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Studies analyzing the pattern of international refugee flows have so far focussed on movements to OECD destinations, even though the vast majority of refugees live in non‐OECD countries. Employing a standard gravity model of international migration, we fill this research gap by investigating the impact of destination country characteristics on south‐south refugee movements over the period 2004–2019. Our findings suggest that refugees tend to move to safe neighboring countries but also positively respond to local pull factors such as relatively high per‐capita income levels and the availability of education and health services when choosing their country of destination. Donors have the ability to affect the direction of south‐south refugee movements by investing in the social infrastructure of potential destination countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the factors that drive African students to Russia. The number of African students studying in Russia from the 2010/11 to 2022/2023 academic year increased more than fivefold: from 6.7 thousand to 34.4 thousand. The paper was based on an online survey provided to African students between February and November 2023. A sample of 275 African students from 28 countries was used. Findings revealed that the major factors that draw African students to Russia are the quality of education and the quality of life. We compared the quality of education between both genders along with the quality of life. The findings also revealed that females are more interested in the quality of life than males, while males are more interested in the quality of education than females. The findings suggested that policymakers should consider age and previous education as major variables in student migration.

Despite being a well-established economic activity in numerous countries in the world, domestic tourism has received relatively little academic exploration, particularly in Namibia. While this study acknowledges the significance of work already done in this field, there remains a general lack of understanding of the factors motivating domestic tourists’ decisions to travel in the study area. As a result, this study aims to understand the key push and pull factors for domestic tourists, using the Erongo region of Namibia as a case study. The study adopts a quantitative research approach through a survey of 400 domestic tourists in the study area. Relaxation and escapism, seeking participatory experiences, and seeking enriching experiences emerged as the three main push factors, while destination attributes, events and activities, safety and familiarity, and variety of experiences were identified as dominant pull factors. The study recommends that tourism planners and marketers tailor tourism offerings to the asserted domestic tourists’ motivations to induce more domestic tourism demand and consumption among domestic tourists.

The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of push and pull factors on the intentions of international participants to revisit MICE events held in Amman, given that there are very few existing studies on the topic. This research is quantitative and employs a questionnaire method to collect data. For data analysis, partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was utilized to test the research hypothesis with a purposive sample of 479 international visitors who had attended 14 MICE events held in Amman in 2022. The study revealed that networking opportunities, educational opportunities, destination image, travel cost, destination attraction and accessibility have a significant positive impact on revisit intentions. In terms of implications, these findings contribute to enriching push and pull theory in this context among MICE participants. In practical terms, the findings contribute to empowering planners, managers, marketers and organizers in the MICE industry in terms of creating and promoting effective strategies related to MICE tourism. The findings are anticipated to be useful for conference organizers, enabling them to attract repeat participants in this extremely competitive event industry.

