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This study was an exploration of COVID-19 anxiety and its relationship with teacher burnout. The study was a cross-sectional survey research design with a convenience sample drawn from a population of K-12 public school teachers. A non-parametric statistical test, Kruskal-Wallis, showed a statistically significant difference in teacher burnout across the three grade levels: X[superscript 2] (2, N = 61) = 6.20, p = 0.045. Teacher burnout was lowest amongst elementary school teachers (M = 47.00) when compared to middle school (M = 74.00) and high school teachers (M = 71.00). Implications include a need for increased administrative support and decreased stress levels for teachers.

Professional teacher collaboration, a fundamental characteristic of lesson study, has been pointed out as a principle of teacher personal and professional growth. This article aims to describe and analyze the development of professional collaboration in a lesson study, highlighting the main stages of this process. The investigation involved six elementary school teachers of Brazilian public schools, in planning, observing, and reflecting on a lesson on the curriculum topic of length measure at grade 4. The participants worked collaboratively planning a lesson about this topic. The methodology is qualitative, with data collected by records and field notes of sessions, conversations, and interviews. The analyses pointed out three remarkable stages of the development of professional collaboration, which constituted the categories of analysis: recognition of collaboration, development of collaboration, and valuing collaboration. The results show that the professional collaboration that developed during the lesson study was facilitated by the dynamics of the different steps of this process and, especially, by the relationship between participants and teacher educators. Collaboration emerged from the activities of planning, teaching, observing, and reflecting on the lesson, and was valued given the encouragement and strengthening of the group insofar as teachers felt confident, encouraged, and welcomed in the group.

This study examined the inclusion teachers' attitudes towards inclusive education in the public schools of Liloan District, Cebu Province Division. A descriptive-correlational design was utilized to collect data from purposively sampled 30 elementary teacher respondents through the M STATIC structured questionnaire. Most teachers were experienced females aged 34-43 years, married with some graduate studies. They had 1-5 years of teaching experience in inclusion yet only 1-2 inclusive education training sessions. Results found teachers generally supported inclusive philosophies and recognized social benefits but had concerns regarding training, resources, and support. While philosophically positive, worries existed about the support and resources needed in the classrooms. Pearson's r correlations and one-way ANOVA found no significant relationships between demographic profiles and attitudes. Based on these findings, a Teacher Inclusion Support Plan was recommended and customized for each school to enhance the long-term implementation of high-quality inclusion practices through ongoing, evidence-driven capacity building and professional development.

There are many rewards associated with teaching in public schools, but there are also several challenges such as understaffing, limited resources, overcrowded classrooms, and underpaid employees. All of these issues combined often lead to burnout and mental health concerns among public school teachers, particularly those in urban settings. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, literature regarding teachers' psychological distress has increased in a general sense; however, there remains limited exploration of a potential increase in job-related mental health concerns of urban teachers after the onset of COVID. Therefore, in this study we compare the 2018 (pre-COVID) and 2020 (early-COVID) results of the North Carolina Teacher Working Conditions Survey in order to answer whether there has been a change in the psychological distress of urban school teachers in North Carolina since the onset of COVID. Based on the findings, we offer recommendations to key stakeholders in an effort to better support the health and outcomes of K-12 urban school teachers as they continue adapting to the ever-expanding and ever-evolving implications of COVID.

In today's world, where the internet-based digitalization process has gained momentum, increasing the quality of learning in the educational process can be achieved by associating the transferred achievements with current topics and news in written and visual media by the teacher of the course, thus increasing the attention level of the learners in the learning environment. This situation, which shows the impact of the agenda on the educational process, increases the awareness level of the learners regarding the time period in which they live, the environment and the events that occur. In this direction, this study aimed to identify and evaluate the practices in the education process in the context of agenda setting, in line with teachers' opinions. This study, which was carried out with the phenomenology pattern, one of the qualitative research methods, was conducted with 30 teachers working in public schools. The data of the research were collected with a semi-structured interview form. The data obtained was analyzed with content analysis. As a result of the study, it was determined that the practical reflections of the activities prepared by the teachers based on the agenda setting theory were not sufficient in the context of learning.

