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In the article, the authors made a thorough description of administrative and legal regulation in the field of land relations. They characterized the concepts of «regulation», «legal regulation» and «land relations». It is substantiated that land relations are one of the largest massifs of public relations regulated by legal norms, in which the absolute majority of both private and public legal entities are involved. But due to the diversity of such subjects and the differences in their legal status, the legal regulation of land relations uses methods characteristic of both civil and administrative law. In addition, within the limits of land law, the existence of its own method of legal regulation is emphasized. It was determined that «legal regulation» can be considered an institution of a general type, which includes specific characteristics that give rise to administrative and legal regulation. The formulated author's definition of «administrative-legal regulation» as a type of sectoral legal regulation, which is based on the direct effect of the norms of administrative law and is an administrative-legal instrument that affects social relations arising in the field of public administration. taking into account the peculiarities of the legislative definition of the concept of «land relations», for the purposes of scientific research it is more correct to use the term «administrative-legal regulation in the field of land relations» as opposed to the term «administrative-legal regulation of land relations». In our opinion, the term «sphere of land relations» should be understood as a set of relations, which, in addition to land relations, include relations arising in connection with the exercise of power by public administration bodies in relation to land management. The objects of these relations are land, land plots, rights to them, as well as goods and objects derived from them. «Administrative and legal regulation in the field of land legal relations» should be understood as a type of sectoral legal regulation, which is based on the direct effect of the norms of administrative, civil and land law and is a legal instrument that affects public land legal relations arising in the field of public land management affairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outdoor recreational use is growing rapidly in the western United States, which increases the pressure on multiple‐use public lands. Balancing recreational use with conservation goals requires considering the spatial and temporal intensity of recreational use and examining its effects on multiple species within an ecosystem. In 2019–2021, we assessed the relationship between recreational intensity and the abundance of a dominant prey species (Piute ground squirrel [Urocitellus mollis]), the abundance of avian and mammalian facultative scavengers that rely on ground squirrels, and the abundance and nesting success of ground‐nesting birds at a national conservation area in southwestern Idaho, USA, where recreational shooting and off‐highway vehicle use are the primary recreational activities. Recreational intensity varied across the study site. The abundance of ground squirrels was not related to recreational intensity. The abundance of common ravens (Corvus corax) and the abundance of American badgers (Taxidea taxus), 2 common facultative scavengers, were both positively associated with recreational intensity, while the abundance of other avian facultative scavengers was not related to recreational intensity. The abundance of horned larks (Eremophila alpestris) and nesting success of long‐billed curlews (Numenius americanus), a more sensitive species, were negatively related to recreational intensity. Together, our results highlight the importance of considering variation in recreational intensity and the effect of recreation on multiple guilds within the ecosystem. An improved understanding of these relationships can be used with public land management to protect wildlife while providing opportunities for outdoor recreation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disparate urban and rural lived experiences contribute to the geographic divide in American politics. We expect this to be especially true for environmental politics because of urban-rural differences in exposure to natural resources. We demonstrate that Americans are broadly supportive of public lands and that ruralites are slightly more supportive of public land management compared to the non-rural. However, a crucial exception to general rural attitudes is highly resentful ruralites are uniquely and dramatically unsupportive of public lands and direct their resentment at the federal government especially. This research clarifies the nationalized nature of the urban-rural divide by highlighting that the preferences of resentful rural Americans are in stark contrast to the rest of society, even the rest of rural America. Nevertheless, when a minority’s unpopular opinions on the management of America’s natural resources overshadow more moderate and modal positions it fuels fringe movements like the Sagebrush Rebellion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Environmental Land Management Scheme is now established as the central plank of financial assistance for farmers in England post-Brexit. Early articulations of policy directed the focus of the Scheme to the delivery of public goods, with a high level of ambition. More recently, however, greater weight is being accorded to food production and food security, with particular reference to the Sustainable Farming Incentive component, which is achieving broad coverage and accounting for the majority of the Scheme budget, but the environmental actions which it requires to unlock payment would not seem materially to be raising the bar. By contrast, the Landscape Recovery component remains ambitious in terms of scheme design, collaborative approach, emphasis on outcomes, duration and implementation at landscape scale, with the consequence that good reasons may be presented for its expansion within the policy mix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars featured in a recent special issue of the Journal of Park and Recreation Administration and others have noted that public lands management has yet to integrate sustainable recreation policy and practice (Cerveny et al., 2022, p. 1). Additionally, there is growing recognition that inter-agency and scientist-citizen collaboration are needed to achieve this goal. In this commentary, we offer an example of minding the science-practice gap through cocreating research. Specifically, we describe how scientists from the US Forest Service and the University of California, Davis, and practitioners from the Los Angeles-based organization Outward Bound Adventures (OBA) operationalized 10 essential characteristics of research (DePoy & Gitlin, 2020) in the