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Application of growth regulators like paclobutrazol and gibberellic acid is a suitable way to prevent excessive nitrogen consumption. Therefore, this 2-year research was conducted in Karaj, Iran. This research was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a split-plot arrangement in 2019–2021. Treatments included nitrogen at three levels: (60, 105 and 150 kg ha−1) which were placed in the main plots. The second factor was the foliar application of growth regulators at three levels: [gibberellic acid (100 ppm), paclobutrazol (200 ppm) and control]. The results showed that application of paclobutrazol and gibberellic acid raised super wheat yield and quality compared to control. The highest biological yield (27.67 ton ha−1), was observed in the interaction of nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 + gibberellic acid in the second year, which was the same with nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 + gibberellic acid in the first year and also interaction of nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 + paclobutrazol in the second year. The highest grain protein (14.69%) was seen in nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 + gibberellic acid in the second year and nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 + gibberellic acid in the first year. Growth regulators usage and increasing the nitrogen content (150 kg ha−1), improved the yield and grain quality of wheat. Therefore, the interaction of nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 + gibberellic acid and nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 +paclobutrazol, were the best treatments of this study, due to the creation of suitable environmental conditions for wheat, and these treatments can be suggested to the farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paclobutrazol (PAC) is a significant inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis that profoundly influences grape seed development (GSD) through the modulation of key molecular pathways. Here, we identified 6659 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in GSD under PAC treatment, with 3601 up-regulated and 3058 down-regulated. An analysis of hormone-associated DEGs revealed that auxin-related genes (16) were the most up-regulated, followed by genes associated with brassinosteroid and ABA. In contrast, cytokinin- and gibberellin-related genes exhibited a suppressive response. PAC treatment also triggered extensive reprogramming of metabolic pathways, including 44 genes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism (24 up-regulated, 20 down-regulated), 101 cell wall-related genes (53 up-regulated, 48 down-regulated), and 110 transcription factors (77 up-regulated, 33 down-regulated). A cis-element analysis of the promoters of 76 hormone-responsive genes identified 14 types of hormone-responsive cis-elements, with ABRE being the most prevalent. Genes responsible for inactivating active hormones, such as ABA-VvPP2CA, IAA-VvGH3.1, and CK-VvARR9-1, were also identified. Concurrently, PAC negatively regulated hormone-active genes, including BR-VvXTH25, SA-VvTGA21-3, and JA-VvTIFY3B, leading to reduced levels of these hormones. PAC modulates GSD by mediating the dynamic balance of multi-hormone accumulations. Furthermore, development-related cis-elements such as the AACA-motif, AAGAA-motif, AC-I, AC-II, O2-site, as-1, CAT-box, CCAAT-box, circadian, GCN4-motif, RY-element, HD-Zip 1, HD-Zip 3, MSA-like, MYB-like sequence, MYB-binding site, and MYB recognition site, were found in key DEGs involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, cell wall remodeling, and epigenetic regulation. This indicates that these pathways are responsive to PAC modulation during GSD. Finally, we developed a comprehensive regulatory network to illustrate the PAC-mediated pathways involved in GSD. This network integrates multi-hormonal signaling, cell wall remodeling, epigenetic regulation, and transcription factors, highlighting PAC's pivotal role in GSD. Our findings provide new insights into the complex mechanisms underlying PAC's effects on grapevine development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to wide flammability limit and low ignition energy, the explosion risk of hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) is augmented by the hydrogen proportion. The paper aims to evaluate the synergetic suppression performance of ABC powder/potassium bicarbonate-zeolite (PBZ) composite powder and HFC-227ea/CO 2 on HCNG explosion. The suppression experiments on 20% and 50% hydrogen ratios are conducted in a 0.5 m-long cubic container. For X H 2 = 20% HCNG explosion, with addition of optimal concentration of PBZ composite powder (0.1 g/L), the explosion overpressure decreases from 137 kPa at vol. 2% CO 2 to 133 kPa at vol. 1% HFC-227ea. Thus, the inhibitor effect of HFC-227ea is superior to that of CO 2. For both X H 2 = 20% and 50% HCNG explosions under optimal concentrations