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36 results on '"PROULX, RAPHAEL"'

1. Towards sustainable agricultural landscapes: Lessons from an interdisciplinary research-based framework applied to the Saint Lawrence floodplain

Author

Watson, Christopher J, Mazzei, Renata, Bourgeois, Bérenger, Smedbol, Élise, Guiraud, Noé, Félix-Faure, Jim, Damar, Hada, Tremblay, Maxime, Bordeleau, Pierre-Andé, Vaillancourt, Mathieu, Bertolo, Andrea, Cabana, Gilbert, Campeau, Stephane, Doyon, Maurice, Fournier, Valérie, Fugère, Vincent, Gravel, Valérie, Guillemette, François, Halde, Caroline, Head, Jessica A, Kallenbach, Cynthia M, Lewis, Nathalie, Maire, Vincent, Mundler, Patrick, Poulin, Monique, Prasher, Shiv O, Qi, Zhiming, Rodriguez, Marco A, Roy, Alexandre, Roy, Denis, Ruiz, Julie, von Sperber, Christian, Tamini, Lota D, Seguin, Philippe, Vanasse, Anne, and Proulx, Raphaël

Published
2024
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5. The riverscape meets the soundscape: acoustic cues and habitat use by brook trout in a small stream

Author

Kacem, Zaccaria, Rodriguez, Marco A., Roca, Irene T., and Proulx, Raphael

Subjects
Fishes, Trout, Earth sciences
Abstract

Hydromorphological descriptors such as substrate type, water depth, and velocity are commonly used to describe fish habitat, but few studies have focused on how underwater sounds affect habitat use by freshwater fish. We evaluated the influence of the underwater soundscape and other habitat descriptors on the spatial distribution of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in a small stream in eastern Canada. Habitat measurements were made at high spatial resolution (2.5 m intervals). High acoustical heterogeneity of stream habitats (40-150 dB re 1 [micro]Pa) was related to differences in water velocity and depth as expected from theory. Brook trout densities were positively related to broadband sound pressure levels (SPL), irrespective of water velocity and depth, but in interaction with habitat type. The positive relationship between brook trout densities and SPL could be related to the high auditory threshold of salmonid fishes. Alternatively, brook trout may use the underwater soundscape to select favourable feeding habitats. Underwater sounds integrate the many environmental dimensions of a stream and may be used by fish as cues for habitat selection. Si des descripteurs hydromorphologiques comme le type de substrat et la profondeur et la vitesse de l'eau sont communement utilises pour decrire l'habitat des poissons, peu d'etudes se sont interessees a l'incidence des sons subaquatiques sur l'utilisation de l'habitat par les poissons d'eau douce. Nous avons evalue l'influence du paysage sonore subaquatique et d'autres descripteurs de l'habitat sur la repartition spatiale des ombles de fontaine (Salvelinus fontinalis) dans un petit cours d'eau de l'est du Canada. Les mesures de parametres de l'habitat ont ete prises a haute resolution spatiale (intervalles de 2,5 m). Une forte heterogeneite acoustique des habitats du cours d'eau (40-150 dB, niveau de reference : 1 [micro]Pa) etait reliee a des variations de la vitesse et de la profondeur de l'eau, comme permettent de la predire des considerations theoriques. Les densites d'ombles de fontaine etaient positivement reliees aux niveaux de pression acoustique (NPA) de large bande, independamment de la vitesse et de la profondeur de l'eau, mais en interaction avec le type d'habitat. La relation positive entre les densites d'ombles de fontaine et les NPA pourrait etre associee au seuil d'audition eleve des salmonides. Par ailleurs, les ombles de fontaine pourraient utiliser le paysage sonore subaquatique pour selectionner des habitats d'alimentation favorables. Les sons subaquatiques integrent les nombreuses dimensions environnementales d'un cours d'eau et pourraient etre utilises par les poissons comme indices pour la selection d'habitats. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Under natural conditions, underwater habitats that range from quiet shallow lakes to fast-flowing cascades show a rich mosaic of sounds (Amoser and Ladich 2005; Wysocki et al. 2007a). Lotic [...]

Published
2020
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8. Long Time-Scale Recurrences in Ecology: Detecting Relationships Between Climate Dynamics and Biodiversity Along a Latitudinal Gradient

Author

Proulx, Raphaël, Parrott, Lael, Fahrig, Lenore, Currie, David J., Abarbanel, Henry, Series editor, Braha, Dan, Series editor, Érdi, Péter, Series editor, Friston, Karl, Series editor, Haken, Hermann, Series editor, Jirsa, Viktor, Series editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series editor, Kaneko, Kunihiko, Series editor, Kelso, Scott, Series editor, Kirkilionis, Markus, Series editor, Kurths, Jürgen, Series editor, Nowak, Andrzej, Series editor, Reichl, Linda, Series editor, Schuster, Peter, Series editor, Schweitzer, Frank, Series editor, Sornette, Didier, Series editor, Thurner, Stefan, Series editor, Webber, Jr., Charles L., editor, and Marwan, Norbert, editor

Published
2015
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9. Conservation culturomics

Author

Ladle, Richard J, Correia, Ricardo A, Do, Yuno, Joo, Gea-Jae, Malhado, Ana CM, Proulx, Raphaël, Roberge, Jean-Michel, and Jepson, Paul

Published
2016

20. Experimental playback study investigating effects of oil infrastructure noise on migratory grassland songbirds

Author

Proulx, Raphael (Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières), Waterman, Jane (Biological Sciences) Leonard, Marty (Natural Resources Institute), Koper, Nicola (Natural Resources Institute), Rosa, Patricia, Proulx, Raphael (Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières), Waterman, Jane (Biological Sciences) Leonard, Marty (Natural Resources Institute), Koper, Nicola (Natural Resources Institute), and Rosa, Patricia