development of a research proposal and implementation of a study on urban Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) youth perspectives of the outdoors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how users respond to 'public lands' of different underlying good characteristics, as shaped by various management policy tools. Using a survey experiment that varies the imposition of fees and quotas in hypothetical scenarios, we analyze U.S. rock climbers' resistance or receptiveness to visiting public lands climbing destinations. Experimental results show that participants are most resistant to management tools that impose financial burdens without promising benefits in return. User receptiveness increases, however, when exclusive public land benefits can be secured. We further show that land management policy tool resistance/receptiveness is conditioned by household income and desire for solitude in recreation. The study's primary contribution is illustrating the theoretical utility of accounting for institutionally contingent shifts in resource good types, while also raising concerns regarding the exclusionary potential of land management policies, particularly in regards to lower-income users. Our study offers guidance for land managers and policymakers aiming to balance conservation, recreational access, and use by shedding light on the interplay between management policies, user characteristics, and types of goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for recreational access to wildlife management areas (WMAs) is relatively under-studied subject in human dimensions of wildlife. Management of public lands such as WMAs is challenging due to the diverse preferences of outdoor recreationists. By using mixed-mode survey data collected from sportspersons and other recreationists in Tennessee, this study analyzed the factors that influence the outdoor recreationists' intention to visit WMAs. Although the results indicate a high level of interest among sportspersons and other recreationists, visiting intentions were significantly influenced by site quality and recent experiences but not by perceptions of crowding. Similarly, the intention to visit WMAs was positively related to improvements in recreational services. These findings suggest that investment in recreational services, such as trails, hunting, fishing, and camping facilities, may help to increase public visits and generate significant benefits for visitors and wildlife agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morro manzanita Arctostaphyos morroensis (Ericaceae) is a long-lived, shrub endemic to San Luis Obispo County, southern California, USA. It was listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 1994, with identified threats being residential and urban development, including lack of protection on private land and lack of management on public lands, competition with invasive non-native plants, and risks of extinction associated with small and isolated populations. Our goal in this paper is to summarize and supplement the current knowledge of Morro manzanita. We review the literature on the species' description, reproductive ecology, germination cues, short-term response to fire. and distribution. We conducted field surveys to report on long-term response to fire, resampling the previously studied prescribed burn site 25 yr post-fire. Finally, we summarize the current land management of sites that support Morro manzanita and threats faced by this species. We conclude with specific recommendations for management and future study towards supporting conservation of this species and its maritime chaparral community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prevention policies against type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) focus solely on individual healthy lifestyle behaviours, while an increasing body of research recognises the involvement of environmental determinants (ED) (cultural norms of land management and planning, local foodscape, built environment, pollution, and neighbourhood deprivation). Precise knowledge of this relationship is essential to proposing a prevention strategy integrating public health and spatial planning. Unfortunately, issues related to the consistency and synthesis of methods, and results in this field of research limit the development of preventive strategies. This systematic review aims to improve knowledge about the relationship between the risk of developing T2DM in adulthood and long-term exposure to its ED during childhood or teenage years. Methods: This protocol is presented according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) tools. PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, EBSCO, and grey literature from the Laval University Libraries databases will be used for data collection on main concepts such as 'type 2 diabetes mellitus', 'zoning' or 'regional, urban, or rural areas land uses', 'local food landscape', 'built environment', 'pollution', and 'deprivation'. The Covidence application will store the collected data for selection and extraction based on the Population Exposure Comparator Outcome and Study design approach (PECOS). Studies published until December 31, 2023, in English or French, used quantitative data about individuals aged 18 and over that report on T2DM, ED (cultural norms of land management and planning, local foodscape, built environment, and neighbourhood deprivation), and their association (involving only risk estimators) will be included. Then, study quality and risk of bias will be conducted according to the combined criteria and ratings from the ROBINS-E (Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies—of Exposures) tools and the 'Effective Public Health Practice Project' (EPHPP). Finally, the analytical synthesis will be produced using the 'Synthesis Without Meta-analysis' (SWiM) guidelines. Discussion: This systematic review will summarise available evidence on ED associated with T2DM. The results will contribute to improving current knowledge and developing more efficient cross-sectoral interventions in land management and public health in this field of research. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42023392073. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With the continuous development of big data technology, semantic-rich multi-source big data provides broader prospects for the research of urban land use function recognition. This study relied on POI data and OSM data to select the central urban areas of five new first-tier cities as the study areas. The TF-IDF algorithm was used to identify the land use functional layout of the study area and establish a confusion matrix for accuracy verification. The results show that: (1) The common feature of these five cities is that the total number and area of land parcels for residential land, commercial service land, public management and service land, and green space and open space land all account for over 90%. (2) The Kappa coefficients were all in the range [0.61, 0.80], indicating a high consistency of accuracy evaluation. (3) Chengdu and Tianjin have the highest land use function mixing degree, followed by Xi'an, Nanjing, and Hangzhou. (4) Among the five new first-tier cities, Hangzhou and Nanjing have the highest similarity in land use function structure layout. This study attempts to reveal the current land use situation of five cities, which will provide a reference for urban development planning and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of protected areas in addressing global environmental change depends on the development of management strategies that are inclusive of broad values held by local community members. Here, we report on results from a longitudinal and quasi-experimental study that engaged community members in deliberation around their visions for the future of protected areas in Interior Alaska. Following a regional household survey, we purposively assembled three groups of residents according to the relative strength of their broad value orientations. Each group was engaged in online discussions over a month-long period time and a thematic analysis of the resulting transcripts was performed to understand: (1) the perceived benefits and threats facing protected areas, and (2) reflections on how public land management agencies should improve decision-making to better incorporate the perspectives of residents. Results showed that the landscape provided a multitude of benefits, such as natural beauty, opportunities for living an Alaskan lifestyle, and sense of community. Conversely, climate variability, ambivalence toward tourism, and large-scale development were the primary perceived threats. Residents also shared recommendations for how to build meaningful public engagement processes rooted in a philosophy of 'inclusive conservation' that solves sustainability science problems by balancing the consequences of different visions for nature-based solutions. Text-based patterns of deliberation showed that broad values affected the topics of discussion and social learning that occurred in small but meaningful ways. We suggest that people with similar values can hold distinct visions for the future, and that shared spaces for deliberation are important for enabling collective action. We also contend that protected area management decision-making should be transformed through the adoption of a value-based framework whereby guiding principles and relational learning are actively weighed in the process of developing more sustainable solutions for society's most pressing natural resource management problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outdoor recreation is an essential way many people engage with nature. The provision of public spaces for recreation intersects with conservation practices motivated by intertwined social and ecological values, such as strict practices associated with the concept of 'wilderness'. Debates persist about how such concepts and management practices influence people's recreation experiences.Many US public land management agencies facilitate opportunities for outdoor recreation, relying on management frameworks and tools intended to foster specific experiential qualities. But these frameworks and tools assume simplistic relationships between settings and people's experiences, and managers rarely assess these relationships.This study uses a data set of nearly 70,000 crowdsourced trip reports from a hiking website to understand the qualities of visitors' experiences on trails. We study the geographic distribution of experiential qualities commonly associated with US wilderness areas: aesthetics, awe, challenge, pristineness, quietness, solitude and timelessness. Using analytical methods that rely on machine learning and natural language processing, we identify these experiential qualities in trip reports from hundreds of routes, and use generalized linear models to analyse relationships between the frequency of each experiential quality and the route's administrative, built, biophysical, geographic and social settings.We find that four of the seven experiential qualities (aesthetics, awe, challenge and solitude) are commonly described in trip reports, each appearing in 15%–55% of manually coded reports. The extent to which setting characteristics explained variability in experiences differed, ranging from 34% of the variability in the proportion of trip reports describing aesthetics to 55% for awe. The setting characteristics associated with each experiential quality also differed, with characteristics such as trail mileage and summit destinations having stronger influences on experiential qualities than characteristics such as wilderness designation.Synthesis and applications. Our findings suggest the need to consider more diverse variables in experience–setting relationships, develop more robust models to characterize those relationships and create new data sources to represent understudied variables. These advances would help empirically inform and improve frameworks and tools used for recreation and wilderness planning and monitoring, and potentially promote more responsive management to evolving social–ecological values. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Last Chance Tourism. 500 Places to See Before They Disappear. 100 Places to Go Before They Disappear. As these (real) book titles attest, climate change, often in combination with loss of biodiversity, has created a new kind of ecotourism, which we term eco-necrotourism--the desire to see natural wonders and rare species before they are lost or transformed forever. As a scholarly topic, eco-necrotourism is a small facet of an emerging necessity for climate change law and policy: the need for planners, managers, lawmakers, and policy writers to consider human psychological responses to climate change and its impacts. However, those responses will be place- and culture-specific, making this new component of climate change adaptation law as varied and complex as climate change adaptation itself. This Article offers a manageable starting place for theorists, managers, and policymakers: the potential impacts of human psychological responses to climate impacts on management of the world's nature parks. Eco-necrotourism emerges from the intersection of two separately observed phenomena: the long-acknowledged promotion of last chance tourism and the relatively recent naming and explorations of ecological grief. While these two phenomena have become active topics of discussion in other disciplines, this Article is the first, we believe, to discuss their intersection and the emergence of eco-necrotourism as legal problems. Thus, this Article's first contribution to the legal literature is to demonstrate to readers--most importantly public lands managers--that eco-necrotourism is both