This paper examines the experiences of a group of values education teachers who are studying in a customized scholarship and online graduate program under the Linking Standards and Quality Practice (LiSQuP) project in the Philippines. It aimed to explore the attitudes, benefits, and challenges encountered by the values education teachers by participating in the LiSQuP program. Embedded single case study research design was used, and qualitative content analysis was utilized for analyzing and interpreting the data. Recorded focus group interview, online survey documents, observations, and participatory contact were used to obtain the data from the 30 participants who are LiSQuP scholars and teachers of values education in the public schools of the Philippines. Based on the findings of the study, the following results were drawn: 1) The participants exhibited adaptive and positive attitude towards the LiSQuP program; 2) The participants benefited from the program in terms of professional and personal development; and 3) The participants struggled with various factors related to time, program design, and personal traits. The rewarding and challenging experiences of the participants in this study may inform the project management team and other higher education institutions with similar online programs to enhance opportunities for a more responsive and collaborative online learning community for diverse graduate distance learners.

This research investigated the relationship between school principals' toxic leadership behaviors and teachers' perceptions of organizational gossip using the relational screening model. The sample consisted of 276 teachers selected through a simple random sampling method from public schools in Sakarya province. The Toxic Leadership Scale and Organizational Gossip Perceptions Scale served as data collection tools. Data analysis revealed that teachers' perceptions of toxic leadership and organizational gossip did not statistically differ based on gender or professional seniority. However, perceptions varied according to the school type in which they worked. The study found a positive relationship between teachers' perceptions of school principals' toxic leadership behaviors and levels of organizational gossip. Toxic leadership is a significant predictor of organizational gossip. The findings underscore the need for more research on the relationship between toxic leadership and organizational gossip, emphasizing the importance of reinforcing these results with qualitative studies.

The Commonwealth of Virginia has seen an increase in the number of educators completing Alternative Teacher Certification Programs, contributing to the diversity in the teaching work force. The purpose of this study was to identify the perceptions of alternatively certified public K-12 teachers regarding their preparedness to teach. The researcher employed a semi-structured focus group protocol in conducting four focus groups with 23 participants who were provisionally licensed K-12 public school teachers in one school division in Virginia and represented elementary, middle, and high school teachers in both general and special education roles. Findings indicated that beginning teachers who have completed an alternative teacher certification program (ATCP) do not feel prepared for the teaching role. Additionally, study findings indicate that ATCP teachers perceive that their training did not adequately prepare them for core academic instruction, lesson planning, differentiation, classroom management, and working with parents, resulting in high levels of stress among provisionally licensed teachers. School leaders are tasked with ensuring equitable learning experiences for all students represented by a highly qualified, diverse faculty. Understanding the unique pre-service training and ongoing needs will help school leaders provide supports aimed at increasing their retention to address growing teacher shortages.

Creative drama encompasses two primary learning objectives: the internalization of democratic values and the cultivation of advanced communication skills. To foster these attributes in individuals through creative drama education, it is imperative that the educators themselves possess these skills. This research pursues a dual objective: firstly, it delves into the communication skills and democratic attitudes of creative drama educators, considering various influencing factors. Subsequently, it explores the correlation between communication skills and democratic attitudes. The study included 143 creative drama educators from 18 cities in Turkey. Various statistical analyses, including independent samples t-tests, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis, were employed. The findings reveal that the gender and years of experience of drama educators are not significantly linked to their democratic attitudes or communication skills. However, the faculty that they are graduated from significantly impacts both their communication skills and democratic attitudes. Finally, the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis demonstrates a significant and positive relationship between the communication skills and democratic attitudes of creative drama educators.

