership in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, including the restrictions and their provisions, as well as a clarification of the sites where private ownership cannot be acquired. Additionally, the researcher suggested establishing controls and lists for each type of site that prohibits acquiring private ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the unintended consequences of tax exemption policy on Land and Building Tax (PBB) for Sales Value of Tax Objects (NJOP) on properties under Rp 1 billion. Using Ordinary Least Square (OLS), this study analyzes data from PBB and BPHTB (Land and Building Rights Acquisition Fees) on the land and building’s certifications as well as the sales and property transactions, during the period of 2012 to 2019 in 267 sub-district areas within DKI Jakarta. This study learnt that the greater the number of the tax entities that received tax exemption in one sub-district, the greater the number of certifications as well as transactions (sales and purchases of property) under Rp 1 billion. This was consistently found within the sub-districts that were included in the non-flood-prone category, but not within the flood-prone sub-districts where the correlation was only significant for the certifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tells the coinciding stories of same‐sex marriage's arrival in Cuba and the evolution of Cuban property law. It argues that greater privatization in the Cuban system, including access to real estate ownership and small‐scale entrepreneurship, contributed to (did not solely determine) the advent of same‐sex marriage even though it was, practically speaking, wholly unnecessary to the goal of equalizing same‐sex couples with regard to property rights. Same‐sex marriage nonetheless scaled the priority list for advancing the interests of gays and lesbians in Cubans due, at least in part, to the discursive entwinement of marriage and property allocation including the "common sense" assumption that marriage is a regime of material benefits access to which determines whether gays and lesbians are being treated equally. Key points for the family court community: Same‐sex marriage became legal in Cuba in as part of the 2022 Family Code.The arrival of same‐sex marriage in Cuba was coterminous with rapid transformation of the Cuban economy in the direction of privatization and entrepreneurship.Same‐sex marriage was not a necessary to treating same‐sex partners equally when it comes to property because non‐marital partners have access to the same‐rules as marital partners under the 2022 Family Code.The power of marriage is part distributional and part discursive or hegemonic; i.e., it inhabits a powerful place in the public imagination that can exceed its actual legal significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]