real (at least for certain public natural wonders) and important for nature park managers who must increasing deal with climate change and its impacts, including the psychological responses of former, existing, and future visitors. The exact implications of eco-necrotourism for managers will, of course, vary according to the impacts that a nature park is experiencing, how tourism intersects with those impacts, and the legal authorities governing management of the protected area. Nevertheless, eco-necrotourism surfaces at least four novel and significant considerations for management: cognizing visitor psychological responses in adaptation planning; the need to reconceptualize use and access; preparing for the last visitor problem; and interrogating the meaning and methods of achieving intergenerational equity. More generally, however, this Article provides the first concrete example of how subjective human psychological responses may complicate climate change adaptation planning. Specifically, instead of merely assessing likely climate change impacts and mapping scenarios--with, of course, input from the relevant communities, individuals, and interest groups--managers and governments will increasingly need to acknowledge that building capacity to address psychological reactions to climate change impacts is a crucial part of climate change adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare earth elements (REES) in urban soils are attracting increasing attention due to their expanded usage in modern technology. However, there is limited information on the spatial patterns and influencing factors of REES in urban soil. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of REES (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu) in urban soil in Kaifeng, Henan province, China. A total of sixty-six representative soil samples were collected from different land use types and the concentrations of thirteen rare earth elements (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu) were analyzed. Results showed that the concentrations of REES in different land use types followed the order of Ce > La > Nd > Pr > Gd > Sm > Dy > Er > Yb > Eu > Tb > Tm > Lu. Light rare earth elements (LREE) are generally more concentrated than heavy rare earth elements (HREE). Total REE concentrations in the soils were the highest in transportation land, followed by industrial and mining land, residential land, public management and service land, commercial consumption land and control area land. The highest REE concentrations were observed in the middle and southeast of the study area, mainly in densely populated old urban and traditional industrial areas. Different land use types showed LREE enrichment, and Eu exhibited negative anomaly characteristics. The SL/SH ratio was generally higher than the upper crust at 9.54, indicating clear terrigenous signs. The overall depositional environment of the surface soil in the study area was reduced, and the degree of heterogeneity of the LREE within the surface soil was significantly different from that of HREE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public land management agencies in the US are committed to using science‐informed decision making, but there has been little research on the types and topics of science that managers need most to inform their decisions. We used the National Environmental Policy Act to identify four types of science information needed for making decisions relevant to public lands: (1) data on resources of concern, (2) scientific studies relevant to potential effects of proposed actions, (3) methods for quantifying potential effects of proposed actions, and (4) effective mitigation measures. We then used this framework to analyze 70 Environmental Assessments completed by the Bureau of Land Management in Colorado. Commonly proposed actions were oil and gas development, livestock grazing, land transactions, and recreation. Commonly analyzed resources included terrestrial wildlife, protected birds, vegetation, and soils. Focusing research efforts on the intersection of these resources and actions, and on developing and evaluating the effectiveness of mitigation measures to protect these resources, could strengthen the science foundation for public lands decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil has a vast reserve of natural forests that belong to the state; hence, the state is responsible for supplying native wood to the market. However, the management in public forests has only begun recently; thus, much research is needed to know about its profitability. This study analyzed the financial feasibility of public forest management by addressing the following aspects: state concession, federal concession, and community forest management. We used the Net Present Value, Annual Equivalent Value, and Average Cost of Production methods to assess financial feasibility and applied the Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the probability of occurrence of NPV values. Community forest management showed profitability and a low occurrence of positive NPV values. The initial subsidies and the absence of royalty payments contributed to their good financial performance. The state and federal forest concessions showed financial unfeasibility and a low probability of profitability, which were justified by a low harvested volume of forest management, a high number of hollow individuals with small dimensions, poor volume estimates, and a high occurrence of species with low commercial values. Financial viability is a critical aspect of public forest management, and the achievement of good results depends on the consideration of several factors and aspects of public forests. Characteristics such as species composition, the distance between the managed areas, and the place of consumption must be considered. Areas that are not financially viable in the current period can be considered for future management and maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of a wildfire that occurred in Jonathan Dickinson State Park in Florida in 1971. The fire, which was not caused by lightning, spread rapidly due to dry conditions caused by a severe drought and shifting winds. It posed a threat to nearby homes and required the efforts of over 400 firefighters to control. Despite the destruction of mature sand pines, the fire had a positive impact on the park's vegetation, allowing for the growth of new plants and wildflowers. The article emphasizes the importance of managing fire-prone ecosystems on public land and discusses the use of prescribed burns in managing the park. The park had not conducted regular prescribed burns until the 1971 wildfire, which prompted a change in approach. Prescribed burns became a staple of public land management in Florida, but the sand pine scrub presented challenges due to the fire racing through the pine canopy. Different plant species in the park have different responses to fire, with some quickly resprouting and others needing to reestablish from seed. Careful planning and evaluation of prescribed burns are necessary to protect and manage the park's diverse ecosystems and species. [Extracted from the article]