The purpose of the study was to better understand the extent to which middle school principals' transformational leadership styles affect teachers' data-informed instruction, the influence of teachers' data-informed instruction on middle school student achievement, and the extent to which transformational leaders affect student achievement through data-informed instruction. Therefore, for this study, survey data were collected using Kenneth Leithwood's Transformational School Leadership Survey, as well as Jingping Sun's Data-Informed Instruction Survey. Additionally, this study used Scantron performance data for sixth-grade math to determine the effects of transformational school leaders on student achievement through data-informed instruction. The results showed that transformational school leadership has no effect on middle school teachers' data-informed instruction, and middle school teachers' data-informed instruction has no significant effect on student achievement, with socioeconomic status controlled. The study also showed that transformational school leadership has no statistically significant effect on student achievement through teachers' data-informed instruction. The results of this study help us understand the extent to which transformational school leadership affects student achievement through teachers' data-informed instruction. It also provides knowledge that will help us better educate aspiring leaders, making them effective transformational leaders in schools.

This study aims to reveal school principals' unethical behaviours based on teachers' perceptions within schools, to reveal the causes for these behaviours and recommendations to prevent them. An interpretive qualitative approach was applied. Data were gathered via face-to-face interviews conducted with 17 public school teachers in Kocaeli Province of Turkey. The data was examined through content analysis technique. The participants listed the unethical behaviours of school principals in seven different themes as discrimination, favouritism, violation of the rules of courtesy, misconduct, mobbing and pressure, neglect of duty, and other behaviours. The causes of unethical behaviours of school principals were stated as the factors related to administrative qualifications, personal factors, institutional factors, the factors related to teachers, and environmental factors. To prevent unethical behaviours of school principals, the participants suggested some training activities as post-graduate education in educational administration and psychological guidance to school principals. They also suggested some activities to increase the professional development levels and human relations competences of school principals. It was also recommended to make some legal regulations regarding the appointment, assignment issues, reward, rotation, and supervision of administrators. In addition to these suggestions, it was recommended to organize social activities for preventing unethical behaviours of school principals.

This study examined K-12 public school teachers' classroom technology integration practices during the COVID-19 pandemic emergency remote teaching began. Survey data were collected from 76 K-12 teachers in public schools in a Southcentral U.S. state. The data include teachers' general beliefs about technology, their self-efficacy about technology integration, the support they received, and how frequently they implemented various types of technology-integrated activities. General linear models predicted the factors affecting the frequency of implementing technology-integrated activities as a whole group and between K-6 and 7-12 grade levels. The models showed different prediction impacts between grade levels. A significant impact of self-efficacy and interaction was found between general beliefs and support on implementation frequency for K-6 but not for 7-12. Moderation analysis was performed to further examine the relationship between support and general beliefs on self-efficacy. A simple slope analysis showed positive effects of self-efficacy among teachers who had low-to-average levels of general beliefs on self-efficacy. These findings argue for the importance of support for early-grade teachers with lower levels of general beliefs about technology integration.

Teacher identity guides classroom choices and responses to proposed change, yet identity work and reflection are frequently overlooked components of professional development. Based in dialogic self theory, this qualitative study used narrative case study to examine teachers' perceptions of interactions between their identities, choices, and responses to change. This study determined that while teachers are aware of how their identities guide their choices, they often do not acknowledge divergences between their identities and choices and do not see responses to change as connected to their identities. Further research into specific elements of teacher identity and teacher reflection is recommended.

This study examined the relationship between effective educational planning and teaching staff performance among public secondary schools in Zamfara State, Nigeria. A research null hypothesis was established to guide the research work. The study adopted correlational survey design. The population of the study comprised 24 public secondary schools with 670 in-service teachers. From the population of the study, a total number of 12 public secondary schools and 225 in-service teachers were sampled to serve as participants in this study using simple random sampling technique. The sample size was determined using Krejcie and Morgan's (1971) table of determining sample size. Two (2) self-structured questionnaires entitle: "Effective Educational Planning Assessment Questionnaire (EEPAQ) and "Staff Performance Evaluation Questionnaire (SPEQ)" were constructed and utilized as instruments for data collection. The data analysis was computed using Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics. The Pearson Moment Product Correlation Coefficient analysis results (r=0.514, P<0.05) revealed that there is a moderate but significant relationship between effective educational planning and school staff performance among public schools in Gusau Local Government Area, Zamfara State, Nigeria. Based on findings, the study recommends that in order to maintain the high level of the effectiveness of educational planning in Nigeria, the Federal, State, and Local, and Governments as well as other relevant international and local organizations should put hands on deck in employing more professional planners and deploy them to the ministries and agencies for effective planning of education.

