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In this research, we propose that although consumers view the scientific process as competent, they also perceive it as cold. Across 10 experimental studies, we demonstrate that these lay beliefs impact consumers' reactions to marketers touting the science behind their brands. Specifically, since hedonic attributes are associated with warmth, the coldness associated with science is conceptually disfluent with the anticipated warmth of hedonic products and attributes, reducing product valuation. In contrast, when products are positioned as utilitarian, invoking science in marketing appeals has a positive effect, as the perceived competence of the scientific process is more compatible with the competence associated with utilitarian products. We further demonstrate that when the necessity of science to create a hedonic product is made salient and thus more fluent, this backfire effect is attenuated. Finally, we identify three theoretically and practically relevant individual differences (endorsement of the lay belief, trust in scientists, and whether the consumer works in a STEM field) that moderate the backfire effect of pairing science with hedonically positioned products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses the relationship between early modern studies and contemporary epistemics. He mentions the statement made by Senator Ted Cruz comparing himself to Galileo and the inaccuracies in that statement, the question of contemporary public confidence in science, and the need for early modern scholars to comment on these topics.

Researchers often focus on the benefits of adopting open science, yet questions remain whether the general public, as well as academics, value and trust studies consistent with open science compared to studies without open science. In three preregistered experiments (total N  =   2,691), we find that the general public perceived open science research and researchers as more credible and trustworthy than non-open science counterparts (Studies 1 and 2). We also explored if open science practices compensated for negative perceptions of privately-funded research versus publicly-funded research (Study 2), although the evidence did not support this hypothesis. Finally, Study 3 examined how communication scholars perceive researchers and their work as a function of open science adoption, along with publication outlet (e.g. high-prestige vs. low-prestige journals). We observed open science research was perceived more favorably than non-open science research by academics. We discuss implications for the open science movement and public trust in science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disagreement and incivility are increasingly common in science communication. While previous work has explored effects on issue attitudes, it has not examined how disagreement and incivility in news coverage influence attention to and trust in science. In this study, we investigate how civil and uncivil disagreement about non-politicized issues affects attention to science news, evaluations of research, and scientific trust. Results reveal that disagreement and incivility can not only lead to less attention to and acceptance of particular science issues, but also broader mistrust of scientists and scientific methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decline in trust in the scientific community in the United States among political conservatives has been well established. But this observation is complicated by remarkably positive and stable attitudes toward scientific research itself. What explains the persistence of positive belief in science in the midst of such dramatic change? By leveraging research on the performativity of conservative identity, we argue that conservative scientific institutions have manufactured a scientific cultural repertoire that enables participation in this highly valued epistemological space while undermining scientific authority perceived as politically biased. We test our hypothesized link between conservative identity and scientific perceptions using panel data from the General Social Survey. We find that those with stable conservative identities hold more positive attitudes toward scientific research while simultaneously holding more negative attitudes towards the scientific community compared to those who switch to and from conservative political identities. These findings support a theory of a conservative scientific repertoire that is learned over time and that helps orient political conservatives in scientific debates that have political repercussions. Implications of these findings are discussed for researchers interested in the cultural differentiation of scientific authority and for stakeholders in scientific communication and its public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the COVID‐19 crisis, society pins its hopes on science to play an authoritative role in reducing uncertainty and ambiguity. But is science up to the task? This is far from self‐evident. The demands on science in times of crisis run counter to the values of good, normal science. Crisis science needs to be fast, univocal, personalized, and direct, while normal science is slow, contentious, collective, and sensitive to complexity. Science can only play its atypical role if it is staged in the public arena. Some patterns of staging stand out: personalization, visualization, and connection to lived experiences. So far, the staging of science has been successful, but it is fragile. The COVID‐19 crisis shows the potential of well‐staged forms of alliance between science and policy, but when the general assumption is that scientists will "solve" societal "problems," the staging of science has gone too far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientists are trained to communicate research in a technical manner but often lack the skills to communicate scientific findings to the general public. Effective communication and research translation are increasingly important competencies for researchers and have broader benefits to scientists and society. The aim of the study was to assess the perceptions, experiences, and training needs relative to science communication and research translation of project investigators associated with the Center for Oceans and Human Health and Climate Change Interactions at the University of South Carolina. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the Center's investigators. Interview transcripts were coded and analyzed for emergent themes related to science communication and research translation. Investigator descriptions of their research varied in length, and researchers mentioned multiple target audiences. Most investigators preferred in-person and written communication channels and felt "comfortable" communicating uncertain findings to the public despite no formal science communication training. Investigators suggested training focused on plain language development for target communities, assessment of audience needs, and formatting research findings for various groups. Working with multiple target audiences that have preferred communication channels necessitates a comprehensive approach to science communication training to enhance two-way communication between scientists and stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a mixed-method approach is used to examine preservice teachers' views of the nature of science (NOS) and their perceptions of science and scientists. Study sample consisted of 72 preservice primary school teachers of the Faculty of Education of a university in the Aegean Region. 10 items selected from the 25 VOSTS-TR items (Turkish version of Views on Science-Technology- Society) and semi-structured interviews were used to determine participants' views of NOS and their perceptions of science and scientists were analyzed using metaphor analysis. Categories developed based on participants' metaphors were compared with their responses to the related VOSTS-TR items. The majority of participants responded to some items (tentativeness of scientific knowledge, values that guide scientists, nature of observations) from a contemporary point of view while about half of them responded some items (professional interaction in the face of competition, scientists' errors in their works, ethics, effect of gender on the process and product of science) from an insufficient point of view. The greater part of the participants generated metaphors that characterize science as a comprehensive, demanding, laborious, or essential process with infinite content and scientists as a diligent, guiding, leading, or research-focused people who put great effort to conduct research and to raise awareness. Moreover, some trends and similarities were observed between participants' NOS views and their metaphoric perceptions. It is believed that this study will pave the way for further research aiming at analyzing participants' NOS views through strategies based on classroom dialogues about metaphors created by students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well accepted that it is part of a scientist’s duty to communicate science, yet most practicing scientists lack the training and opportunity to do so. In this article, we use the framework of science talks in bars to highlight the importance of locality and environment. We propose that science communication programs should be developed around the locales of the target community as an effective strategy to counter the rising mistrust in science and scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is provided which discusses science skepticism throughout the world during the COVID-19 pandemic and diminishing public trust in science, including the impact of social media in this regard. An overview of ideas to improve science education, including of science history and scientific experiments, is provided.

Understanding public distrust of science is both theoretically and practically important. While previous research has focused on the association between political ideology and trust in science, it is at best an inconsistent predictor. This study demonstrates that two dimensions of political ideology—attitudes towards governments and corporations—can more precisely predict trust in science across issues. Using a survey in the United States and Germany on the science of climate change and genetically modified foods, we find that an individual’s trust in science varies across issues and that attitudes towards government and corporations are important predictors of this trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On April 22, 2017, millions of people marched for science in response to a growing sense of urgency for preserving scientific funding and knowledge, both perceived as threatened by the Trump administration. This research note highlights data collected at three marches: Washington, D.C.; Los Angeles, California; and Austin, Texas. We examine marcher motivations for participation, finding the environment, current administration, and science funding were most prevalent. Furthermore, we find the majority of marchers support stances that position science as public good, including the belief that science informs responsible government policies