Abstract

Anthropogenic noise has become widespread across all biomes, resulting in significant concern about its potentially detrimental impacts on wildlife and natural systems. Due to the increasing demand for crude oil in prairie habitats, grassland songbirds may be particularly vulnerable to projected increases in associated acoustic footprints. To isolate effects of different oil infrastructures from physical disturbances associated with the noise sources, I designed and implemented a novel large-scale, spatially and temporally replicated experimental playback study. By implementing this study design, I found that anthropogenic noise constrains animal communication across a much larger surface area when considering interferences with attentional processes in addition to energetic masking of signals. Further, I showed that oil infrastructure noise and infrastructure can decouple habitat use from habitat quality for three of my four focal grassland songbird species. Overall, intermittent drilling noise proved to be more detrimental to grassland songbirds than predictable, chronic noise, and both noise and above-ground infrastructure reduced habitat quality for specialist and threatened species, emphasising the importance of constructing studies that are able to disentangle effects of noise from physical infrastructure. Current noise mitigation recommendations to reduce impact of oil activities on migratory grassland songbirds are too broad, inaccurate, and can be easily circumvented. However, my results show that noise presents a threat to several species, and thus mitigation of noise produced by oil development would be beneficial to grassland songbirds.

Published
2019

21. Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning in a 15-year grassland experiment: Patterns, mechanisms, and open questions

Author

Weisser, Wolfgang W, Roscher, Christiane, Meyer, Sebastian T, Ebeling, Anne, Luo, Guangjuan, Allan, Eric, Beßler, Holger, Barnard, Romain L, Buchmann, Nina, Buscot, François, Engels, Christof, Fischer, Christine, Fischer, Markus, Gessler, Arthur, Gleixner, Gerd, Halle, Stefan, Hildebrandt, Anke, Hillebrand, Helmut, de Kroon, Hans, Lange, Markus, Leimer, Sophia, Le Roux, Xavier, Milcu, Alexandru, Mommer, Liesje, Niklaus, Pascal A, Oelmann, Yvonne, Proulx, Raphael, Roy, Jacques, Scherber, Christoph, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Wagg, Cameron, Schmid, Bernhard, et al, University of Zurich, and Weisser, Wolfgang W

Subjects
10127 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, 1105 Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 570 Life sciences, biology, 590 Animals (Zoology)
Published
2017

22. Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning in a 15-year grassland experiment : Patterns, mechanisms, and open questions

Author

Weisser, Wolfgang, Roscher, Christiane, Meyer, Sebastian T., Ebeling, Anne, Luo, Guangjuan, Allan, Eric, Beßler, Holger, Barnard, Romain L., Buchmann, Nina, Buscot, François, Engels, Christof, Fischer, Christine, Fischer, Markus, Gessler, Arthur, Gleixner, Gerd, Halle, Stefan, Hildebrandt, Anke, Hillebrand, Helmut, de Kroon, Hans, Lange, Markus, Leimer, Sophia, Le Roux, Xavier, Milcu, Alexandru, Mommer, Liesje, Niklaus, Pascal A., Oelmann, Yvonne, Proulx, Raphael, Roy, Jacques, Scherber, Christoph, Scherer-lorenzen, Michael, Scheu, Stefan, Tscharntke, Teja, Wachendorf, Michael, Wagg, Cameron, Weigelt, Alexandra, Wilcke, Wolfgang, Wirth, Christian, Schulze, Ernst Detlef, Schmid, Bernhard, Eisenhauer, Nico, Weisser, Wolfgang, Roscher, Christiane, Meyer, Sebastian T., Ebeling, Anne, Luo, Guangjuan, Allan, Eric, Beßler, Holger, Barnard, Romain L., Buchmann, Nina, Buscot, François, Engels, Christof, Fischer, Christine, Fischer, Markus, Gessler, Arthur, Gleixner, Gerd, Halle, Stefan, Hildebrandt, Anke, Hillebrand, Helmut, de Kroon, Hans, Lange, Markus, Leimer, Sophia, Le Roux, Xavier, Milcu, Alexandru, Mommer, Liesje, Niklaus, Pascal A., Oelmann, Yvonne, Proulx, Raphael, Roy, Jacques, Scherber, Christoph, Scherer-lorenzen, Michael, Scheu, Stefan, Tscharntke, Teja, Wachendorf, Michael, Wagg, Cameron, Weigelt, Alexandra, Wilcke, Wolfgang, Wirth, Christian, Schulze, Ernst Detlef, Schmid, Bernhard, and Eisenhauer, Nico

Abstract

In the past two decades, a large number of studies have investigated the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, most of which focussed on a limited set of ecosystem variables. The Jena Experiment was set up in 2002 to investigate the effects of plant diversity on element cycling and trophic interactions, using a multi-disciplinary approach. Here, we review the results of 15 years of research in the Jena Experiment, focussing on the effects of manipulating plant species richness and plant functional richness. With more than 85,000 measures taken from the plant diversity plots, the Jena Experiment has allowed answering fundamental questions important for functional biodiversity research.First, the question was how general the effect of plant species richness is, regarding the many different processes that take place in an ecosystem. About 45% of different types of ecosystem processes measured in the 'main experiment', where plant species richness ranged from 1 to 60 species, were significantly affected by plant species richness, providing strong support for the view that biodiversity is a significant driver of ecosystem functioning. Many measures were not saturating at the 60-species level, but increased linearly with the logarithm of species richness. There was, however, great variability in the strength of response among different processes. One striking pattern was that many processes, in particular belowground processes, took several years to respond to the manipulation of plant species richness, showing that biodiversity experiments have to be long-term, to distinguish trends from transitory patterns. In addition, the results from the Jena Experiment provide further evidence that diversity begets stability, for example stability against invasion of plant species, but unexpectedly some results also suggested the opposite, e.g. when plant communities experience severe perturbations or elevated resource availability. This highlights the need to

Published
2017

23. Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning in a 15-year grassland experiment: Patterns, mechanisms, and open questions