Scholars have argued against a post-COVID return to normality on the grounds that the pandemic offers an opportunity to break with the past and imagine a different, more just future. In this analysis of pre-kindergarten teachers' reflections on teaching during COVID-19 in the state of Michigan, we take up the notion of the pandemic as a portal to consider how practices that emerged during the pandemic might be carried forward post-pandemic. Through a qualitative interview study with 25 public pre-K teachers in Michigan, we sought to understand how the pandemic altered the nature of family-teacher engagement. Our analysis led us to conceptualize teaching as an improvisational practice that was highly responsive to the circumstances and needs of families. We identified three central themes that animated pre-K teachers' work during the pandemic: supporting families through new types of "offers" (a term from improv theory), making learning accessible, and fostering collectivity by partnering with families. Teachers' practices during the pandemic reveal new avenues for conceptualizing family engagement as an improvisational practice. We draw on the principles of improv theory to outline a framework for this approach.

Pacing guides are commonplace yet controversial in American public schools. For teachers who question their usefulness, one means to circumvent them is to exercise autonomy in pedagogical decision-making, though doing so comes with challenges. Through interviews, we examined how 87 gifted and general education 4th and 5th grade math and reading/language arts teachers in one large, diverse public school district expressed their autonomy and reported enacting it in their classrooms. Findings indicated teachers' perceptions of autonomy differed, and their reported pacing guide deviations also differed accordingly. We discuss implications for those in environments where use of pacing guides is mandated.

Defined benefit (DB) pension plans incentivize "salary spiking," where sharp increases in pay are leveraged into significantly higher levels of retirement compensation. While egregious instances of salary spiking occasionally make headlines, there is little guidance on the definition of salary-spiking behavior or understanding of its prevalence. We develop empirical methods to quantify the prevalence of salary spiking by identifying cases where end-of-career compensation deviates from the expected level of compensation. We apply this method to teacher pension systems in Illinois to assess the prevalence of salary spiking before and after the implementation of a reform designed to dissuade salary spiking.

Initial seeds for mathematics literacy are planted during early childhood. Children benefit when they are exposed to and provided with opportunities for math experiences that emphasize their holistic development and not just mathematics proficiency in isolation. This way of viewing and presenting mathematics to young children requires teachers who are equipped with strong mathematics teaching skills. This study examined a 21-hour professional development series for public school preschool teachers on early numeracy, geometry, mathematical reasoning, and teaching pedagogies. This professional development series aimed to help preschool teachers incorporate effective mathematical practices and increase their comfort level in teaching mathematics. Participants noted this professional development series impacted their ability to foster children's early numeracy development, engage in "math talk" pose questions that helped children process early numeracy, and contextualize early numeracy through stories and/or word problems. The study demonstrates change takes time, and the impact of this professional development series is dependent on preschool teachers' readiness and their perception of their teaching context needs.

This study examines the knowledge level of Multicultural Education among national school teachers in Negeri Sembilan. This study was conducted on 927 teachers who teach in national-type schools in Negeri Sembilan. This study aims to identify the influence of knowledge about multicultural education from content integration knowledge, knowledge construction, equity pedagogy, prejudice reduction and knowledge of school cultural empowerment and social structure on implementing multicultural education in primary schools. It is quantitative survey research. The questionnaire was distributed to 927 respondents consisting of teachers who teach in national-type schools in Negeri Sembilan. The data of this study was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 26.0. Two types of statistics are used, namely descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics using frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation are used to describe the profile of the respondents and answer the research questions. The data of this study was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 26.0. Multiple Regression Statistics are used to identify the influence of multicultural education knowledge from knowledge of content integration, knowledge construction, equity pedagogy, prejudice reduction and knowledge of school cultural empowerment and social structure on implementing multicultural education in primary schools.