Forest and rangeland managers in Western North America have called for expanding the use of prescribed fire as an ecologically appropriate tool to reduce flammable fuels and risk of catastrophic wildfire. Achieving this goal has been difficult, in large part because of anticipated public opposition. Survey research on perceptions of prescribed fire among residents of wildfire-prone areas reveals that large majorities believe it is acceptable to use in carefully chosen setings. However, there is less support for burning everywhere. Managers believe burning would be beneficial, driven largely by levels of confidence, that government agency managers can use it safely and effectively. In the evaluation of whether to employ prescribed fire or mechanical removal for diminishing fuel hazards on public lands, decision-makers must carefully consider various tradeoffs. These include assessing the risks and costs to property owners stemming from both wildfire and prescribed fire, as well as the pertinent costs associated with fuel-reduction options. Furthermore, decision-makers must consider the potential smoke impacts, particularly on vulnerable individuals, and the associated costs and benefits for wildlife and ecosystems. Additionally, they should factor in the public’s awareness of these tradeoffs. Traditional cost-benefit analyses may not be sufficient for such an evaluation. Instead, risk assessment frameworks used in natural disaster planning may prove valuable in conjunction with a public outreach strategy that includes general information on prescribed fire risks and benefits, regular communication about agency activities, and project-specific information aimed at helping people reduce negative impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a summary of various developments related to tribal governments and state and local governments in the United States. The U.S. Supreme Court decision in Moore v. Harper is highlighted as an important ruling for protecting Native voting rights. Additionally, there are examples of states allowing tribal input in the management of public lands, Maine granting more federal laws to Wabanaki Tribes, and the implementation of tribal consultation in North Carolina's public schools. Other topics covered include Illinois passing laws to protect Native people, Minnesota recognizing Indigenous People's Day as a state holiday, and the Cherokee Nation signing revenue-sharing agreements with Oklahoma municipalities. The document also mentions the release of a final report on the impacts of the Boarding School era in Colorado, a water rights settlement between Ohkay Owingeh and the state of New Mexico, the discontinuation of a task force on missing and murdered Indigenous people in New Mexico, efforts to incorporate traditional Navajo teachings into child welfare services, a Department of Justice investigation into discrimination by the Minneapolis Police Department, collaboration between the Ignacio Colorado School Board and the Southern Ute Indian Tribe, and an investigation into the harsh discipline of Native American students in the Gallup-McKinley school district in New Mexico. [Extracted from the article]

The development of urban food policies has shed light on the strategic role of public landownership for strengthening farmers capacities in the context of rising land values. Despite attention on a few pioneering farming initiatives promoted by local authorities on public farmland, however, there is often little understanding of the extent of public landownership and the modus operandi of public institutions within urban land markets. This makes it hard to assess how representative these 'pioneering' projects are and whether or not they are embedded in coherent urban agendas. The city region of Ghent (Belgium) offers an exemplary case: internationally celebrated for its innovative urban food policy, its administration is at the centre of controversies with farmers and grassroots movements who denounced the large-scale sell-off of historical public farmland in the city region. Using Belgian Land Registry data, this paper constructs a unique, empirically grounded, cartography of public landownership and public land transaction for the Ghent city region. The results expose deep contradictions in public policy and demonstrate the continuation of an urbanism disconnected from agricultural concerns. They also provide tools for reshaping the management of public land aligned to urban food policy goals, in and beyond the Ghent city region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Curse of Conservation: Empirical Evidence Demonstrating That Changes in Land-Use Legislation Drove Catastrophic Bushfires in Southeast Australia. "Victorian Environment Assessment Council Digital Archive" Victorian Environment Assessment Council, The Digital Archive Contains Published Reports and Maps of the Land Conservation Council from 1971 to 1997Available online: https://www.veac.vic.gov.au/digital-archive/investigations(accessed on 22 June 2023) 3 McPhee G. The Land Conservation Council, Conservation or Exploitation? In 1970, the Victorian state government in Australia established the Land Conservation Council (LCC) to study the state's publicly-owned land and make recommendations for its use [[1]]. [Extracted from the article]

What is the relationship between the state and housing financialisation? Much of the literature describes the state playing a role to promote the regulatory, legislative, and financial conditions needed to allow global financial capital to penetrate land and property markets. I build on these arguments to develop in what ways the state is playing an active role in housing financialisation in Turkey. I suggest that the Turkish national state has deliberately, actively, and forcefully pursued housing financialisation by (i) introducing new legislation; (ii) creating financial frameworks to encourage speculation by domestic and international capital on land and housing as assets (iii) enclosing public land and exploiting informal types of tenure; (iv) assetising land and housing by developing revenue-sharing urban regeneration projects; and (v) using coercive legal and penal force to criminalise informal development, and to quell resistance to state-led regeneration. My conclusions add weight to Christophers' contention that the role of the state needs to be reconceptualised to capture its direct involvement in housing financialisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article represents a longitudinal case study addressing innovative change within public sector land management functions in Victoria, Australia. It is significant as it connects