and the support of government investments in science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the scientific literacy model, enhancing the public’s knowledge of science will dispel misperceptions, which in turn can promote more favorable attitudes toward scientists and their research. Using data from a national survey of South Koreans, our study closely examines how different types of scientific knowledge (factual vs. procedural) are associated with different predictors of attitudes (perceived level of risk, uncertainty of risk, controllability of risk, and perceived trust in scientists), which in turn mediate the link between knowledge and attitudes. Unlike the findings from other countries, we found that scientific knowledge, both factual and procedural, was overall negatively—rather than positively—associated with South Koreans’ attitudes toward science. Findings also demonstrated that knowledge could have either a positive or negative indirect effect, depending upon the types of mediators and the types of knowledge involved in producing such an effect. Implications of the findings are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two studies examined perceptions of scientific and social (social network and public) consensus on scientific issues and their impact on scientific beliefs, using samples of Japanese people. In Study 1 (N = 434), participants’ estimates of scientific and social consensus predicted their scientific beliefs independently of each other. In Study 2 (N = 694), the presentation of scientific and public consensus information as an anchor for consensus estimation influenced participants’ scientific beliefs through their perceptions of scientific and public consensus. The perceived credibility of scientists had little if any effect on the relationship between perceived scientific consensus and scientific beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science is facing a multi-faceted crisis: in terms of quality, of public value, of political legitimacy. To a significant degree, these problems find their origin in the widely held belief that unfettered scientific curiosity provides the best starting point or departure for solving both scienti¡c and social problems. In this article I show how this belief has contributed to a scienti¡c enterprise whose exponentially growing productivity is increasingly decoupled from meeting the standards of high quality or the needs of society. I contrast the ideals of unfettered scientific inquiry with real stories of how science, innovation, and problem solving came together in the institutional arrangements of the “military-industrial complex” after World War II. Through an array of contemporary and historical examples stronger links, I show how stronger links between the context of knowledge creation, and the context of problem solving, provides the pathway along which science can recover both its integrity and its commitment to society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research indicates that balanced news coverage of opposing scientific claims can result in heightened uncertainty among audiences about what is true. In this study, we test the ability of a weight-of-experts statement to enhance individuals’ ability to distinguish between more versus less valid claims. An experiment found that the weight-of-experts narrative led participants to greater certainty about what scientists judged to be true, which made participants more likely to “buy in” to that judgment themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research offers one of the first analyses of the US public's views about synthetic biology, based on nationally representative survey data. We provide in-depth, multiyear descriptive results of public attitudes toward this issue and compare them with individuals' attitudes toward other issues. Our data indicate that the public does not generally feel informed about synthetic biology or believe it is personally important. However, Americans express more reservations about the moral downside of synthetic biology than about other issues. Multivariate analysis reveals that values and predispositions-particularly religiosity, deference to scientific authority and trust in scientists-are linked to support for synthetic biology. We also see evidence indicating that deference to scientific authority reduces the potential for religiosity and distrust in scientists to polarize public attitudes about synthetic biology. We conclude by describing the implications of our findings for the development of synthetic biology research and upstream public engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific research in India has for too long been conducted at a distance from the public, within gated communities of select and chosen few. Fundamental research in basic science, which is the essential groundwork that eventuates in all of the advancements in technology and medicine as well as empowering economic development, goes uncommunicated outside the peer group and is often considered uncommunicable. The translations that approach the lay public also often continue at a distance and, consequently, the outreach that places the product in the public domain is restrained. This article attempts to explore many of the issues around the communication gap, questioning perceptions and convictions in the science-society landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhetoric as a theory of argumentation and persuasion specially relates to a specific way of approaching scientific disclosure, which is no longer regarded as mere literacy, but as a dialogue. Such a change involves the active participation of society in making decisions on the course of science. With this framework, we believe that companies such as biotechnology whose activity arouses philias and phobias among the public -- which can make its becoming -- must take an active role in these talks. On the approach we have selected a sample consisting of biotech SMEs settled in four technology parks in Andalusia. We have analyzed the texts of the homepages of the 29 SMEs; because we understand that these stories themselves and not intermediated, let us know if you consider citizenship as audience interest at which he first step in making the disclosure the axis of its corporate communication. The answer is no. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Gateway Belief Model ( GBM) suggests that highlighting a scientific consensus is the key to improving beliefs about important scientific issues. However, questions have been raised on how one's perception of a scientific consensus affects his or her personal scientific beliefs. Reporting on 2 online experiments, findings suggest that consensus messages designed to impact beliefs on a controversial scientific issue-genetically modified (GM) foods-affect audience segments in different ways. People with low prior support for GM foods are less affected by a message emphasizing a scientific consensus about GM food safety. Including visual exemplars of a scientific consensus in these messages might make them more salient. However, questions remain on how best to apply the GBM to persuasive science communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge deficit model proposes that more information increases public knowledge levels about a given topic and thus leads to improved attitudes and practice. However, research critiques the varying and limited ability of the deficit model. We argue that the deficit model can also produce an unintended cumulative advantage system: growing inequality between and within the knowledge-attitude-practice (KAP) gap of individuals and groups due to a wide variety of possible moderators. Over time, these effects can exacerbate gaps between individuals’ and groups’ levels of KAP. We discuss the negative effects of increasing inequality in sustainability KAP and provide recommendations for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Folk Culture' as Resource: Conjunctures of a Concept between Science and the Public in Switzerland. 'Folk culture' was framed and established by folklore studies/Volkskunde, mainly in the 1930s. Its research activities, especially with extensive individual fieldwork or collaborative collecting projects, shaped the image of Swiss alpine 'folk culture' in a highly lasting way. Even today, the then constructed knowledge formats exert their power not only in public debate, but in the wake of Switzerland's attempts to cope with UNESCO's list of 'intangible heritage'. The article argues for intense research on historical contexts of the longstanding knowledge formats to broaden the concept of 'popular culture' for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in motivated reasoning supports the notion that sociopolitical identity moderates the impact of knowledge on attitudes toward science issues. However, science knowledge and sociopolitical orientation have been measured in different ways, and the results have not been entirely consistent. In this study, 964 adults participated in an online survey-experiment examining their reactions to a message about local water quality. Results show that while issue-specific knowledge predicts increased environmental science public policy support, “polluting” the information environment with already politicized message frames activates sociopolitical orientation as a moderator and, among certain groups, reverses the direction of the relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, professional science organizations in the United States, including the National Research Council, National Institutes of Health, and National Science Foundation, have expressed concern about waning policy influence, declining government funding, and the growing politicization of science. Given this background, a number of theoretical questions motivate this study. First, what is the political context of scientific authority in the contemporary United States? More specifically, how can we best understand the association between political ideology and public perceptions of science in the current polarized environment? Using data from the National Science Foundation's Survey of Public Attitudes Toward and Understanding of Science and Technology (2006-2012), this study finds that the American public is culturally and politically divided in its support for the intersection of science and the state. Various models of political and cultural polarization are tested. Overall, ideological challenges to the cultural authority of science cannot be reduced to left-right political polarization or to conservative religious beliefs. Instead, skepticism on the political right is multifold, involving distinct modes of thought and concerns about the institutional ties between science and the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented regarding the lessons learned related to environmental health sciences based from the study entitled "Perceptions of science in America" conducted by American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Topics mentioned include the finding that shows the high confidence of adults in the U.S. on leaders of the scientific community, the funding support on scientific research, and the skepticism of political leaders on science.