of PBZ composite powder or ABC powder, the critical values of positive and negative synergetic effects under CO 2 or HFC-227ea inert gas suppressions are revealed. The positive synergetic suppression effect generally occurs at low hydrogen doping ratio and low suppressant concentration. Increase of suppressant concentration leads to a decline in reaction temperature, causing that the powder cannot be decomposed completely and the chemical inhibition effect is weakened. • Suppression performance of ABC or PBZ composite powder is revealed. • Suppression effect of ABC powder and PBZ composite powder is compared. • Positive and negative critical collaboration by CO 2 and HFC-227ea is revealed. • The combined suppressing mechanism of gas-solid suppressant is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a highly conserved multi-subunit protein complex, with CSN1 being its largest and most conserved subunit. The N-terminal function of CSN1 plays a pivotal and intricate role in plant photomorphogenesis and seedling development. Moreover, CSN is essential for far-red light-mediated photomorphogenesis in seedlings, but the function of OsCSN1 in seedling growth and development under far-red light conditions has not been determined. This study investigates the function of OsCSN1 under far-red light through phenotypic analysis of wild type and OsCSN1 mutant seedlings. Additionally, the effect of the N-terminal region of OsCSN1 on rice seedling growth and development was examined. The addition of exogenous hormone gibberellin (GA3) and gibberellin synthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) resulted in notable changes in phenotypes and the expression of key proteins, including CUL4 and SLR1. The findings indicate that OsCSN1 functions as a positive regulator of plant height under far-red light and inhibits root elongation. Under far-red light, OsCSN1 integrates into the COP9 complex and regulates the nuclear localization of COP1. Through its interaction with CUL4 in the CULLIN-RING family, OsCSN1 facilitates the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of SLR1, thereby influencing the growth of rice seedlings. The regulatory function of OsCSN1 in seedling growth and development under far-red light predominantly relies on the 32 amino acids of its N-terminal region. The results of this study can provide new ideas for rice breeding and genetic improvement. Based on the study of key regulatory factors such as OsCSN1, new varieties that can make better use of far-red light signals can be cultivated to enhance crop adaptability and productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the impact of paclobutrazol (PBZ) concentrations and application protocols on ornamental quality and consumer preference. PBZ was applied at five concentrations using three different protocols: drench at transplanting, drench 30 days after transplanting, and immersion. At commercial maturity, plants were assessed based on growth parameters related to height, canopy structure, fruit and leaf characteristics, and sensory attributes. The results indicated that PBZ treatments led to darker green leaves and, in general, the drench method, regardless of time application, was more effective in modulating plant growth compared to the immersion protocol. Conversely, the sensory analysis showed a greater preference among evaluators for plants treated with PBZ at 2.5 and 5 mg L−1 via drench at 30 days after transplanting (D30DAT) or through immersion (IM), even though IM was not associated with any of the ornamental quality parameters evaluated. Likewise, the application of PBZ by drench during transplanting is not recommended as the plants showed a reduced number and size of fruits, which affected the ornamental value of the plants and global preference. Therefore, PBZ applied by D30DAT at concentrations of 2.5 and 5 mg L−1 produced 'Biquinho Vermelha' pepper plants with attractive ornamental characteristics; and thereby, should be considered an alternative method for producers of potted ornamental plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is used in the arboriculture industry to reduce the growth of trees. It works by inhibiting gibberellin biosynthesis, a group of phytohormones associated with cell elongation. A substantial amount of variation exists within the literature as to the impact of PBZ on woody plant root systems. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of PBZ on belowground growth and biomass allocation among plant species with varying levels of PBZ sensitivity in a controlled setting. Methods: We treated containerized silver maple, white oak, pecan, laurel oak, and stone pine trees with Cambistat® at the full label rate, one category lower, two categories lower, or water-only controls. After a 14-month incubation period, leaf, stem, and root tissue dry mass were quantified, root:shoot ratios were calculated, the length of the longest root quantified, and total root length of a subset of replicates was estimated. Species were statistically analyzed separately and collectively to assess trends. Results: Paclobutrazol application resulted in significantly lower root dry mass and total root length for all species analyzed, and significantly reduced longest root length of all species except for silver maple. Across species and dosage combinations, we saw few dose effects on any response variable and no major trends in root:shoot ratios. Conclusion: The impact of PBZ on trees in the landscape appears to be influenced by a number of factors, but we observed relatively consistent results on belowground biomass when growing conditions were uniform in our controlled experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Eighteen quinoa gibberellin oxidase genes were identified. • They were divided into four subfamilies: C19GA2ox, C20GA2ox, GA3ox, and GA20ox. • CqGAox genes were specifically expressed during seed germination. • CqGAox genes were expressed to maintain endogenous GAs in plants exposed to stress. Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is an urgent problem in the quinoa breeding process. Gibberellin oxidases are key enzymes in the biosynthesis and degradation of gibberellins, playing a significant role in the regulation of active gibberellins (GAs). In this study, 18 CqGAox genes were identified in quinoa and characterized according to phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, conserved motifs, codon use pattern, and expression patterns. Based on their phylogenetic relationships, the CqGAox genes were classified into four groups: C19CqGA2ox, C20CqGA2ox, CqGA3ox , and CqGA20ox. Evolutionary analyses showed that homologous GAox genes from Arabidopsis, rice, and quinoa have been subject to purifying selection during evolution. According to the codon use patterns, mutational stress may cause codon bias in CqGAox genes. Prediction of promoter cis-regulatory elements suggested that the CqGAox genes contained multiple elements that responded to phytohormones and stress. We further evaluated the transcriptional responses of CqGAox genes during quinoa seed germination and under low-temperature stress treatments of seedlings. Moreover, qRT-PCR was used to confirm the changes in CqGAox gene expression during quinoa seed germination under GA 3 and paclobutrazol (PAC) treatments. Compared with the control, expression of CqGAox genes was significantly altered by treatment with GA 3 or PAC. These findings indicated that the CqGAox genes are essential for regulating GA biosynthesis and degradation. This study lays the foundation for further investigations of the roles of CqGAox genes in GA-regulated quinoa seed germination and provides potential targets for addressing the challenge of quinoa PHS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Training of salad cucumber vines is a very labour and timeconsuming task. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the impact of plant growth regulators(PGRs) on the length and yield of salad cucumber vines. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design with four replicates. T1=Cycocel (0.4375 ml/L water), T2=Sodium Nitrophenolate (0.4 ml/L water), T3=Ethephon (0.325 ml/L water), T4=Paclobutrazol(250 mg/L water), and T5=Without PGRs (control) were the five treatments. Treatments were applied once a week. Growth parameters were recorded weekly while yield parameters were recorded at harvest. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the SAS software. Subsequently, means were separated by Dunnett's test. Results revealed that the vine lengths were significantly low from the treatments T3 (Ethephon, 251 cm) and T4 (Paclobutrazol, 166.33 cm). The number of leaves per vine was significantly highest from T3 (Ethephon, 56 leaves) and T4 (Paclobutrazol, 42 leaves) produced the significantly lowest number of leaves per vine. Additionally, the significantly lowest length of internodes for the 14th and 21st internodes resulted from T3 (Ethephon, 3.36 cm, 3.33 cm) and T4 (Paclobutrazol, 2.96 cm, 3.33 cm). The significantly lowest leaf area in the 15th leaf resulted from T4 (Paclobutrazol, 321.86 cm2) while the significantly highest leaf area in the 30th leaf resulted from T3 (Ethephon, 303.64 cm²). Furthermore, a significantly higher number of nodes per 1 m of vine length was reported from T3 (Ethephon, 17.66 nodes) and T4 (Paclobutrazol, 20 nodes). In terms of yield parameters, the significantly lowest fruit weight (530.33 g), length (13.45 cm), and number of fruits (5.66) were recorded from T3 (Ethephon). Thus, T4(Paclobutrazol) is suitable for shortening the vine length along with a greater yield of salad cucumber vines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The yield of direct-seeded rice (DSR) was constrained by inadequate grain filling. Recent studies have indicated that paclobutrazol application plays a significant role in enhancing crop agronomic traits and increasing yield. This study aimed to examine the effects of paclobutrazol seed soaking (PSS) on non-structural carbohydrate accumulation and grain