Author

Weisser, Wolfgang W., primary, Roscher, Christiane, additional, Meyer, Sebastian T., additional, Ebeling, Anne, additional, Luo, Guangjuan, additional, Allan, Eric, additional, Beßler, Holger, additional, Barnard, Romain L., additional, Buchmann, Nina, additional, Buscot, François, additional, Engels, Christof, additional, Fischer, Christine, additional, Fischer, Markus, additional, Gessler, Arthur, additional, Gleixner, Gerd, additional, Halle, Stefan, additional, Hildebrandt, Anke, additional, Hillebrand, Helmut, additional, de Kroon, Hans, additional, Lange, Markus, additional, Leimer, Sophia, additional, Le Roux, Xavier, additional, Milcu, Alexandru, additional, Mommer, Liesje, additional, Niklaus, Pascal A., additional, Oelmann, Yvonne, additional, Proulx, Raphael, additional, Roy, Jacques, additional, Scherber, Christoph, additional, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, additional, Scheu, Stefan, additional, Tscharntke, Teja, additional, Wachendorf, Michael, additional, Wagg, Cameron, additional, Weigelt, Alexandra, additional, Wilcke, Wolfgang, additional, Wirth, Christian, additional, Schulze, Ernst-Detlef, additional, Schmid, Bernhard, additional, and Eisenhauer, Nico, additional

Published
2017
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24. A trait-based experimental approach to understand the mechanisms underlying biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships

Author

Ebeling, Anne, Pompe, Sven, Baade, Jussi, Eisenhauer, Nico, Hillebrand, Helmut, Proulx, Raphael, Roscher, Christiane, Schmid, Bernhard, Wirth, Christian, Weisser, Wolfgang W, University of Zurich, and Ebeling, Anne

Subjects
Plant traits, 10127 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, 1105 Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Redundancy, Plant shoot biomass, 570 Life sciences, biology, 590 Animals (Zoology), Functional diversity, Complementarity effect, Jena Experiment, Selection effect, Species richness
Published
2014

25. Importance of the study context in community assembly processes: a quantitative synthesis of forest bird communities.

Author

MARTIN, CHARLES A., BOLDUC, PATRICIA, RAINVILLE, VINCENT, RHEAULT, GUILLAUME, DESROCHERS, LOUIS, GIACOMAZZO, MATTEO, ROCA, IRENE T., BERTOLO, ANDREA, and PROULX, RAPHAEL€

Abstract

Species composition is constrained by two upper-level processes in ecological contexts where the dispersion of organisms is not severely limited, namely selection and ecological drift. This intuitive framework has motivated a constant flow of empirical models for linking the species matrix to the local environmental descriptors, in which the environment rarely explains more than 30–40% of the variation in species composition. In most cases, researchers only approximate the environmental axes that drive fitness differences between species, as the list of measured descriptors reflect both logistical constraints and hypothesis-driven questions. Moreover, contextual factors, such as the species pool size (SPS) and the spatial extent of the sampled area, could moderate species–environment associations through sampling effects and dispersal limitations. This study’s objective was to quantify the influence of contextual factors (i.e., related to the circumstances in which the study was conducted) on the species–environment association strength on the basis of a synthesis of 156 models of forest bird communities. Our results reveal that factors related to the SPS and the number of independent environmental axes studied affect our capacity to detect selection, whereas spatial factors such as the study’s spatial extent and latitude are less important determinants. The study context explains almost a third of the observed variation in the strength of the species– environment association. We conclude that strong species–environment associations can be found for properly designed studies of forest bird communities, which raises the question of whether ecologists have underestimated the importance of selection in community assembly processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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26. TRY - a global database of plant traits