In this study, we aimed to analyze Irish educators' differentiation practices and their relationship to teachers' sense of efficacy. We examined teachers' (N = 470) reports of their curriculum modification practices and their provision of challenge or choice. When their students had mastered the required class work, more than half of teachers were willing to substitute assignments on a weekly or daily basis for both their average and gifted students. However, the frequency of differentiation was not high in practices that eliminate mastered curricular material or allow students to work at their own pace, which would allow gifted students to work at their ability level. More than 40% of teachers reported practicing these forms of differentiated instruction once a month or less frequently. Fifteen percent of teachers reported never engaging in these effective differentiation practices. Differentiation practice was positively correlated with teachers' sense of efficacy, particularly for instructional strategies.

Despite Thailand's popularity as a destination for migrant laborers from neighboring Southeast Asian countries, little research has been conducted on the education of migrant school-aged children in Thailand's public schools. However, knowledge in this area is important for improving Thailand's education policy and curriculum for migrant children and addressing issues related to Thailand's migrant education. As a response, framed by a phenomenological approach, this study conducted classroom teaching observations and interviews with Thai public-school teachers in the provinces, which are well-known for their large migrant populations. Presented in classroom narratives and teachers' perspectives individually, the findings revealed teachers' intentional misperceptions of ethnicity, pedagogical strategies to integrate migrant children into classrooms with Thai students, barriers that teachers must overcome to aid the educational advancement of migrant children, and non-governmental organizations' support for teacher training (NGOs). Since Thailand has implemented a policy allowing migrant and stateless children to freely enroll in public schools, this study calls for the implementation of non-discriminatory, integrative efforts at the school level, beginning with the provision of training for teachers on multilingual education and ending with the enhancement of school participation in the integration of migrant children into the educational environment.

Professional development (PD) programs are considered as essential for improving the teacher quality and performance in schools. Despite introducing several PD programs, the teachers' quality in the public schools is a matter of concern for Pakistan. It has become a challenge for policymakers and school leaders to design PD programs which can be effective for all teachers. PD programs in Pakistan normally undertakes a standard approach without considering the strengths and weaknesses of different groups of teachers which may not address the specific needs of these groups. There is a need of structuring PD programs to make these learning opportunities more effective for teachers. Therefore, the current study evaluates the teacher competencies of different groups of teachers in Pakistan's public schools. For that purpose, the study first identifies three key themes of teacher competencies required in 21st century from extant review of recent literature. Interview guide then is designed based on these key teacher competencies to solicit information from seven principals of public schools. The public schools were selected using the criteria of size of school and principal working experience in that school. Structured interviews been used as a medium for collecting data from the principals. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The deductive content analysis approach was used in analyzing the data. The analytical tool used for the coding of themes was the MAXQDA software. The results highlighted certain differences in teacher competencies varying from gender to age. Female teachers and teachers who are younger in general are found to have more competencies compared to male teachers and senior teachers. The results of this study offer vital information for planning and tailoring TPD programs for teachers. These specially designed learning opportunities can be more effective for the professional development of teachers and can foster teachers' competence.

The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between school administrators' empowering leadership behaviors and secondary education (high school) teachers' perceptions of compliance with the psychological contract. The population of the study consists of 2,878 teachers who were working at 47 high schools located in central Elazig during the 2019-2020 school year. The sample for the study consisted of 470 teachers selected from 12 schools using the stratified sampling method. Data were collected using the "Scale for School Administrator Compliance with Psychological Contract" developed by Koçak (2016) and the "Scale for Teacher Compliance with Psychological Contract". Teacher perceptions of the level to which school administrators displayed empowering leadership behaviors were measured using the Empowering Leadership Behaviors Scale developed by Konczak, Stelly, and Trusty (2000) and adapted to Turkish by Aras (2013). It was found that teachers had high perceptions of school administrator compliance with the psychological contract (SACPC) and that they also had a high level of compliance with the psychological contract (STCPC). Additionally, it was found that teacher perceptions of school administrators displaying empowering leadership behaviors (OYGLD) were also high. Perceptions of teachers who had been working for 7-11 years in the same school regarding school administrator compliance with the psychological contract were higher than those of teachers who had been working in the same institution for 2-6 years. A moderately positive and significant relationship was found between school administrators' and teachers' compliance with the psychological contract and administrators' empowering leadership behaviors. Reinforcing the leadership behaviors of school administrators; does not have a significant effect on coaching sub-dimensions for decision-making, knowledge sharing, and innovative performance on its own.