Purpose of the article: to identify the pull factors of migration among nursing students and the impact of migration flows on the Slovak labour market with an aspect on the health care sector. Findings: Nursing students are most attracted to studying abroad by the following pull factors: legal norms, regulations and requirements for work performance, the behaviour of supervisors, relationships between colleagues and the favourable social climate in the country. Factors that are less influential are remuneration, education and a higher standard of living. Based on the answers of the respondents, a high percentage of considerations about looking for a job abroad were shown. Out of the 423 students, up to 80% of the respondents plan to go abroad for work. The current number of nursing students is not sufficient to cover the needs of the Slovak labour market in the health sector. The massive outflow of potential staff in hospitals exacerbates the staffing problems in hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study investigated the travel decision motives and the decision-making factors influencing wedding tourism, and the factors that pull people to choose a specific wedding location destination. A structured online questionnaire was distributed to 101 brides and grooms that have already done or they have scheduled to experience wedding tourism. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to test the research hypotheses, and the findings revealed that perceptions of a wedding destination influence its destination brand equity. Furthermore, travel decision motives have the highest impact on the wedding destination decision-making process, followed by health and safety standards and service quality. These findings provide insight into the factors that affect the appeal of a wedding destination in the tourism market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being a well-established economic activity in numerous countries in the world, domestic tourism has received relatively little academic exploration, particularly in Namibia. While this study acknowledges the significance of work already done in this field, there remains a general lack of understanding of the factors motivating domestic tourists’ decisions to travel in the study area. As a result, this study aims to understand the key push and pull factors for domestic tourists, using the Erongo region of Namibia as a case study. The study adopts a quantitative research approach through a survey of 400 domestic tourists in the study area. Relaxation and escapism, seeking participatory experiences, and seeking enriching experiences emerged as the three main push factors, while destination attributes, events and activities, safety and familiarity, and variety of experiences were identified as dominant pull factors. The study recommends that tourism planners and marketers tailor tourism offerings to the asserted domestic tourists’ motivations to induce more domestic tourism demand and consumption among domestic tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explored the push and pull factors driving Ugandan domestic workers to migrate to Saudi Arabia. The research paradigm employed was social constructivism, where individuals seek to understand their world and develop meanings based on their experiences. A qualitative approach using a phenomenological research design was utilised. Data was collected from a sample of eighteen (18) respondents through unstructured interviews to identify the factors contributing to the migration of Ugandan domestic workers to Saudi Arabia. Thematic analysis was conducted during data analysis. The migration factors were presented in concept maps created using Nvivo 10.0. The study uncovered that push factors varied from person to person, but major ones included poverty, unemployment, school dropout, family obligations, marital neglect, domestic violence, personal development goals, poor working conditions, work-related challenges, peer influence, and single parenting. Pull factors include the influence of Arabian family culture that promotes the demand for maids, bilateral labour agreements, adventure, attractive job prospects, free travel documents, cost-effective job processes, and an easy migration process. The study concluded that without effectively addressing push factors to provide long-term solutions, the migration of Ugandan domestic workers to Saudi Arabia will persist. It is recommended that the Government of Uganda take steps to create a conducive environment with satisfying employment opportunities for these young individuals to reduce the number of people seeking jobs outside Uganda. This involves generating employment opportunities to regulate internal domestic work and make it highly profitable, thereby encouraging young people to remain in Uganda.