Author

Kattge, Jens, Diaz, Sandra, Lavorel, Sandra, Prentice, I.C., Leadley, Paul, Bonisch, Gerhard, Garnier, Eric, Westoby, Mark, Reich, Peter B., Wright, I. J., Cornelissen, Johannes HC, Violle, Cyrille, Harrison, Sandy P., Van Bodegom, Peter M, Reichstein, Markus, Enquist, Brian J., Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Ackerly, David D., Anand, Madhur, Atkin, Owen, Bahn, Michael, Baker, T. R., Baldocchi, D., Bekker, R., Blanco, Carolina C., Blonder, Benjamin, Bond, W. J., Bradstock, Ross, Bunker, Daniel E., Casanoves, Fernando, Cavender-Bares, Jeannine, Chambers, Jeffrey Q., Chapin Iii, F. Stuart, Chave, Jerome, Coomes, David, Cornwell, William K., Craine, Joseph M., Dobrin, B. H., Duarte, L., Durka, Walter, Elser, James, Esser, Gerd A., Estiarte, Marc, Fagan, William F., Fang, Jingyun, Fernandez-Mendez, F., Fidelis, Alessandra, Finegan, Brian, Flores, Olivier, Ford, Hilary, Frank, D., Freschet, Grégoire T., Fyllas, Nikolaos M., Gallagher, Rachael V., Green, Walton A., Gutierrez, Alvaro G., Hickler, Thomas, Higgins, Steven I., Hodgson, J. G., Jalili, Adel, Jansen, Steven, Joly, Carlos A., Kerkhoff, Andrew J., Kirkup, Don, Kitajima, Kaoru, Kleyer, Michael, Klotz, Stefan, Knops, Johannes M. H., Kramer, Koen, Kuhn, Ingolf, Kurokawa, Hiroko, Laughlin, D., Lee, T.D., Leishman, Michelle, Lens, Frederic, Lewis, Simon L., Lloyd, J., Llusia, Joan, Louault, Frédérique, Ma, S., Mahecha, M. D., Manning, Pete, Massad, T., Medlyn, Belinda E., Messier, Julie, Moles, Angela T., Muller, Sandra Cristina, Nadrowski, Karin, Naeem, Shahid, Niinemets, Ü., Nollert, Stephanie, Nuske, A., Ogaya, Roma, Oleksyn, Jacek, Onipchenko, Vladimir G., Onoda, Yusuke, Ordonez, J., Overbeck, G., Ozinga, Wim, Patiño, S., Paula, Susana, Pausas, Juli G., Penuelas, Josep, Phillips, O. L., Pillar, V. D., Poorter, H., Poschlod, Peter, Prinzing, Andreas, Proulx, Raphael, Rammig, Anja, Reinsch, S., Reu, B., Sack, L., Salgado-Negret, B., Sardans, J., Shiodera, Satomi, Shipley, B., Siefert, A., Sosinski, Evan, Soussana, Jean-Francois, Swaine, E.K., Swenson, N., Thompson, Ken, Thornton, P., Waldram, M., Weiher, Evan, White, M., White, Sean, Wright, S. Joseph, Yguel, Benjamin, Zaehle, Soenke, Zanne, Amy E., Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Insituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba [Argentina], Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Station alpine Joseph Fourier - UMS 3370 (SAJF), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Dpt Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie University, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Forest Resources and Institute of the Environment, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Department of Biological Sciences [North Ryde], Department of Systems Ecology, University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Department of Biogeochemical Integration [Jena], Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology [Tucson] (EEB), University of Arizona, Department of Integrative Biology [Berkeley] (IB), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Environmental Sciences, Guelph, University of Guelph, Australian National University (ANU), Ecology, University of Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Earth and Biosphere Institute, School of Geography, Biometeorology lab [Berkeley], Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management [Berkeley] (ESPM), University of California-University of California-University of California [Berkeley], Life Sciences, University of Groningen, University of Groningen [Groningen], Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Porto Alegre] (UFRGS), Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Institute for Conservation Biology (ICB - UNIV WOLLONGONG), University of Wollongong, New Jersey Institute of Technology, New Jersey Institute of Technology [Newark] (NJIT), Tropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Education (CATIE), Tropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Education, Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, St Paul, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska [Anchorage], Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Dept of Systems Ecology, Biology, Kansas State University, Kansas State University, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung (UFZ), Institute for Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (JLU), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [Barcelona] (UAB), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, University of Peking, Peking University [Beijing], universidad del Tolima, Universidad del Tolima, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical (UMR PVBMT), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Department of Biology [York], University of York [York, UK], Department of Ecological Science [Amsterdam], Vrije Universiteit [Brussels] (VUB), Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard, Harvard University [Cambridge], Department of Ecological Modelling [UFZ Leipzig], Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main-Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Unit of Comparative Plant Ecology, University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne], UNICAMP, Biology, University of Campinas [Campinas] (UNICAMP), Kenyon College, Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Royal Botanic Gardens, Biology, Florida, University of Florida [Gainesville], Landscape Ecology Group, University of Oldenburg, Constraint Systems Laboratory, University of Nebraska [Lincoln], University of Nebraska System-University of Nebraska System, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, University of Wageningen, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Tohoku University [Sendai], Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, Unité d'Agronomie Site de Crouel, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agriculture, Newcastle University, Newcastle University [Newcastle], Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Special Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Columbia University [New York], Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Polska Akademia Nauk (PAN), Geobotany, Moscow State University, Moscow State University, Biology, Kyushu University, Kyushu University [Fukuoka], Law and Governance Group, ALTERRA Wageningen, ALTERRA, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificacion, CSIC, CIDE, Plant Ecophysiology, Utrecht University [Utrecht], Universität Regensburg (REGENSBURG), Universität Regensburg, Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), University of Potsdam, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy (Risø DTU), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Center for Sustainability Science, Hokkaido, Hokkaido University, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke [Sherbrooke], Syracuse University, embrapa, Embrapa Temperate Agriculture, Biological Sciences, Aberdeen, University of Aberdeen, Department of Plant Biology - Michigan State University, Michigan State University [East Lansing], Michigan State University System-Michigan State University System, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences [Sheffield], Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, Department of Geography [Leicester], University of Leicester, University of Utah, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Department of Biology, Missouri, University of Missouri [Columbia], University of Missouri System-University of Missouri System, DIVERSITAS, IGBP, Global Land Project, UK Natural Environment Research Council (QUEST programm), FRB, GIS Climat, Environnement et Société, NSF LTER program DEB 0620652, NSF LTREB programm DEB 0716587, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), School of Environmental Sciences, Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of Wollongong [Australia], Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza - Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen = Justus Liebig University (JLU), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Harvard University, Universidade Estadual de Campinas = University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Department of Biology [Gainesville] (UF|Biology), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden], Universität Leipzig, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Kyushu University, Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificacion (CIDE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Potsdam = Universität Potsdam, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), University of California (UC), Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Département de biologie [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Faculté des sciences [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), University of Missouri [Columbia] (Mizzou), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
environmental gradient, intraspecific variation, plant trait, comparative ecology, interspecific variation, global analysis, plant functional type, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, functional diversity, database, global change, plant attribute, vegetation model
Abstract

Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena (initiative, developpement de la base de données); International audience; Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants and their organs - determine how primary producers respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, influence ecosystem processes and services and provide a link from species richness to ecosystem functional diversity. Trait data thus represent the raw material for a wide range of research from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology to biogeography. Here we present the global database initiative named TRY, which has united a wide range of the plant trait research community worldwide and gained an unprecedented buy-in of trait data: so far 93 trait databases have been contributed. The data repository currently contains almost three million trait entries for 69 000 out of the world's 300 000 plant species, with a focus on 52 groups of traits characterizing the vegetative and regeneration stages of the plant life cycle, including growth, dispersal, establishment and persistence. A first data analysis shows that most plant traits are approximately log-normally distributed, with widely differing ranges of variation across traits. Most trait variation is between species (interspecific), but significant intraspecific variation is also documented, up to 40% of the overall variation. Plant functional types (PFTs), as commonly used in vegetation models, capture a substantial fraction of the observed variation - but for several traits most variation occurs within PFTs, up to 75% of the overall variation. In the context of vegetation models these traits would better be represented by state variables rather than fixed parameter values. The improved availability of plant trait data in the unified global database is expected to support a paradigm shift from species to trait-based ecology, offer new opportunities for synthetic plant trait research and enable a more realistic and empirically grounded representation of terrestrial vegetation in Earth system models.