enrichment in DSR, potentially providing a theoretical foundation for achieving high-yield DSR cultivation. The experiment utilized two rice varieties, Jiyujing (JYJ) and Jijing305 (JJ305), with seeds soaked in paclobutrazol concentrations of 0 mg L−1 and 100 mg L−1. PSS demonstrated increased chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and leaf area, as well as an extended photosynthetic function period during the filling stage. It also elevated soluble sugar and starch contents in the flag leaf (during the filling stage) and stem sheath (after heading), decreased starch content in the top panicle while increasing it in the middle and lower panicle during the filling stage, and enhanced spikelet per unit area and seed setting rate, thereby improving DSR yield. In conclusion, PSS enhanced the photosynthetic capacity of DSR during the filling stage, coordinated the filling process of superior and inferior grains, maintained source-sink balance, and facilitated stable and orderly filling, ultimately resulting in improved yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polybenzoxazine (PBz) resins exhibit excellent mechanical, thermal, and adhesive properties, making them interesting candidates for coating applications. Moreover, thanks to the incorporation of exchangeable ester bonds within the PBz network, the coating presents healable properties that are catalyzed by the intrinsic presence of tertiary amine within the PBz backbone. Unfortunately, these tertiary amine functions are also responsible for the limited resistance of such systems to acid environments by protonation. To address this limitation, the protection of tertiary amines inherent to the PBz network was investigated in this study by incorporating an aromatic group close to the amine function to minimize its protonation via hindrance/mesomeric effects. More precisely, benzoxazine precursors based on monoethanolamine (mea) and aminophenylethyl alcohol (Apa) were synthesized and tested as protective coatings of aluminium alloy substrates (AA1050). The resins were characterized by NMR, FTIR, rheology, TGA, DSC, and DMA. PBz synthesized from Apa exhibits enhanced thermal stability, reduced swelling rates in both water and acid, and shortened relaxation times. After application via solvent casting on AA1050 substrates, the acid resistance of the coatings was evaluated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results demonstrated better resistance of the Apa-based resins in 0.1 M sulfuric acid after one month of immersion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 90% of glioblastoma recurrences occur in the peritumoral brain zone (PBZ), while the spatial heterogeneity of the PBZ is not well studied. In this study, two PBZ tissues and one tumor tissue sample are obtained from each patient via preoperative imaging. We assess the microenvironment and the characteristics of infiltrating immune/tumor cells using various techniques. Our data indicate there are one or more regions with higher cerebral blood flow in PBZ, which we collectively name the "higher cerebral blood flow interface" (HBI). The HBI exhibited more neovascularization than the "lower cerebral blood flow interfaces" (LBI). The HBI tend to have increased infiltration of macrophages and T lymphocytes infiltration compared with that in LBI. There are more tumor cells in the HBI than in LBI, with substantial differences in the gene expression profiles of these tumor cells. HBI may be the key area of PBZ-targeting therapy after surgical resection. The spatial heterogeneity of peritumoral brain zone (PBZ) in glioblastoma, where 90% of reoccurrence occurs, remains poorly characterised. Here, the authors suggest that high cerebral blood flow regions in the PBZ are the main regions of tumour and immune cell infiltration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composites of polybenzoxazine (PBZ) containing functionalized plasma treatment basalt fibers (fP‐BFs) were fabricated through in‐situ polymerization‐mixing technique. fP‐BFs is an effective reinforcement material that can improve the mechanical, thermal, and interfacial properties of composites. Surface activation of fP‐BFs can be enhanced through plasma modification, which improves the interaction between fP‐BFs and 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane. A systematic study on fP‐BFs/PBZ composite showed that a processing power of 300 W, a processing time of 5 min, and a fiber content of 9% can achieve good comprehensive mechanical properties. Thermogravimetric analysis results showed that fP‐BFs‐7/PBZ has the highest thermal stability, and its carbon residue rate, decomposition temperature and thermal decomposition activation energy are 36.80%, 452.2 °C and 133.56 kJ/mol, respectively. The dynamic mechanical analysis experiment showed that the addition of fP‐BFs improved the Tg of the composites. Among them, fP‐BFs‐5/PBZ showed the highest Tg, reaching 233.2 °C. Highlights: Plasma treatment produced multi‐level structure of basalt fibers (fP‐BFs).Polybenzoxazine (PBZ)/fP‐BFs composites showed excellent performance.Interfacial bonding mechanism between fP‐BFs and PBZ was elucidated.Interfacial interactions between BFs and PBZ contributed to property enhancement.This work provided a green fabrication strategy of PBZ composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adventitious root (AR) formation in plants originates from non-root organs such as leaves and hypocotyls. Auxin signaling is essential for AR formation, but the roles of other phytohormones are less clear. In Arabidopsis, at least two distinct mechanisms can produce ARs, either from hypocotyls as part of the general root architecture or from wounded organs during de novo root regeneration (DNRR). In previous reports, gibberellin acid (GA) appeared to play reverse roles in both types of ARs, since GA treatment blocks etiolation-induced AR formation from hypocotyls, whereas GA synthesis and signaling mutants apparently displayed reduced DNRR from detached leaves. In order to clarify this contradiction, we employed the GA biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PBZ) and found that PBZ had positive effects on both types of AR formation in Arabidopsis. Consistently, GA treatment had negative effects on both AR formation mechanisms, while loss of GA synthesis and signaling promoted DNRR under our conditions. Our results show that PBZ treatment can rescue declined AR formation in difficult-to-root leaf explants such as erecta receptor mutants. Furthermore, transcriptional profiling revealed that PBZ treatment altered GA, brassinosteroids, and auxin responses, which included the up-regulation of LBD16 that is well known for its pivotal role in AR initiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel dental fiber post from glass fiber‐reinforced polybenzoxazine (PBZ) composites was developed in this work. The essential properties, that is, chemical characteristics, thermal and biological properties of the PBZ composites were investigated for various glass fiber loadings (10.5, 23.7, 41.2 and 65.1 vol%). Finite element analysis (FEA) was also utilized to observe mechanical behaviors of the tooth model repaired with PBZ composite posts compared to a natural tooth model. The findings reveal that for the fiber‐reinforced PBZ composites not only their thermal properties were significantly improved, but they also showed enhanced cytocompatibility; we found a coefficient of thermal expansion of 12.8 ppm/°C and cell viability of 91.55 for the 65.1 vol% glass fiber‐reinforced PBZ composite. Moreover, samples reinforced with higher glass fiber loadings effectively resulted in the reduction of stress distribution in dentin observed from FEA suggesting protection againt root fractures. Restoration using the PBZ composite post showed the same stress patterns in the dentin‐composite resin‐post interface of the repaired tooth as in the natural tooth model. The results revealed that the glass fiber‐reinforced PBZ composites possess good thermal properties and mechanical behaviors which renders them suitable candidates for biocompatible dental materials. Highlights: The glass fiber/polybenzoxazine (GF/PBZ) composites had nontoxic properties as evidenced through cell viability, growth and morphology studies.The thermal expansion of the GF/PBZ composite was similar to that of dentin, promoting adaptation at the dentin‐post interface.Mechanical behaviors evaluated by FEA of tooth model restored with GF/PBZ composite post were similar to those restored with commercial glass fiber post.The biocompatible GF/PBZ composite with good thermal and mechanical properties is a promising new candidate material as dental fiber post. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of applying different concentrations of paclobutrazol to soil on the fruit, seed, and leaf related indicators of the ‘Jinxiu’ yellow peach. In spring, paclobutrazol 2. 5 g / tree (treatment ①) and 5 g / tree (treatment ②) was applied to the annular groove of ‘Jinxiu’ yellow peach trees, while the control was left untreated. When the fruit has reached maturity, study pertinent indicators. The results showed that both treatments enhanced fruit production, yield, and the proportion of small and medium-sized fruits, while reducing the proportion of large fruits. Both treatments resulted in a decrease in average fruit weight, an increase in fruit shape index (longitudinal length / transverse diameter), and an increase in pulp sugar and acid content;however, fruit quality was not enhanced. Treatment ② enhanced the fresh weight and dried weight of seed embryos considerably. In both treatments, leaf area and single leaf weight decreased, although specific leaf weight was less impacted. Both treatments increased leaf nitrogen content while decreasing phosphorus and potassium levels. The soil application of paclobutrazol could increase fruit yield but did not improve the fruit quality of ‘Jinxiu’ yellow peaches. This may be due to its negative impacts on leaf area, phosphorus, and potassium levels. During fruit production, the usage of paclobutrazol should be restricted or avoided. In addition, alternatives to paclobutrazol should be employed for cultivation and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean (Glycine max) is a popular food ingredient due to its high protein content. Despite soybean cultivation in Indonesia, it is not yet at its best and requires further enhancement. Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a plant growth regulator (PGPR) that can increase production by suppressing the vegetative phase and increasing the generative phase whereas, the use of NPK fertilizers can improve the yield quality of soybeans. The objective of this study is to investigate how different concentrations of PBZ and NPK fertilizers impact the growth and yield of soybean plants. This research was carried out from May to August 2024 in Semolowaru, a neighborhood in Surabaya, East Java. This research used the split plots design (SPD) method, in this study testing the concentration of paclobutrazol (0 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and 150 ppm) and the dose of NPK fertilizer (150 kg/ha, 200 kg/ha, 250 kg/ha, and 300 kg/ha). Paclobutrazol concentration of 150 ppm and NPK fertilizer dose of 300 kg/ha showed the best results in the parameters of plant height, number of flowers, number of seeds, and chlorophyll content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gibberellin (GAs) promotes plant growth processes like germination, shoot elongation, root development, and flowering, while its inhibition is occasionally used in some vegetable crop practices. This paper aims to review the current literature on GAs inhibitors in practical vegetable crops and suggest future strategies for increasing yield. In some vegetable crops, inhibiting GAs with natural (abscisic acid, ethylene) or synthetic (paclobutrazol, prohexadione-Ca) regulators is key to improving yield and quality. Abscisic acid (ABA) counteracts GAs in germination and stress adaptation, while ethylene (ET) opposes GAs in senescence and growth inhibition. The application of paclobutrazol (PBZ) and prohexadione-Ca (Pro-Ca) is known to inhibit synthetic GAs, resulting in denser plants while improving plant photosynthetic efficiency, which improves crop yield. Achieving desired growth and yields with GAs inhibitors relies on precise dosing, emphasizing the importance of review studies for advancing vegetable cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distinctive challenges in developing oleophilic/hydrophobic membranes through the coating technique for the separation of oil–water mixtures are the lengthy processes, the release of volatile contents, and the decrease in separation efficacy with repeated cycles. In this work, an attempt has been made to develop cost-effective, eco-friendly, bio-based, sustainable, and durable hydrophobic/oleophilic polybenzoxazine (PBZ) matrices coated on the cotton fabric for efficacious separation of oil–water emulsion mixtures. The benzoxazine monomers were synthesized using eugenol, furfuryl amine or stearyl amine, and paraformaldehyde (E-fa and E-sa) by a solvent-less, green synthetic approach. The synthesized benzoxazine monomers were characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR. Trifunctional benzoxazine monomers were synthesized by a simple thiol-ene click reaction using E-fa, E-sa, and trithiocyanuric acid. Later, the hydrophobic cotton fabric or filter paper was prepared by a simple dip coating method using E-fa, E-sa, E-fa/TCA, and E-sa/TCA separately, followed by thermal curing. The hydrophobic PBZ coated on the fabric/filter paper materials revealed better separation of emulsified oil–water mixtures with a separation efficacy of > 98% even after 15 repeated cycles. The thermal behavior of developed PBZ showed better thermal stability (thermal degradation and higher char yield) than conventional bisphenol A and F based PBZs. The hydrophobic/oleophilic surface on the cotton fabrics/filter paper, altered with the sustainable bio-based eugenol-based benzoxazines, is eco-friendly and easy to scale up, revealing prodigious capacities in several practical applications including oil–water separation and self-cleaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shorter trees are ideal in tree orchards and allow easy harvesting, thus increasing fruit yields per unit area. In the Philippines, marang has been considered a potential crop to help food security. However, the crop can grow very tall and make fruit harvesting tedious. This study was conducted to determine if paclobutrazol (PBZ) at concentrations of 0, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm, applied as a media drench, could regulate the growth of marang at the seedling stage. Results showed that paclobutrazol treatment reduced the leaf size of 110-day-old seedlings by almost four-fold compared to the non-PBZtreated group (control). The stomatal density of the leaf in 250, 500, and 1000 PBZ-treated seedlings was 8.51, 