This article analyses the patterns of inter-state migration (both inward and outward migration within the country) in India's northeast states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. While most of the previous studies of population migration in India were related to international migration, this article focuses on the analysis of trends and spatial variation of inter-state inward and outward migration and associated rural-urban and male-female differentials in the region. The analysis is primarily based on the Census of India data for 2001 and 2011, because the 2021 Census has not been yet conducted in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of digital twin technology (DTT) for enhancing construction project performance, sustainability, and safety of construction workers, among others, is common practice in developed countries. Meanwhile, construction projects in developing nations are suffering from poor outcomes, which could benefit from DTT. Therefore, this research investigates the drivers of the adoption of DTT implementation in the Nigerian construction industry. Close-ended questionnaires were administered to digitally inclined professionals using purposive and snowballing techniques to elicit necessary information on the drivers of DTT implementation. These respondents include architects, engineers, quantity surveyors, and builders in the study area. It was found that technological advancement/trend, reliable data storage, safety, availability of software, customer satisfaction, and accessibility were the top-ranked drivers for implementing DTT. A Shapiro-Wilk test was conducted to know whether the data are normally distributed or not, which led to the use of the Kruskal-Wallis H-test. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that government policies have diverging views among the professionals, whereas other factors have converging opinions among the respondents. Factor analysis was conducted to group the key drivers for the implementation of DTT into innovation, operation, quality, performance, and policy drivers. The findings of this study will provide a reference point for researchers and construction organizations on the driving force that brings about the implementation of DTT in a business context and the construction industry. This study realizes that one of the key drivers of the adoption of this technology is a desire for innovation and technological advancement that can be achieved when the technology performs to the expectation of clients, organizations, and the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. The study also suggests ways of implementing DTT in the construction industry as well. A digital twin (DT) is a virtual replica or representation of a physical object or product. This research proposes practical implications of DT technology adoption in a developing country with a focus on major drivers for enhancing the uptake of the technology in the construction industry. This will give more insight to stakeholders on major drivers to improve its implementation in the construction and other sectors of the country as well as other developing countries. Technological advancement in different countries as shown in the study will expose professionals to the benefits of digital technologies as well as keep the professionals and other stakeholders abreast of the potential benefits. This can be realized when the government is at the frontline in the usage of DT for public construction projects. In addition, there is a need for policy formulation for its implementation in the construction industry to ensure projects are sustainable and delivered to the satisfaction of concerned stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of push and pull factors on the intentions of international participants to revisit MICE events held in Amman, given that there are very few existing studies on the topic. This research is quantitative and employs a questionnaire method to collect data. For data analysis, partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was utilized to test the research hypothesis with a purposive sample of 479 international visitors who had attended 14 MICE events held in Amman in 2022. The study revealed that networking opportunities, educational opportunities, destination image, travel cost, destination attraction and accessibility have a significant positive impact on revisit intentions. In terms of implications, these findings contribute to enriching push and pull theory in this context among MICE participants. In practical terms, the findings contribute to empowering planners, managers, marketers and organizers in the MICE industry in terms of creating and promoting effective strategies related to MICE tourism. The findings are anticipated to be useful for conference organizers, enabling them to attract repeat participants in this extremely competitive event industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a significant change in the Ghanaian construction sector, driven by the convergence of emerging trends. The study investigated the underlying factors influencing these emerging trends in the Ghanaian construction industry, focusing on both pull and push factors. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining survey data with qualitative analysis, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the drivers shaping the industry's development. The study was conducted within three cities (Cape Coast, Kasoa, and Winneba) in the Central Region of Ghana. Fifteen (15) construction companies were purposively selected based on their interest in technological advancements within the construction ecosystem. Five (5) categories of construction professionals, project managers, quantity surveyors, architects, structural engineers, safety officers, and site supervisors employed by the aforementioned fifteen (15) construction companies were considered for the study. Data collected were analyzed utilizing SPSS software version 20. Push factors highlighted environmental degradation, technological innovation, and infrastructure renewal as significant motivators. Pull factors emphasized the industry's extrinsic motivations, including community development, cultural considerations, and economic growth. The analysis revealed that both push and pull factors play crucial roles in driving the trends within the industry. Qualitative interviews conducted as part of the study provided deeper insights, identifying six key themes: regulatory compliance and market competition, technological advancements, skill development, economic considerations, leadership and strategic vision, and customer demand. These themes underscore the complex relationship between external pressures and internal motivations. Correlation and regression analyses indicated significant relationships between trend recognition and both push and pull factors, emphasizing the interplay between external pressures and aspirational drivers in shaping industry trends. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamic forces driving change in the Ghanaian construction sector, offering substantial insights for stakeholders. These insights can help stakeholders navigate challenges and capitalize on opportunities for sustainable growth and development. The findings underscore the importance of balancing technological advancements with socio-economic goals to foster a robust and forward-thinking construction industry in Ghana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper investigates the main factors of international tourist arrivals to three Mediterranean destinations, namely Greece, Albania and Montenegro. Methods: A gravity model for panel data was used to analyze the number of tourists from twenty of the most important origin countries during the period 2012-2021. Results: Findings show that international tourism is adversely affected by bilateral distance and large-scale crisis such as COVID-19 pandemic. On the other hand, the flow of international visitors is positively related to populations and incomes per capita in origin and destination countries, geographical contiguity and climate similarity. Other pull factors for tourism flows include total investments in infrastructure, and political stability and absence of violence or terrorism. Implications: The results of this research provide some important implications and recommendations for tourism industry policymakers and managers.