Published
2011

30. A novel comparative research platform designed to determine the functional significance of tree species diversity in European forests

Author

Baeten, Lander, Verheyen, Kris, Wirth, Christian, Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Finér, Leena, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Selvi, Federico, Valladares, Fernando, Allan, Eric, Ampoorter, Evy, Auge, Harald, Avacariei, Daniel, Barbaro, Luc, Barnoaiea, Ionu, C. Bastias, Cristina, Bauhus, Jürgen, Beinhoff, Carsten, Benavides, Raquel, Benneter, Adam, Berger, Sigrid, Berthold, Felix, Boberg, Johanna, Bonal, Damien, Brüggemann, Wolfgang, Carnol, Monique, Castagneyrol, Bastien, Charbonnier, Yohan, Checko, Ewa, Coomes, David, Coppi, Andrea, Dalmaris, Eleftheria, Danila, Gabriel, Dawud, Seid Muhie, de Vries, Wim, Wandeler, Hans De, Deconchat, Marc, Domisch, Timo, Duduman, Gabriel, Fischer, Markus, Fotelli, Mariangela, Gessler, Arthur, Gimeno, Teresa E., Granier, André, Grossiord, Charlotte, Guyot, Virginie, Hantsch, Lydia, Hättenschwiler, Stephan, Hector, Andy, Hermy, Martin, Holland, Vera, Jactel, Hervé, Joly, Francois-Xavier, Jucker, Tommaso, Kolb, Simon, Koricheva, Julia, J. Lexer, Manfred, Liebergesell, Mario, Milligan, Harriet, Müller, Sandra, Muys, Bart, Nguyen, Diem, Nichiforel, Liviu, Pollastrini, Martina, Proulx, Raphael, Rabasa, Sonia, Radoglou, Kalliopi, Ratcliffe, Sophia, Raulund-Rasmussen, Karsten, Seiferling, Ian, Stenlid, Jan, Vesterdal, Lars, von Wilpert, Klaus, A. Zavala, Miguel, Zielinski, Dawid, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Baeten, Lander, Verheyen, Kris, Wirth, Christian, Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Finér, Leena, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Selvi, Federico, Valladares, Fernando, Allan, Eric, Ampoorter, Evy, Auge, Harald, Avacariei, Daniel, Barbaro, Luc, Barnoaiea, Ionu, C. Bastias, Cristina, Bauhus, Jürgen, Beinhoff, Carsten, Benavides, Raquel, Benneter, Adam, Berger, Sigrid, Berthold, Felix, Boberg, Johanna, Bonal, Damien, Brüggemann, Wolfgang, Carnol, Monique, Castagneyrol, Bastien, Charbonnier, Yohan, Checko, Ewa, Coomes, David, Coppi, Andrea, Dalmaris, Eleftheria, Danila, Gabriel, Dawud, Seid Muhie, de Vries, Wim, Wandeler, Hans De, Deconchat, Marc, Domisch, Timo, Duduman, Gabriel, Fischer, Markus, Fotelli, Mariangela, Gessler, Arthur, Gimeno, Teresa E., Granier, André, Grossiord, Charlotte, Guyot, Virginie, Hantsch, Lydia, Hättenschwiler, Stephan, Hector, Andy, Hermy, Martin, Holland, Vera, Jactel, Hervé, Joly, Francois-Xavier, Jucker, Tommaso, Kolb, Simon, Koricheva, Julia, J. Lexer, Manfred, Liebergesell, Mario, Milligan, Harriet, Müller, Sandra, Muys, Bart, Nguyen, Diem, Nichiforel, Liviu, Pollastrini, Martina, Proulx, Raphael, Rabasa, Sonia, Radoglou, Kalliopi, Ratcliffe, Sophia, Raulund-Rasmussen, Karsten, Seiferling, Ian, Stenlid, Jan, Vesterdal, Lars, von Wilpert, Klaus, A. Zavala, Miguel, Zielinski, Dawid, and Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael

Published
2013

31. Three-dimensional metrics for the analysis of spatiotemporal data in ecology

Author

Parrott, Lael, Proulx, Raphael, Thibert-Plante, Xavier, Parrott, Lael, Proulx, Raphael, and Thibert-Plante, Xavier

Abstract

A suite of simple metrics that can be used to analyse three-dimensional data sets is presented. We show how these metrics can be applied to raster-based, ecological mosaics sampled over uniform time intervals, such as might be obtained from a series of photographs or from repeated spatial sampling in the field. In these analyses, the concept of a 2D landscape “patch” is replaced by a 3D space–time “blob”. The structure of a dataset can be analysed via the characterisation of blobs, using a number of simple composition and configuration metrics. The use of different metrics, including modified versions of some common landscape metrics such as contagion, that describe the distribution of blobs in space and time, is demonstrated using both model and empirical data. With the increasing availability of spatiotemporal data sets in ecology, such three-dimensional metrics may be indispensable tools for the detection and characterization of landscape change in the context of human and naturally caused disturbances.

Published
2008
Full Text
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32. A novel comparative research platform designed to determine the functional significance of tree species diversity in European forests