Medical research findings are often tentative, and people should be able to perceive this. However, the psychological processes underlying this ability are largely unclear. In a laboratory experiment, we found that the following factors had an impact on perception of tentativeness of research findings reported in a newspaper article: (a) the framing of findings, (b) emphasis on the limited reliability of the findings in the article, (c) people’s provisional opinion on the topic, and (d) their medicine-related epistemological beliefs. We make recommendations to science journalists to help promote the public understanding of health research and provide suggestions for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Scientific results are always afflicted with some uncertainty, especially where emerging technologies are concerned. While there are normative and practical reasons to call for an open admission of scientific uncertainties, concerns about detrimental effects of such communication on public engagement with science have been raised in the literature. The present study was conducted to investigate how the communication of scientific uncertainty in nanotechnology influences laypeople’s interest in science and new technologies, beliefs about the nature of science, and trust in scientists. In a longitudinal field experiment, 945 participants were exposed to six real-world media reports (TV features and newspaper articles) on nanotechnology. Contrary to our expectations, the communication of scientific uncertainties was unable to change general beliefs about the nature of science. However, it had no detrimental effect on the trust in scientists, and with respect to interest in science and new technologies, slightly positive effects were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on the threats in the minds of people regarding the emerging field of synthetic biology. It mentions that Great Britain's Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) has highlighted the importance of synthetic biology in several areas such as therapeutics, environmental biosensors and drug development. It mentions that EPSRC's SWOT analysis of synthetic biology revealed that public fear regarding synthetic biology can obstruct research in synthetic biology.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including imaginaries of the public created as threat by synthetic biology institutions, role played by public in development of technoscientific knowledge and progress in technoscientific areas.

This article discusses the work of French biologist Gilles-Éric Séralini and his criticism of genetically modified foods. The authors comment on the relationship between science and sociology, including the topics of genomics and genetic modification as studied by Séralini. The evolution of public opinion and confidence in such sciences during the first part of the 21st century is also examined.

We describe a simple, flexible exercise that can be implemented in the philosophy of science classroom: students are asked to determine the contents of a closed container without opening it. This exercise has revealed itself as a useful platform from which to examine a wide range of issues in the philosophy of science and may, we suggest, even help us think about improving the public understanding of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the highlights of Forecasting and Understanding Trends, Uncertainty and Responses of North Pacific Marine Ecosystems (FUTURE) Open Science Meeting (OSM) Session on "Challenges in communicating science and engaging the public," held on April 15, 2014. Highlights discussed include keynote speaker Bill Peterson talking about four-step process of Status, Outlooks, Forecasts and Engagement (SOFE) for production of useful products on climate driven living marine resources (LMR).

Drawing on the idea that biodiversity is simply the diversity of living things, and that everyone knows what diversity and living things mean, most conservation professionals eschew the need to explain the many complex ways in which biodiversity is understood in science. On many biodiversity-related issues, this lack of clarity leads to a communication gap between science and the general public, including decision makers who must design and implement biodiversity policies. Closing this communication gap is pivotal to the ability of science to inform sound environmental decision making. To address this communication gap, we propose a surrogate of biodiversity for communication purposes that captures the scientific definition of biodiversity yet can be understood by nonscientists; that is, biodiversity as a learning experience. The prerequisites of this or any other biodiversity communication surrogate are that it should have transdisciplinary relevance; not be measurable; be accessible to a wide audience; be usable to translate biodiversity issues; and understandably encompass biodiversity concepts. Biodiversity as a learning experience satisfies these prerequisites and is philosophically robust. More importantly, it can effectively contribute to closing the communication gap between biodiversity science and society at large. Experimentando la Biodiversidad como un Puente sobre el Vacío entre la Comunicación Ciencia-Sociedad [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] I track the changing claims on Charles Darwin between evolutionists in the late 20th century. [•] I conclude that this reveals a fundamental difference between these evolutionists. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents the results of the first survey conducted in Belgium about the interest in and knowledge of astronomy. Two samples were studied, the public at large (667 questionnaires) and students (2589 questionnaires), but the results are generally similar in both samples. We evaluated people’s interest, main information source and attitudes towards astronomy, as well as their supposed and actual knowledge of the subject. The main conclusion is that, despite poor self-confidence, people do know the basic astronomical concepts. However, that knowledge is not deeply rooted, as reasoning questions show widespread misconceptions and/or misunderstandings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stanley Micklavzina, a US physics educator on sabbatical, teams up with a Swedish national research laboratory, a synchrotron radiation experimental group and a university science centre to develop and create educational and public outreach projects. Descriptions of the physics, science centre displays and public demonstrations covering the physics principles involved in using photons and neutrons to probe materials are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the politicization of science in the U.S. Topics include the relationship between politics and many important biological issues, such as stem cell research, the political party most responsible for politicizing science, and comments from science historian Ron Doel at Florida State University and assistant professor of sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Gordon Gauchat, on when science became suspect, specifically during the climate change debate.