The paper focuses on China's onshore bond market and the drivers of non-resident net portfolio flows into Chinese debt securities. Building on a theoretical model of push and pull factors as a foundation for the empirical analysis on drivers of bond flows into China, static and time-varying models are estimated to explain the importance of various push and pull factors in the context of China's bond market development. While China-specific pull factors, such as domestic economic growth prospects and asset returns, are important drivers of bond flows, the results reveal that global push factors, such as US interest rates and investor risk aversion, have recently gained significance as drivers of flows into China. This shift goes hand in hand with China's gradual bond market liberalization measures. The findings confirm China's continued bond market deepening and integration with the rest of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to examine the intention of students in Croatian region of Slavonia & Baranja about the possibility of go ing abroad after completing their studies and to identified push and pull factors which influence the most the decision to emigrate. The research is based on a survey conducted on a sample of 420 students in the Croatian region of Slavonia & Baranja. The study uses descriptive statistical analysis and multi-variant analysis–factor method. Research results according to respondent’s perception, showed that the majority (61%) expressed intention to stay in Croatia. Data identified unemployment, low paying job and low standard of living in Croatia as main push reasons for their intention to migrate and better standard of living and higher quality of life, better opportunities for career development and better and more stable job as main pull reasons for their intention to migrate. The results also recognized “economic and social reasons” as main push reasons and “economic and non-economic (personal) reasons as main pull reasons. The research findings confirmed the hypotheses of the paper that economic factors are the main push and pull motives for migration for students in Slavonia & Baranja. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical frameworks dealing with the factors of starting entrepreneurship approach them from different perspectives. The standard categorization of entrepreneurship factors is based on two categories. One category describes starting an entrepreneurship as a motivation based on an individual's beliefs (pull factors) and the other as a necessity, it means that an individual is pushed into entrepreneurship by external influences (push factors). The paper discusses the topic of motives for starting an entrepreneurship according to the trade license in theoretical as well as practical perspective, while the results are based on a questionnaire survey conducted in 2022 in the conditions of the Slovak Republic. Several conclusions emerged from the survey sample consisting of 306 respondents. Among the most important reasons for starting entrepreneurship, respondents ranked being independent, meaning being one's own boss, the desire to have better working conditions, as well as to earn more. Other motives that could be selected by the respondents in the questionnaire were preferred to a lesser extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juvenile terrorism, also known as youth or adolescent terrorism. Youth populations have been found to be especially susceptible to recruitment by violent extremist organisations. The causes of juvenile's terrorism are multifaceted and complex, such as "Push factors" which can be defined as negative circumstances that the child tries to escape by joining the group, while the "pull factors" represent the positive incentives, attracting the children to join the groups. Factors contribute to the radicalization of young individuals, including marginalization, discrimination, and additionally ideological indoctrination, and also feeling lack of disenfranchised in society. Thus to examine and to know factors of Juvenile Terrorism and what are the preventative measure can be enabled in the society. The study is based on secondary data to find out the factors of terrorism. Juvenile terrorists who were brought to FSL Bangalore from different parts of India and examined to psychological behaviour through polygraph examination and showed that juveniles who were in the age group of 14- 17 years were unable to take proper decisions in life and to take proper organisation in their life and showed their susceptible to social influences of the organised group. Therefore providing guidance, counselling and improving communication pathways in family would reduce influences to radicalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walking is proven to be one of the most sustainable transport modes with significant health and environmental advantages, thus improving people's quality of life (QoL) and the city's liveability. Moreover, pedestrianization is emphasized to have substantial economic benefits in reducing congestion, accident, and health costs. It is important to study what motivates a visitor to visit pedestrianized urban streets, which can help extend such initiatives for an improved QoL. Motivation is considered a key driving force to interpret an individual's behavior. This paper tries to identify the motivational factors of visitors of a pedestrianized urban street in India, measure their satisfaction level, and revisit and advocacy intention. A questionnaire survey was conducted through face-to-face interviews with 518 respondents. The latent constructs were identified using structural equation modeling to investigate empirically the causal relationships among the factors considered. The study's findings can help understand the push and pull components that motivate citizens to visit the pedestrianized street. This gives a valuable insight to the city planners that the QoL can be improved by providing such vibrant pedestrianized streets in a city where citizens can walk freely. It also helps build community feelings, and citizens take pride in living in such cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motivation of this article is to better understand the determinants of international banking integration of non-Euro CESEE EU Members. One stylized fact for these economies is the building up of external financial vulnerabilities since the beginning of the transition period, with a large weight of cross-border banking, particularly with the European Union. In relation with the literature on the impact of gross financial flows on financial stability, we therefore estimate the long-term historical, geographical and cultural determinants of cross-border banking claims with a bilateral financial gravity model. We then analyze the impact of domestic (pull), foreign (push) and global factors using the gravity framework. Our results first show that cross-border banking in these economies is significantly driven by geographical proximity and common historical links, particularly with EU Member States. Second, we find that banking sector health variables are more significant as push factors, while structural banking system variables are more significant as pull factors. These results provide evidence in favor of an impact of European banking systems on financial liabilities in this region, in relation with the very high level of EU ownership of banking assets. Finally, US global liquidity factor matters more than exchange rate stability, which points towards policy dilemma effect in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is a major source country of students in the UK's taught Master's programs. The reliance on China as a major source country has caused some concerns over its sustainability. Will the Chinese students continue to come? To answer this question, a push–pull factor analysis is conducted on the perceptions of Chinese students who graduated from the UK around the year 2000 and 2020. The goal is to explore the major pull factors for Chinese students' mobility to the UK and whether there have been changes in the past 20 years. The findings of this pseudo longitudinal study suggest that, though most of the UK's pull factors have stayed stable, the declining weight of the UK's higher education reputation should be concerning. To sustain the UK's attractiveness, the UK universities should slow the neoliberal expansion of international recruitment and strengthen the desirable Socratic approach to teaching and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper investigates the main factors of international tourist arrivals to three Mediterranean destinations, namely Greece, Albania and Montenegro. Methods: A gravity model for panel data was used to analyze the number of tourists from twenty of the most important origin countries during the period 2012-2021. Results: Findings show that international tourism is adversely affected by bilateral distance and large-scale crisis such as COVID-19 pandemic. On the other hand, the flow of international visitors is positively related to populations and incomes per capita in origin and destination countries, geographical contiguity and climate similarity. Other pull factors for tourism flows include total investments in infrastructure, and political stability and absence of violence or terrorism. Implications: The results of this research provide some important implications and recommendations for tourism industry policymakers and managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The importance of economic security issues for migration-attractive regions, especially the exclave Kaliningrad region, is growing. Increasing migration gain from Russia’s regions both brings obvious benefits and poses additional challenges. These include those related to the influx of workers whose professional qualifications do not suit the needs of the regional labour market. Thus, the article aims to analyze the compliance of the mechanisms for regulating internal migration with the work-related pull factors to ensure the Kaliningrad region’s economic security. Materials and Methods. The study relies on Kaliningradstat’s regional migration data for 2014–2021 and the interviews with representatives of various sectors of the regional economy, including migrants, conducted by the authors in the summer of 2022. The paper provides systematized and structured results of the content analysis of various sources on the implementation of labour policy and, in particular, the policy of attracting workforce (information and reference portals and websites of international, national and regional institutions, official statistical data by IOM and Rosstat). Results. Drawing on the example of the Kaliningrad region, the study considers several understaffed fields of occupation, including medicine, research and education, ICT, and small and medium-sized enterprises. Based on international and Russian research it analyses work-related mobility factors for each of them. It also classifies the practice of using external and internal migration selection mechanisms. Discussion and Conclusion. Based on the survey of migrants and employers in the Kaliningrad region, the study develops and discusses a list of pull factors and mechanisms for each considered workforce group that can be used to design policies for attracting workforce to the Kaliningrad region. The study results can be used in Russian regions willing to attract in-demand specialists.