Author

Baeten, Lander, primary, Verheyen, Kris, additional, Wirth, Christian, additional, Bruelheide, Helge, additional, Bussotti, Filippo, additional, Finér, Leena, additional, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, additional, Selvi, Federico, additional, Valladares, Fernando, additional, Allan, Eric, additional, Ampoorter, Evy, additional, Auge, Harald, additional, Avăcăriei, Daniel, additional, Barbaro, Luc, additional, Bărnoaiea, Ionu, additional, Bastias, Cristina C., additional, Bauhus, Jürgen, additional, Beinhoff, Carsten, additional, Benavides, Raquel, additional, Benneter, Adam, additional, Berger, Sigrid, additional, Berthold, Felix, additional, Boberg, Johanna, additional, Bonal, Damien, additional, Brüggemann, Wolfgang, additional, Carnol, Monique, additional, Castagneyrol, Bastien, additional, Charbonnier, Yohan, additional, Chećko, Ewa, additional, Coomes, David, additional, Coppi, Andrea, additional, Dalmaris, Eleftheria, additional, Dănilă, Gabriel, additional, Dawud, Seid M., additional, de Vries, Wim, additional, De Wandeler, Hans, additional, Deconchat, Marc, additional, Domisch, Timo, additional, Duduman, Gabriel, additional, Fischer, Markus, additional, Fotelli, Mariangela, additional, Gessler, Arthur, additional, Gimeno, Teresa E., additional, Granier, André, additional, Grossiord, Charlotte, additional, Guyot, Virginie, additional, Hantsch, Lydia, additional, Hättenschwiler, Stephan, additional, Hector, Andy, additional, Hermy, Martin, additional, Holland, Vera, additional, Jactel, Hervé, additional, Joly, François-Xavier, additional, Jucker, Tommaso, additional, Kolb, Simon, additional, Koricheva, Julia, additional, Lexer, Manfred J., additional, Liebergesell, Mario, additional, Milligan, Harriet, additional, Müller, Sandra, additional, Muys, Bart, additional, Nguyen, Diem, additional, Nichiforel, Liviu, additional, Pollastrini, Martina, additional, Proulx, Raphael, additional, Rabasa, Sonia, additional, Radoglou, Kalliopi, additional, Ratcliffe, Sophia, additional, Raulund-Rasmussen, Karsten, additional, Seiferling, Ian, additional, Stenlid, Jan, additional, Vesterdal, Lars, additional, von Wilpert, Klaus, additional, Zavala, Miguel A., additional, Zielinski, Dawid, additional, and Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, additional

Published
2013
Full Text
View/download PDF

33. EDITORIAL

Author

KULKARNI, ABHIJIT, primary, MARWAN, NORBERT, additional, PARROTT, LAEL, additional, PROULX, RAPHAEL, additional, and WEBBER, CHARLES L., additional

Published
2011
Full Text
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34. Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning in a 15-year grassland experiment: Patterns, mechanisms, and open questions

Author

Weisser, Wolfgang W., Roscher, Christiane, Meyer, Sebastian T., Ebeling, Anne, Luo, Guangjuan, Allan, Eric, Beßler, Holger, Barnard, Romain L., Buchmann, Nina, Buscot, François, Engels, Christof, Fischer, Christine, Fischer, Markus, Gessler, Arthur, Gleixner, Gerd, Halle, Stefan, Hildebrandt, Anke, Hillebrand, Helmut, de Kroon, Hans, Lange, Markus, Leimer, Sophia, Le Roux, Xavier, Milcu, Alexandru, Mommer, Liesje, Niklaus, Pascal A., Oelmann, Yvonne, Proulx, Raphael, Roy, Jacques, Scherber, Christoph, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Scheu, Stefan, Tscharntke, Teja, Wachendorf, Michael, Wagg, Cameron, Weigelt, Alexandra, Wilcke, Wolfgang, Wirth, Christian, Schulze, Ernst-Detlef, Schmid, Bernhard, and Eisenhauer, Nico

Subjects
2. Zero hunger, Carbon storage, 13. Climate action, Multi-trophic interactions, food and beverages, Complementarity, Biomass, 15. Life on land, Selection effect, Nutrient cycling
Abstract

In the past two decades, a large number of studies have investigated the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, most of which focussed on a limited set of ecosystem variables. The Jena Experiment was set up in 2002 to investigate the effects of plant diversity on element cycling and trophic interactions, using a multi-disciplinary approach. Here, we review the results of 15 years of research in the Jena Experiment, focussing on the effects of manipulating plant species richness and plant functional richness. With more than 85,000 measures taken from the plant diversity plots, the Jena Experiment has allowed answering fundamental questions important for functional biodiversity research. First, the question was how general the effect of plant species richness is, regarding the many different processes that take place in an ecosystem. About 45% of different types of ecosystem processes measured in the ‘main experiment’, where plant species richness ranged from 1 to 60 species, were significantly affected by plant species richness, providing strong support for the view that biodiversity is a significant driver of ecosystem functioning. Many measures were not saturating at the 60-species level, but increased linearly with the logarithm of species richness. There was, however, great variability in the strength of response among different processes. One striking pattern was that many processes, in particular belowground processes, took several years to respond to the manipulation of plant species richness, showing that biodiversity experiments have to be long-term, to distinguish trends from transitory patterns. In addition, the results from the Jena Experiment provide further evidence that diversity begets stability, for example stability against invasion of plant species, but unexpectedly some results also suggested the opposite, e.g. when plant communities experience severe perturbations or elevated resource availability. This highlights the need to revisit diversity–stability theory. Second, we explored whether individual plant species or individual plant functional groups, or biodiversity itself is more important for ecosystem functioning, in particular biomass production. We found strong effects of individual species and plant functional groups on biomass production, yet these effects mostly occurred in addition to, but not instead of, effects of plant species richness. Third, the Jena Experiment assessed the effect of diversity on multitrophic interactions. The diversity of most organisms responded positively to increases in plant species richness, and the effect was stronger for above- than for belowground organisms, and stronger for herbivores than for carnivores or detritivores. Thus, diversity begets diversity. In addition, the effect on organismic diversity was stronger than the effect on species abundances. Fourth, the Jena Experiment aimed to assess the effect of diversity on N, P and C cycling and the water balance of the plots, separating between element input into the ecosystem, element turnover, element stocks, and output from the ecosystem. While inputs were generally less affected by plant species richness, measures of element stocks, turnover and output were often positively affected by plant diversity, e.g. carbon storage strongly increased with increasing plant species richness. Variables of the N cycle responded less strongly to plant species richness than variables of the C cycle. Fifth, plant traits are often used to unravel mechanisms underlying the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship. In the Jena Experiment, most investigated plant traits, both above- and belowground, were plastic and trait expression depended on plant diversity in a complex way, suggesting limitation to using database traits for linking plant traits to particular functions. Sixth, plant diversity effects on ecosystem processes are often caused by plant diversity effects on species interactions. Analyses in the Jena Experiment including structural equation modelling suggest complex interactions that changed with diversity, e.g. soil carbon storage and greenhouse gas emission were affected by changes in the composition and activity of the belowground microbial community. Manipulation experiments, in which particular organisms, e.g. belowground invertebrates, were excluded from plots in split-plot experiments, supported the important role of the biotic component for element and water fluxes. Seventh, the Jena Experiment aimed to put the results into the context of agricultural practices in managed grasslands. The effect of increasing plant species richness from 1 to 16 species on plant biomass was, in absolute terms, as strong as the effect of a more intensive grassland management, using fertiliser and increasing mowing frequency. Potential bioenergy production from high-diversity plots was similar to that of conventionally used energy crops. These results suggest that diverse ‘High Nature Value Grasslands’ are multifunctional and can deliver a range of ecosystem services including production-related services. A final task was to assess the importance of potential artefacts in biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships, caused by the weeding of the plant community to maintain plant species composition. While the effort (in hours) needed to weed a plot was often negatively related to plant species richness, species richness still affected the majority of ecosystem variables. Weeding also did not negatively affect monoculture performance; rather, monocultures deteriorated over time for a number of biological reasons, as shown in plant-soil feedback experiments. To summarize, the Jena Experiment has allowed for a comprehensive analysis of the functional role of biodiversity in an ecosystem. A main challenge for future biodiversity research is to increase our mechanistic understanding of why the magnitude of biodiversity effects differs among processes and contexts. It is likely that there will be no simple answer. For example, among the multitude of mechanisms suggested to underlie the positive plant species richness effect on biomass, some have received limited support in the Jena Experiment, such as vertical root niche partitioning. However, others could not be rejected in targeted analyses. Thus, from the current results in the Jena Experiment, it seems likely that the positive biodiversity effect results from several mechanisms acting simultaneously in more diverse communities, such as reduced pathogen attack, the presence of more plant growth promoting organisms, less seed limitation, and increased trait differences leading to complementarity in resource uptake. Distinguishing between different mechanisms requires careful testing of competing hypotheses. Biodiversity research has matured such that predictive approaches testing particular mechanisms are now possible., Basic and Applied Ecology, 23, ISSN:1439-1791, ISSN:1618-0089