This study investigates a range of positions that learners take on the relationship between science and religion and the potential for these positions to explain student approaches when learning about evolution. A phenomenographic study based on interviews with nine students studying in Christian high schools in Thailand led to the identification of five distinct positions on the relationship between science and religion. Each position was associated with a characteristic pattern of learning about evolution that could be explained as an attempt by the students to align their particular learning approach with their position. Three of the positions have the potential to support scientifically valid understandings of evolution while avoiding emotional conflict. We suggest that knowledge of the range of positions and associated learning approaches can help educators to focus on the form and timing of support of benefit to those holding different viewpoints. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Natural history museums open their doors to millions of family visitors each year and are considered to have a valuable role to play in engaging these families with science. Yet little is known about whether or in what way families perceive such institutions to be connected with science. The current study set out to explore such perceptions via interviews with family visitors to a large natural history museum. Analyses reflected that families’ perceptions of the museum and of their own engagement with science were intertwined with their definitions and impressions of science. For these families, perceptions of the museum as fun, interesting, and educational at times counteracted impressions of it as ascience-yinstitution. Moreover, some families also did not consider natural history to count as science, which further contributed to a reluctance to categorize the museum asscience-y. Although such perceptions may challenge how natural history museums would like to portray themselves, they also represent an opportunity to broaden visitors’ definitions and images of science. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In 1925, just a few months after the infamous Scopes Trial, the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History in New Haven, Connecticut, opened its new building. Its creators, most notably director Richard Swann Lull, used the world-renowned fossil collections amassed by Othniel C. Marsh to lay out exhibits that explicitly illustrated the organic evolution of life. At the time, scientists had many different ideas on the mechanisms of evolution: many were very sceptical about Darwin’s theory of natural selection. Lull and his colleagues, particularly Henry Fairfield Osborn of the American Museum of Natural History, used museum exhibits to illustrate their particular ideas about evolution to the public. Whether museum visitors absorbed these ideas is not established. However, the opening of the Peabody Museum received almost universal acclaim, indicating that in many states evolution was widely accepted and not necessarily seen as being at odds with religious beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a speech by Paul Nurse, president of the Royal Society in Great Britain, delivered at the Anniversary Meeting of the Royal Society on November 30, 2012. Topics of the speech include science policies based on the input of consulting scientists, global warming, genetically modified foods, and public opinion regarding science controversies,

This article was inspired by an absence of systematic research on the interaction between public attitudes toward science and technology (PATSAT) and environmental concern, two crucial sets of beliefs and attitudes that help define the modern era. Combining insights from multiple theoretical perspectives, this study proposes and tests an indirect feedback model, which hypothesizes that PATSAT and concern for the environment reciprocally interact with one another. Using data on a nationally representative sample of the United States extracted from Gallup’s 1992 “Health of the Planet” survey conducted in 1992 and structural equation modeling, this study finds that there is a self-enhancing indirect causal loop that connects an ecological worldview as measured by the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) Scale, concern for global environmental problems, and support for science and technology. Belief in the promise of science and technology reduces endorsement of the NEP but is otherwise independent of this causal loop. Yet, reservations about science and technology can be seen largely as a reaction to concern for global environmental problems. Potential implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study, the authors examine the performative functions of scientists’ discursive constructions of the science-society relationship. They use discursive psychology to analyze interviews with Dutch plant scientists and show that interviewees contrast the freedom of people in the private sphere with scientists’ responsibilities in the professional sphere to regulate “lay” access to science. To accomplish this, interviewees make claims about the scientific value of lay views only after they have displayed their tolerance of these views. Additionally, many interviewees refer to their own lay status in everyday life. Finally, the relationship between findings and recent science communication approaches is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]