The brain drain problem has been studied in the literature as an interaction between push factors in developing countries and pull factors in wealthy countries. It is essential to measure these factors to address the problem efficiently. This study aims to improve the process of prioritizing brain drain factors among Croatian students. The study was conducted among university students from all schools of the University of Zagreb and across seven scientific fields. This research combined two methods: the neural network analysis and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Neural network analysis is used to identify push and pull factors that most strongly influence students’ potential decision to leave a country. The AHP is used to prioritize the most critical pull and push factors according to the results of the neural network analysis. The study results indicate that pull factors are more important than push factors for students in all fields of study, except in Arts. Developing countries should strive to adopt policies to create new employment opportunities, improve the quality of life, and create a favorable business climate.

Migration is a global phenomenon which has a vital role in any region’s economic development. This study examines the major push and pull factors of the migration of labourers towards the construction sector of the state of Haryana. Alongside this, the study also sheds light on the socio‐economic conditions of migrant labourers. For this purpose, the study was conducted among 200 migrant labourers engaged in the construction sector of Hisar, Rohtak, Panipat, and Kurukshetra districts of Haryana, with the help of a well-designed questionnaire. It has been found that among the pull factors— higher wages, job opportunities, and consistent work are the major causes of migration. Among push factors, unemployment and low wages are responsible for migration from their native place to their place of destination. Apart from this, wage differences and better living standards also attract labourers to Haryana. So far as improvement in the status of migrants’ is concerned, the study found that the socio-economic status of migrant labourers has improved after they migrated to the state of Haryana.