together a range of factors that influenced and changed public policy in this important sector of the economy while substantial changes to its operations occurred. This change was tracked over many years by a public sector practitioner teamed with a research professional giving an unusual view of the process and providing rare insights. It highlights how departmental level changes led to progressive innovations to an organization and its service delivery resulting in sustainability outcomes. This article presents a longitudinal case study addressing innovative change in public sector land management functions in Victoria, Australia. The change factors included New Public Management, global pressures, government innovation and sustainability policies. Departmental level changes created a strong base for innovation and enhanced service delivery improving sustainability outcomes enabling the delivery of precision agriculture. The change facilitated organizational innovation by generating improved delivery fostering sustainability outcomes. The study involved collaboration between practitioners and researchers to promote impactful research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public urban lands significantly benefit the people, environment, and economy and demand protection and proper management from people. However, unauthorized encroachment and occupation of public lands by Burundians have posed a significant threat to the sustainability of public lands. Understanding legal and policy responses and their coherence are critical for long-term public urban land management. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the coherency and ambiguity in the existing legal and policy frameworks vis -à- vis the management of public urban lands in Burundi. The such policy-level analysis could help to scrutinize the areas of policy intervention to improve the management of public urban lands. Qualitative research was applied. Data were collected from desk reviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. A Common Analytical Framework was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the different land-related policies. The evaluation is made based on three criteria: the content of each policy, governance of the policy under evaluation, and policy linkage to land management. The findings reveal that public urban land issues are fragmentally found in different policies and consequently are ineffectively managed by various institutions. This paper recommends the need for mainstreaming of public urban land in the land management programmes as well as harmonization of policy frameworks to effectively deal with public urban lands in Burundi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Afforestation can play a significant role in greenhouse gas emission reduction through increased carbon (C) sequestration in the biomass and soil. However, its environmental effects, especially through changes in soil characteristics as a result of afforestation, are still poorly understood. In this work, we studied the response of grassland soils derived from two different parent materials to afforestation. We measured the basic soil properties, including pH, C accumulation, nutrient contents and enzyme activity, in soils from grasslands and mature forests. We focused on the parameters associated with organic matter and the changes resulting from afforestation. We established that in the humus layers, habitat played a more important role in creating the soil properties, including organic-C accumulation, than land use (forest vs. grassland). We created models to explain the C storage in the soils, which indicated the substantial role of certain conditions in promoting the stabilisation of the organic matter, such as pH, and the amount of clay, humines and residue. We determined negative changes in the soil properties when compared with grassland and forest soils, but we found increased C storage, which counteracts the increased emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The results of our work may be of use for afforestation planners and urban managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although smoke production and the hydrological and edaphic consequences of burning were studied at Miller Creek, effects of clearcutting and prescribed fire on conifer regeneration and plant succession were central to the experiment. Located on the Flathead National Forest in northwestern Montana, Miller Creek Demonstration Forest (Miller Creek) was an early showcase of the multidisciplinary science and management that now characterizes forest management on public lands ([1]). [Extracted from the article]

Government agencies may be an additional source of unequal representation beyond that stemming from the differential responsiveness of elected officials. We use plausibly exogenous focusing events, which raise public demands for government provision of local public goods, to examine evidence of inequality in agency decision-making. Using the empirical case of wildfire risk management in the western United States, we find that experiencing nearby wildfires raises the salience of wildfire risk and leads agencies to place a greater number of risk reduction projects nearby, even when wildfire risk has already been reduced. This effect predominates among high socioeconomic status communities, especially higher income, more educated, and whiter communities. Empirical evidence is consistent with a formal model in which public agencies perpetuate inequality due to differences in the costs of lobbying across demographically varying communities and differences across communities in the benefits to agencies of responding to their demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public lands in the United States are primarily administered by four federal agencies that enjoy broad management discretion under both Chevron deference from courts and generous statutory mandates. While this discretion can promote flexibility and allow agencies to apply their expertise, deference to agencies is a double-edged sword. It also leads to policy whiplash. Whiplash occurs when agencies quickly reverse course on policy decisions, often in response to changing political tides. It has become ubiquitous in our modern political system, and land management agencies that must balance conflicting land use goals or follow multiple-use mandates are especially vulnerable to these policy swings. In the public lands context, whiplash appears in varied circumstances, from energy leasing on BLM lands, to road construction in National Forests, to snowmobile use in National Parks. This Note argues that frequent policy reversals are not a built-in requirement of democracy. Instead, whiplash harms both environmental and economic interests by making it more difficult to create stable public lands policy. The Note then explores potential solutions. It outlines some legislative options