This descriptive-correlational study was aimed to describe and analyze the well-being of public-school teachers in relation to their school organizational health. A total of 150 public school teachers were recruited for this study. An organizational health inventory survey for secondary by Hoy and Feldman was administered to respondents along with a professional well-being self-assessment tool. Results showed that teachers' professional well-being in terms of perspective, self-management, supports, meaningfulness, self-care, practice competence and, and professional development showed that are indeed satisfied. More so, the school organizational health in terms of institutional integrity, teacher morale, academic emphasis, principal influence, consideration, initiating structure, and resource support was observed often occurs. The professional well-being of public-school teachers was significantly and high positive relationship related to their school organizational health. This study provided scientific bases for the development of mindfulness-based interventions program that improve the professional well-being of teachers and school organizational health. This piece of research concluded with thorough evidence that there is a need for further and stronger investment in public policies for the reform towards teachers' well- being and to improve the school organizational health.

The purpose of this study is to explore world language teacher perceptions of inclusion in online instructional practices. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews conducted with six world language teachers in one large public school district during the 2020-2021 academic year. Four of six teachers described practices that incorporate racial and ethnic diversity in curricula, and five teachers expressed uncertainty about how to integrate diverse gender and sexual identities in their practices. Teachers found the support of world language colleagues instrumental in adapting their online practices to be inclusive. Findings hold practical implications for teachers and teacher educators who aim to develop inclusive instructional practices in online settings.

The article explores how Nepalese public schools' traditional hierarchy-dominated educational culture shapes teachers' professional growth and sense of identity. Through the narrative inquiry approach, I explored teachers 'professional identity development using Gee's (2000) identity framework. The data revealed that hierarchy and power relations between the teachers and the social context fundamentally shaped teacher identity development. However, the study further showed that professional hierarchy was not uni-layered, the power was not one-directional, and the domination was not permanent but rather dynamic. Factors like academic qualifications, job status, technological skills, and social status made the hierarchy complex. More interestingly, hierarchical relationships did not always undermine teacher empowerment but confidence in some cases. For example, when a teacher in a marginalized position due to some factors such as poor health condition was viewed as a role model or capable of success despite challenges, they achieved high value from their colleagues.

Education being one of the cornerstones of the Philippines, teachers may experience pressure and burnout from carrying the workload and responsibilities of being second to parents being the steppingstone for the development of young children. This study used a moderation analysis research design to examine if resilience moderates the relationship between work-related burnout and psychological well-being. Using a non-probability purposive sampling technique, over 233 Filipino public elementary school teachers from Quezon City, Philippines, participated. Results revealed a substantial negative relationship between psychological well-being and work-related burnout, and a positive relationship exists between resilience and psychological well-being. Furthermore, linear regression analysis showed that work-related burnout negatively predicted psychological well-being. Moreover, this study found that resilience does not moderate the association between work-related burnout and psychological well-being among public elementary school teachers.

The ability of organizations to adapt quickly to change and take action in uncertain situations brought about by a crisis or change is vital for their development and continuity. Teachers, who are education workers, form the basis of the education system by producing education services. Therefore, the power of the education system to take action against uncertainties is determined by whether teachers take action in the face of uncertainties. The purpose of this study is to look into the impact of teachers' perceptions of organizational uncertainty on organizational inertia. An explanatory and predictive pattern, one of the correlational research designs, was used in the study. The study sample consists of 307 teachers, determined by a simple random sampling method from the teachers working in the Eyüp District of Istanbul. Organizational Inertia Scale and Organizational Uncertainty Scale were used as data collection tools. As a result of the research, it was seen that there were significant differences in the perception of inertia and organizational uncertainty according to the demographic characteristics of the teachers. However, it was concluded that teachers' perceptions of organizational uncertainty predicted their inertia attitudes.