Gambling tourism is a subject that has been gaining a lot of interest and notoriety over the last two decades. Push and pull factors have for long been the backbone of tourism studies and this research seeks to expound on this theory within the area of casinos. In this study, 1383 google reviews from five different countries in coastal Europe: Casino Vila Moura, Algarve (Portugal), Casino Barrière Le Croisette, Cannes (France), Casino de Monte-Carlo, (Monaco), Casino Malta, (Malta), and Regency Casino Thessaloniki, (Greece) were analyzed with the software Leximancer. The main objective of this study was to identify the concepts in the reviews and then pinpoint what push and pull factor these concepts belonged to and how important this was when choosing a casino destination in Europe. The results highlight the importance of the pull factor while choosing a destination and reveals that gamers seek mainly table games as they attract both players and other tourists who tend to gather around the tables to watch. Among the greatest push-factors is the excitement of winning money in slot machines. Findings also demonstrate that casinos located in Europe offer world-class gambling services that are both engaging and fun to engage in. This study adds to earlier research by employing the push and pull motivation framework within the area of casinos based on user-generated content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the lack of empirical research on entrepreneurial mindset knowledge training among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in South Africa, this article examined the entrepreneurial knowledge among 3584 adolescent girls and young women from four provinces, i.e. KwaZulu Natal, Mpumalanga, Eastern Cape and Western Cape in South Africa. The article also assessed how entrepreneurial mindset and skills training could drive the development and growth of AGYWs' mindsets towards entrepreneurship and link them with employment entrepreneurship opportunities. This study adopted quantitative and descriptive research approaches via longitudinal data collection. Secondary data collected using a questionnaire survey during entrepreneurial mindset and skills training from July-October 2021 by the large anonymized not-for-profit organization in South Africa was used for data analysis. Robustness analysis was performed using descriptive statistics using SPSS version 27.0. The findings from the empirical part of this research proved that adolescent girls and young women significantly improved their knowledge entrepreneurially throughout the training. This article contributes to the current body of knowledge as it filled in the gap and contributed significantly to the entrepreneurial mindset skill and knowledge improvement among adolescent girls and young women in South Africa.

The relationship between push and pull factors with the intention to revisit a destination has often been investigated in the context of general tourism. Not much is known on the factors influencing MICE destination revisit intentions, despite the numerous socioeconomic benefits that many countries have received from the MICE tourism business. This article attempts to fill the gap of knowledge by critically reviewing the literature using the integrative review approach. By reviewing, critiquing and synthesizing major literature on the issue, two push factors i.e. networking and educational opportunities and four pull factors i.e. destination image, travel costs, attraction and accessibility are established as influencing revisit intentions to MICE destination. Then a theoretical model of relationship between those factors and MICE destination revisit intentions is proposed.

The Kaliningrad region’s attractiveness to migrants results in increasing external (interna­tional) and interregional migration. The interregional flow is a major contributor, accounting for approximately 60 per cent of the net migration gain. However, the age composition and pro­fessional qualification of migrants from other regions of Russia do not fully agree with the specifics of the region’s labour market and its strategic socio-­economic development priori­ties. This lends urgency to a selective regional migration policy aimed at prospective internal migrants. Yet, the picture of pull, push and hindering factors remains incomplete, being limit­ed to generally accepted drivers such as coastal location and proximity to EU countries. This article aims at a detailed analysis of reasons to migrate to the region, an assessment of the re­strictions and difficulties faced by relocatees and migrants’ satisfaction with the new place of residence. Method­ologically, the study uses a mixed strategy: formal data collection methods are combined with respondent selection techniques peculiar to qualitative or expert methods. The authors draw on the results of an exploratory survey conducted in December 2021 with a view to analyse migrants’ perception of the Kaliningrad region before and after their arrival and assess how their ideas change. The survey applied mixed research methods: respondents were recruited via social media and relocatee groups. The data analysis reveals a gap between migrant expectations and reality, identifying the causes of inconsistency between the incoming migration flow and the region’s development objectives and labour market needs. Based on the findings, the authors provide recommendations for a migration policy based on an accurate picture of the region and aimed at attracting the required workforce, as well as at migrants’ adaptation and support at the new place of residence.