that could help limit whiplash despite current Congressional gridlock. Next, this Note suggests that courts may be able to mitigate policy whiplash. First, courts could make it harder for land management agencies to change their minds. Second, the major questions doctrine has a potential silver lining in this context; it could limit the agency discretion that creates whiplash, if the doctrine applies in the first place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entire Arctic is rapidly warming, which brings in a multitude of environmental consequences far beyond the northern high-latitude limits. Land cover maps offer biophysical insights into the terrestrial environment and are therefore essential for understanding the transforming Arctic in the context of anthropogenic activity and climate change. Satellite remote sensing has revolutionized our ability to capture land cover information over large areas. However, circumpolar Arctic-scale fine-resolution land cover mapping has so far been lacking. Here, we utilize a combination of multimode satellite observations and topographic data at 10 m resolution to provide a new baseline land cover product (CALC-2020) across the entire terrestrial Arctic for circa 2020. Accuracy assessments suggest that the CALC-2020 product exhibits satisfactory performances, with overall accuracies of 79.3 % and 67.3 %, respectively, at validation sample locations and field/flux tower sites. The derived land cover map displays reasonable agreement with pre-existing products, meanwhile depicting more subtle polar biome patterns. Based on the CALC-2020 dataset, we show that nearly half of the Arctic landmass is covered by graminoid tundra or lichen/moss. Spatially, the land cover composition exhibits regional dominance, reflecting the complex suite of both biotic and abiotic processes that jointly determine the Arctic landscape. The CALC-2020 product we developed can be used to improve Earth system modelling and benefit the ongoing efforts on sustainable Arctic land management by public and non-governmental sectors. The CALC-2020 land cover product is freely available on Science Data Bank: 10.57760/sciencedb.01869 (Xu et al., 2022a). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Understanding habitat dynamics is essential for effective conservation as landscapes rapidly change. In a companion paper in this issue, Shirk et al. (2023) introduced an automated habitat monitoring system using Google Earth Engine and applied this framework to develop a dynamic model of Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) habitat across the southwestern US from 1986 to 2020. Objectives: We explored the application of this dynamic model of Mexican spotted owl habitat in the context of the species' ecology. Methods: We evaluated environmental correlates of Mexican spotted owl habitat, assessed potential spatial non-stationarity in habitat selection, estimated long-term trends in habitat by quantifying changes in habitat amount and quality between 1986 and 2020, and evaluated the extent to which habitat changes over the past 35 years have been driven by wildfire. Results: Topography and climate appeared to outweigh reflectance-based (vegetation) metrics in describing Mexican spotted owl habitat and habitat selection was non-stationary across modeling sub-regions. Total habitat area for Mexican spotted owls declined by ~ 21% since 1986 (0.6% annually), but trends varied spatially and some even reversed over the past decade. Wildfire was responsible for between 8 and 35% of total habitat loss, depending on the sub-region considered. Conclusions: The automated habitat monitoring system allowed trend estimation and accurate assessment of current habitat status for Mexican spotted owls; maps were accurate, spatially detailed, and current. The ability to continually produce accurate maps for large land areas for threatened species such as the Mexican spotted owl facilitates science-based land management on public lands in the southwestern US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper relates the cartographic construction of public lands by topographic surveys of the Colorado Plateau in the 19th Century to contemporary debates over the management of public lands. We focus our attention on the Bears Ears National Monument that was established by President Barack Obama via Executive Order in 2016, only to be significantly reduced in size by President Donald Trump one year later. Debates over the Monument hinged on competing notions of the public interest, where the public was conceived as a singular entity in ways that marginalized the leading role played by the Hopi, Zuni, Navajo, Ute, and Ute Mountain Ute tribes in securing designation of the Monument. These debates featured competing claims of "federal overreach" and theft that glossed over the Tribes' role in creating the Monument, let alone how the land became public in the first place. This paper considers the role that surveys by the US Army Corps of Topographic Engineers, John Wesley Powell, Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden, and others played in papering over the theft of Indigenous lands. Their cartographic depictions of the region underpin current debates over management of public lands. They also shape the terrain on which the five tribes in the Bears Ears Inter-Tribal Coalition have worked to protect the area through designation of the Bears Ears National Monument. Framing struggles over Bears Ears as a public lands issue embraces a history of erasure and dispossession and shifts focus from returning land to tribal control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Because the ethical foundation for the management of free-roaming horses and burros is very muddled, debates over approaches to their management, including fertility control, focus almost exclusively on practicality. In the U.S., this tendency is reinforced by the federal laws that govern public lands management, which center decision-making processes on calculations about how to divide yield among users. Inevitably, outside market forces bias these decisions towards overuse, which ultimately harms the land. In our view, the land and all its inhabitants, including free-roaming horses and burros, wildlife, and people, will only thrive if the pressures of commercial use are removed, and if management is guided by ethics of care, which have rich and diverse cultural origins. Application of care ethics will specifically provide more clarity to horse and burro management, including the selection of appropriate fertility control agents. To be effective and publicly acceptable, management of free-roaming horses and burros in the United States and elsewhere needs a consistent ethical framing of the animals and the land they occupy. In the U.S., the two laws that largely govern wild horse and burro management, the 1971 Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Act