35. A novel comparative research platform designed to determine the functional significance of tree species diversity in European forests

Author

Charbonnier, Yohan, Pollastrini, Martina, Holland, Vera, Braggernann, Wolfgang, Valladaresh, Fernando, Koricheva, Julia, Joly, Francois-Xavier, Radoglou, Kalliopi, Nichiforel, Liviu, Raulund-Rasmussen, Karsten, Granier, Andre, Selvi, Federico, Castagneyrol, Bastien, Deconchat, Marc, Barnoaiea, Ionu, Danila, Gabriel, Ratcliffe, Sophia, Dalmaris, Eleftheria, Guyot, Virginie, Grossiord, Charlotte, Hector, Andy, Milligan, Harriet, Ampoorter, Evy, Proulx, Raphael, Baeten, Lander, Bonal, Damien, Auge, Harald, Mueller, Sandra, Avacariei, Daniel, Fotelli, Mariangela, Wirth, Christian, Coomess, David, Vesterdal, Lars, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Muys, Bart, De Vries, Wim, Jactel, Herve, Bastias, Cristina C., Finer, Leena, Fischer, Markus, Bussotti, Filippo, Kolb, Simon, Domisch, Timo, Duduman, Gabriel, Gimeno, Teresa E., De Wandeler, Hans, Bauhus, Jurgen, Von Wilpert, Klaus, Benavides, Raquel, Gessler, Arthur, Jucker, Tommaso, Haettenschwiler, Stephan, Berthold, Felix, Dawud, Seid M., Bruelheide, Helge, Berger, Sigrid, Liebergesell, Mario, Beinhoff, Carsten, Zielinski, Dawid, Verheyen, Kris, Coppi, Andrea, Hermy, Martin, Allan, Eric, Boberg, Johanna, Rabasa, Sonia, Benneter, Adam, Zavala, Miguel A., Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Carnol, Monique, Seiferling, Ian, Stenlid, Jan, Nguyen, Diem, Lexer, Manfred J., Hantsch, Lydia, Checko, Ewa, and Barbaro, Luc

Subjects
15. Life on land, 580 Plants (Botany)
Abstract

One of the current advances in functional biodiversity research is the move away from short-lived test systems towards the exploration of diversity-ecosystem functioning relationships in structurally more complex ecosystems. In forests, assumptions about the functional significance of tree species diversity have only recently produced a new generation of research on ecosystem processes and services. Novel experimental designs have now replaced traditional forestry trials, but these comparatively young experimental plots suffer from specific difficulties that are mainly related to the tree size and longevity. Tree species diversity experiments therefore need to be complemented with comparative observational studies in existing forests. Here we present the design and implementation of a new network of forest plots along tree species diversity gradients in six major European forest types: the FunDivEUROPE Exploratory Platform. Based on a review of the deficiencies of existing observational approaches and of unresolved research questions and hypotheses, we discuss the fundamental criteria that shaped the design of our platform. Key features include the extent of the species diversity gradient with mixtures up to five species, strict avoidance of a dilution gradient, special attention to community evenness and minimal covariation with other environmental factors. The new European research platform permits the most comprehensive assessment of tree species diversity effects on forest ecosystem functioning to date since it offers a common set of research plots to groups of researchers from very different disciplines and uses the same methodological approach in contrasting forest types along an extensive environmental gradient. (C) 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

36. Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning in a 15-year grassland experiment: Patterns, mechanisms, and open questions