The article has several objectives. First, it aims to discuss, based on the international literature analysis, theoretical models and factors influencing early retirement decisions, and limiting work ability and employability of older people. Second, the concept of (and the factors related to) work ability as well as the role of age management in improving employability and sustaining work activity of older adults are analyzed against the backdrop of the Polish context. Cultural (ageism) and organizational (e.g., a lack of appropriate age management in companies) factors influencing work activity in the oldest age groups are taken into account. Third, the authors present some solutions and recommendations coming from the international Participation To Healthy Workplaces And inclusive Strategies in the Work Sector (PATHWAYS) project. Finally, theoretical models, concepts and solutions are integrated into a model elucidating the conditions (cultural, social, organizational, individual) influencing work ability of older adults. The model aims to take into account theories and factors identified in the literature review and grouped into several categories. The analysis highlights the role of appropriate age management in companies in the process of sustaining work ability of older employees. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2022;35(5):509–26

This article is devoted to the identification of push and pull factors of immigration of Russian citizens to Armenia in the context of the projections of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict on the Armenian society. Secondary analysis of statistical data and the sociological surveys, as well as the results of in-depth interviews, made it possible to identify the political, social and economic push factors that determine emigration from Russia (sanctions applied against Russia, partial military mobilization, worsening of economic situation, restrictions on freedom of speech and the risk of persecution); pull factors that attract and retain relocants specifically to Armenia (Armenia’s liberal migration policy towards Russian citizens, favorable conditions for foreigners to do business in Armenia, the availability of financial and banking services for Russians, relatively affordable prices for housing, goods and services,and security, Christianity, hospitality and knowledge of the Russian language etc.), as well as factors pushing migrants out of Armenia (the challenges of providing an acceptable standard of living, the lack of well-paid jobs, cooperation between the special services of the Republic of Armenia and the Russian Federation, the threat of Azerbaijani aggression).

In today's tourism sector, which experience an intense global competition, pull factors play a decisive role in the marketing of touristic destinations. In the context of satisfying the individual’s push factors to travel, pull factors of the destinations have a significant impact on tourists’ resort choice. It is aimed to determine the importance given to the development of tourism and the services provided in the Antalya Destination by the students; to determine the performance of the services provided; and to evaluate the perceived importance and performance of features and services with the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) method. Though this method, importance and performance of pull factors in Antalya destination as perceived by tourism students, who study on tourism field at Akdeniz University in Antalya destination, are examined. With the IPA method, the importance of pull factors perceived in the destination and the application performance of pull factors were determined.