and the 1976 Federal Land Policy and Management Act ("FLPMA"), rest on conflicting foundations, the former based on an ethic of care and the latter on largely utilitarian principles. These conflicts specifically fuel debates over the selection of appropriate fertility control agents for horse and burro management. Because land-use and management decisions are largely controlled by the FLPMA, and because the ethical treatment of animals is typically considered under conditions established by their use, both the larger debate about equids and land management and the specific debate about fertility control are dominated by cost/benefit calculations and avoid broader ethical considerations. In our view, the long-term health and ethical treatment of free-roaming horses and burros, the lands they occupy, and the wildlife and people they share it with will require the replacement of the resource-use model with a more holistic, care-based approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Interior of Alaska is one of the few remaining places in the world with intact ecosystems. Protected areas in this region, particularly Denali National Park and Preserve and Denali State Park, are high-profile tourism destinations situated in a rural landscape that is inhabited by a diverse array of stakeholders. Public land management agencies are faced with the challenging task of engaging these rural residents in discussions about their relationships with a rapidly changing landscape to understand change and growth. This study evaluated residents' perceptions of social and ecological dynamics of protected areas in Interior Alaska using data from fuzzy cognitive mapping exercises that were part of focus groups and interviews across six local communities. Guided by an exploratory resilience framework, we established a baseline understanding of features that characterized social and ecological conditions at a regional scale. Results showed how residents valued a variety of socio-cultural, socioeconomic, and ecological features of the landscape. The region was predominantly characterized by tourism, sense of community, subsistence, and wilderness. Climate change and large-scale development were the primary drivers of change. Our findings also showed that although the characterization of the region was shared in many ways, there were nuanced differences articulated by residents in each community that warrant attention. These findings provide a structured platform for building resilience and interpreting variability in visions for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many public land management programs in the southeastern United States have been restoring the longleaf pine forest for more than 20 years, which includes intensive treatment with fire, thinning, chemical control of competition, and tree planting. A shift to more passive management (prescribed burning alone) is anticipated once a critical level of longleaf pine has been established. It remains unclear whether this longleaf pine threshold has been reached and whether intensive management should continue at Fort Benning, Georgia. Using the Landis-II forest landscape model, changes in tree species and forest types were estimated from 2017 to 2117 under four forest management scenarios, ranging from passive ("burn only") to intensive ("proactive"). The desired future condition includes 75% of upland forest dominated by longleaf pine (>49.5% composition). The proactive scenario resulted in the desired future forest condition, whereas reactive and passive scenarios did not. These results suggest a critical threshold of longleaf pine forest has not been reached at Fort Benning and therefore intensive management approaches are still required. This study shows that even well-established populations of longleaf pine on public lands require maintenance and continued intensive restoration to reach desired forest-wide conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing population of free-roaming horses (Equus ferus caballus) on western public rangelands has necessitated that federal agencies, such as the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and U.S. Forest Service, develop novel approaches to curb growth including reproduction management. However, bureaucracy has hindered effective research and application of horse management on public lands and examples on private lands may present new solutions. Here we present the history and current population management strategy for the Wild Horse Ranch (WHR) located in southeastern Wyoming, USA, as an example of an ongoing private entity managing horses. Prior to 1985, this ~6,000-ha ranch was used historically for domestic sheep (Ovis aries) production, and after 1985, for yearling cattle (Bos taurus). In 2005, geldings (i.e., castrated males) and mares were purchased from BLM by WHR and introduced to the ranch in conjunction with the development of home sites. In 2019, landowners formed the Wild Horse Preservation Society (WHPS) to enhance horse management and care. The WHPS uses multiple approaches to manage population growth including castrating stallions and treating mares with chemical contraception through partnerships with veterinarians and other stakeholders. In addition, WHPS feeds supplemental hay to horses in severe winter months, provides water during the summer, monitors rangeland vegetation, horse diets, and cares for abandoned foals or geriatric horses. The WHPS is a network of board members and landowners that is working for the betterment of horse welfare and rangeland health and is situated to be a leading entity and example in the area of free-enterprise free-roaming horse reproduction management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, the Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act (WFRHBA) gave the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the U.S. Forest Service the statutory obligation to manage and protect free-roaming equids (i.e., wild horses [Equus ferus] and burros [E. asinus]) on designated management areas on public land. The WFRHBA was intended to ensure that wild horses and burros on the public lands exist in self-sustaining herds in perpetuity, alongside other congressionally mandated, multiple uses of public lands. The BLM recently published a strategic research plan for their wild horse and burro program. The research plan places the highest priority on the development and testing of longer-lasting fertility control methods for wild mares and jennies. The second-highest research priority addresses the need for a better science regarding the relationships between wild horses and burros and their environments, especially related to the effects of drought and climate change. Research in these 2 key priority topics could lead to better outcomes for sustaining wild horses and burros on designated public lands in the western United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]