Author

Weisser, Wolfgang W., Roscher, Christiane, Meyer, Sebastian T., Ebeling, Anne, Luo, Guangjuan, Allan, Eric, Bessler, Holger, Barnard, Romain L., Buchmann, Nina, Buscot, François, Engels, Christof, Fischer, Christine, Fischer, Markus, Gessler, Arthur, Gleixner, Gerd, Halle, Stefan, Hildebrandt, Anke, Hillebrand, Helmut, De Kroon, Hans, Lange, Markus, Leimer, Sophia, Roux, Xavier Le, Milcu, Alexandru, Mommer, Liesje, Niklaus, Pascal A., Oelmann, Yvonne, Proulx, Raphael, Roy, Jacques, Scherber, Christoph, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Scheu, Stefan, Tscharntke, Teja, Wachendorf, Michael, Wagg, Cameron, Weigelt, Alexandra, Wilcke, Wolfgang, Wirth, Christian, Schulze, Ernst-Detlef, Schmid, Bernhard, and Eisenhauer, Nico

Subjects
2. Zero hunger, 13. Climate action, food and beverages, 15. Life on land, 580 Plants (Botany), 7. Clean energy
Abstract

In the past two decades, a large number of studies have investigated the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, most of which focussed on a limited set of ecosystem variables. The Jena Experiment was set up in 2002 to investigate the effects of plant diversity on element cycling and trophic interactions, using a multi-disciplinary approach. Here, we review the results of 15 years of research in the Jena Experiment, focussing on the effects of manipulating plant species richness and plant functional richness. With more than 85,000 measures taken from the plant diversity plots, the Jena Experiment has allowed answering fundamental questions important for functional biodiversity research. First, the question was how general the effect of plant species richness is, regarding the many different processes that take place in an ecosystem. About 45% of different types of ecosystem processes measured in the ‘main experiment’, where plant species richness ranged from 1 to 60 species, were significantly affected by plant species richness, providing strong support for the view that biodiversity is a significant driver of ecosystem functioning. Many measures were not saturating at the 60-species level, but increased linearly with the logarithm of species richness. There was, however, great variability in the strength of response among different processes. One striking pattern was that many processes, in particular belowground processes, took several years to respond to the manipulation of plant species richness, showing that biodiversity experiments have to be long-term, to distinguish trends from transitory patterns. In addition, the results from the Jena Experiment provide further evidence that diversity begets stability, for example stability against invasion of plant species, but unexpectedly some results also suggested the opposite, e.g. when plant communities experience severe perturbations or elevated resource availability. This highlights the need to revisit diversity–stability theory. Second, we explored whether individual plant species or individual plant functional groups, or biodiversity itself is more important for ecosystem functioning, in particular biomass production. We found strong effects of individual species and plant functional groups on biomass production, yet these effects mostly occurred in addition to, but not instead of, effects of plant species richness. Third, the Jena Experiment assessed the effect of diversity on multitrophic interactions. The diversity of most organisms responded positively to increases in plant species richness, and the effect was stronger for above- than for belowground organisms, and stronger for herbivores than for carnivores or detritivores. Thus, diversity begets diversity. In addition, the effect on organismic diversity was stronger than the effect on species abundances. Fourth, the Jena Experiment aimed to assess the effect of diversity on N, P and C cycling and the water balance of the plots, separating between element input into the ecosystem, element turnover, element stocks, and output from the ecosystem. While inputs were generally less affected by plant species richness, measures of element stocks, turnover and output were often positively affected by plant diversity, e.g. carbon storage strongly increased with increasing plant species richness. Variables of the N cycle responded less strongly to plant species richness than variables of the C cycle. Fifth, plant traits are often used to unravel mechanisms underlying the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship. In the Jena Experiment, most investigated plant traits, both above- and belowground, were plastic and trait expression depended on plant diversity in a complex way, suggesting limitation to using database traits for linking plant traits to particular functions. Sixth, plant diversity effects on ecosystem processes are often caused by plant diversity effects on species interactions. Analyses in the Jena Experiment including structural equation modelling suggest complex interactions that changed with diversity, e.g. soil carbon storage and greenhouse gas emission were affected by changes in the composition and activity of the belowground microbial community. Manipulation experiments, in which particular organisms, e.g. belowground invertebrates, were excluded from plots in split-plot experiments, supported the important role of the biotic component for element and water fluxes. Seventh, the Jena Experiment aimed to put the results into the context of agricultural practices in managed grasslands. The effect of increasing plant species richness from 1 to 16 species on plant biomass was, in absolute terms, as strong as the effect of a more intensive grassland management, using fertiliser and increasing mowing frequency. Potential bioenergy production from high-diversity plots was similar to that of conventionally used energy crops. These results suggest that diverse ‘High Nature Value Grasslands’ are multifunctional and can deliver a range of ecosystem services including production-related services. A final task was to assess the importance of potential artefacts in biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships, caused by the weeding of the plant community to maintain plant species composition. While the effort (in hours) needed to weed a plot was often negatively related to plant species richness, species richness still affected the majority of ecosystem variables. Weeding also did not negatively affect monoculture performance; rather, monocultures deteriorated over time for a number of biological reasons, as shown in plant-soil feedback experiments. To summarize, the Jena Experiment has allowed for a comprehensive analysis of the functional role of biodiversity in an ecosystem. A main challenge for future biodiversity research is to increase our mechanistic understanding of why the magnitude of biodiversity effects differs among processes and contexts. It is likely that there will be no simple answer. For example, among the multitude of mechanisms suggested to underlie the positive plant species richness effect on biomass, some have received limited support in the Jena Experiment, such as vertical root niche partitioning. However, others could not be rejected in targeted analyses. Thus, from the current results in the Jena Experiment, it seems likely that the positive biodiversity effect results from several mechanisms acting simultaneously in more diverse communities, such as reduced pathogen attack, the presence of more plant growth promoting organisms, less seed limitation, and increased trait differences leading to complementarity in resource uptake. Distinguishing between different mechanisms requires careful testing of competing hypotheses. Biodiversity research has matured such that predictive approaches testing particular mechanisms are now possible.

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