This study had two main thematic aims: first, to determine the factors that influenced the choice of international students at China Pharmaceutical University (CPU) to consider China as a study destination; second, to determine the career preferences of international students upon completion of their various programs of study. As a cross-sectional study, relevant data were collected from undergraduate pharmacy students and postgraduates using a self-administered questionnaire. On the whole, the five most important pull factors that influenced the choice of China as the study destination for the respondents were: (1) quality of education, (2) quality of academic staff, (3) security, (4) desire to obtain a certificate from a foreign country and (5) availability of scholarship opportunities. With respect to the career choices, the top three career preferences of the international students were: (1) to work in the pharmaceutical industry (i.e., pharmaceutical manufacturing companies), (2) to practice clinical pharmacy and (3) to seek employment opportunities outside their countries. This study provides additional details on why China has gradually become a study destination of choice for international students. The career preferences of students could be useful in the design of academic programs that could meet their job aspirations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article identified the motivations of national and foreign tourists who visited the Tatacoa desert in Colombia, based on the theory of push and pull motivation factors. For the above, a quantitative instrument was built - Likert-type survey - made up of nine dimensions, between push and pull factors. In this regard, reliability was measured with Cronbach's Alpha and validity through Confirmatory Factor Analysis, both of which were satisfactory. The construct was evaluated through a structural equation model using SPSS AMOS software. As a result, a good fit of the hypothesized model was obtained, while in the evaluation of the motivations, the higher level of motivation stands out in national tourists over international ones. Likewise, a high rating was obtained in the push factors, above the attraction factors, which denotes the strength of the tastes and preferences of tourists in the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Korean universities have shown a dramatic change in international student enrolment over the last 20 years. While a notable increase in enrolment is undeniable, factors related to international students at Korean universities are not well known or are poorly understood. In this exploratory correlational study, we investigated the relationship between gender and study level using the push--pull model among four pull factor dimensions: (a) Appeal of Korea, (b) Experiential Motivations, (c) Social Network Influences, and (d) Institutional Appeal. Short-term exchange students (N = 601) showed that Experiential Motivations was the most salient pull factor dimension in general. A 2x3 analysis of variance indicated statistically significant differences by gender and study level among the four pull factor dimensions. We conclude by discussing mobility programs and the need to account for the different motivations of potential students typologically in order to design policies and programs more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small to medium-sized enterprises suffer from loss of competitive advantage, low productivity, and poor performance because of inadequate competencies. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to examine the effect of selected motivational dimensions (i.e., self-improvement, self-confidence, openness to change, pull factors, and the need for achievement) on entrepreneurial competency among micro-entrepreneurs. We used a cross-sectional design and collected quantitative data from 403 micro-entrepreneurs in Malaysia using random sampling. SEM-PLS was used for data analysis. The findings revealed that self-confidence, openness to change, and pull factors positively influenced entrepreneurial competencies. Moreover, there was a positive effect of self-confidence, pull factors, need for achievement, and entrepreneurial competency on enterprise sustainability performance. Furthermore, entrepreneurial competencies significantly mediated the effect of self-confidence, openness to change, and pull factors on enterprise sustainability performance. Apart from extending the lens of a resource-based view, this study enriches enterprise sustainability literature from emerging nations' perspective. Policymakers can strengthen their programs and policies to improve the entrepreneurial competencies of micro-entrepreneurs and their business sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing Ukrainian migration towards EU countries determines the need for evaluation of pull factors shaping their environment to regulate these processes better. The study aims to assess the EU’s pull environment attracting migrants, and evaluate the elasticity of Ukrainian total and labor migration to the change of social and economic factors in EU countries. The data are collected for the period from 2005 to 2018. The method involves weighting the indicators and sub-indices with the following calculating partial and integral indices of the pull environment of migration for selected EU countries (the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Italy, Portugal, Greece, and Spain) and the EU-28. During 2005–2018, the integral level of pull environment of migration in the EU-28 was above average, whereas the most attractive countries for external migrants were Germany, the Czech Republic, Spain, and Italy. In terms of the intensity of total migration from Ukraine in 2018, Poland (236.06 departures per 1,000 Ukrainians), Hungary (73.6), Germany (12.6), and Italy (7.3) are among the main destinations. While the intensity of Ukrainian migration is high, its growth rate depends on the time lag (different elasticities in the medium and long run). The integral analysis of the pull environment has a practical value allowing to conduct migration intensity and elasticity evaluation, as well as the cross-country pull-factor analysis (pull strength) for substantiating the improvement of regulatory and methodological provisions of migration policies for both Ukraine and the hosting EU states. AcknowledgmentThe study has been conducted within the framework of applied research “Mechanisms of the proactive policy for reducing social vulnerability of the population (based on the Carpathian region of Ukraine)” (M. Dolishniy Institute of Regional Research of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Reg. No. 0121U112014, 2021–2023).

This study was conducted to demonstrate the impacts of push and pull factors on tourist satisfaction and behavioural intention of visitors towards Can Tho City river tourism. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyse the data. Research data were collected by direct interviews with 235 visitors who have experienced the river tour in Can Tho City. The research has shown that push and pulls factors positively affect destination satisfaction. Besides, destination satisfaction promotes the return intention, willingness to pay, and positive word of mouth of visitors towards river tourism. The study proposes important implications to effectively use river tourism image of Can Tho City, thereby attracting both domestic and foreign tourists. These solutions may help improve the tourism industry of the city