8.49, and 8.11 mm-2 compared to only 5.62 mm-2 in the control, respectively. Closed stomata in 250, 500, and 1000 ppm PBZ-treated seedlings were 2.78, 2.49, and 3.24 mm-2 compared to 1.33 mm-2 in the control, respectively. The 250 ppm PBZ treatment increased the chlorophyll index (489.08) in the marang leaf compared to the control with 256.58. Seedling shoot length decreased five-fold and root length by 42.35-52.23% in response to the paclobutrazol treatment. The control seedling fresh weight (18.33 g) was nearly five-fold heavier than the PBZ-treated seedlings. The shootroot ratio of the control seedlings was three-fold higher than the PBZtreated seedlings. On the other hand, PBZ treatments resulted in a three-fold increase in the root-to-shoot ratio. These results can appear promising in producing shorter marang trees with longer roots to ease horticultural management in orchards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cereal crops in the world. Bakanae disease is a significant rice disease widely distributed in rice-growing regions worldwide. Therefore, the present investigation aimed to assess the optimal concentrations of paclobutrazol (PBZ) as a treatment for rice grains (cv. Sakha 108) to control bakanae disease, also evaluating its impact on grain germination, seedling growth parameters as well as disease index. Paclobutrazol concentrations had no significant impact on seed germination, regardless of whether the seeds were incubated with Fusarium fujikuroi or not. Application of PBZ, either alone or in combination with fungal pathogens, negatively impacted the rice seedlings' height. Paclobutrazol at 25, 50 and 100 mg/L, combined with the fungal pathogen positively impacted root length. Paclobutrazol at 3 and 6 mg/L mitigated the adverse impact on chlorophyll pigments content in infected seedlings. The highest proline contents were achieved by 100 mg/L PBZ alone or in combination with fungal pathogens. It has been observed that the application of PBZ, either alone or in combination with a fungal pathogen, leads to the enhancement of catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities. The median lethal concentration of PBZ was 0.874 mg/L; applying low concentrations of paclobutrazol effectively increased the percentage of fungal growth suppression. Application of PBZ, at higher concentrations (50 and 100 mg/L), decreased infection percentage and disease severity index (DSI) significantly. These findings suggest that PBZ can be an effective treatment for controlling bakanae disease and enhancing resistance in rice plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The thickening of radish taproots is primarily determined by secondary growth driven by the vascular cambium and is a highly intricate process regulated by plant hormones, transcription factors, and many metabolic pathways. Gibberellin (GA), a plant hormone associated with cell elongation, is essential in secondary growth. However, the mechanism through which exogenous GA3 regulates secondary taproot growth in radishes remains unclear. Methods: Integrated morphological, anatomical, hormonal, and transcriptomic analyses of taproots in radishes treated with GA3 and its biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PBZ) were performed to explore their effects on taproot secondary growth and key regulatory pathways. Results: GA3 significantly hindered taproot thickening by inhibiting the formation and maintenance of the vascular cambium, and PBZ promoted root development by increasing root length rather than root diameter. Transcriptome analysis revealed 2,014, 948, and 1,831 differentially expressed genes identified from the control vs. GA3, control vs. PBZ, and GA3 vs. PBZ comparisons, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathway enrichment analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were primarily involved in the biosyntheses of secondary metabolites and metabolic pathways. GA3 significantly increased the levels of endogenous indole-acetic acid and the expression of auxin synthesis and signal transduction genes. Discussion: Exogenous GA3 significantly inhibited the expression of genes involved in the maintenance and differentiation of vascular cambium, including WOX14, ER/ERL1, and XCP2. Exogenous GA3 affects root thickening in radishes primarily by regulating hormone signal transduction pathways, vascular cambium activity, and substance and energy metabolisms. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms underlying taproot thickening in radishes and provide a valuable gene database for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For large quantities of hydrogen transportation, it is a potential solution for mixing a certain proportion of hydrogen into natural gas pipeline network. In is imperative to seek efficient explosion suppressants of hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG). In current work, a 125 L cubic explosion container was developed to conduct the suppression experiments on 20% and 50% HCNG explosion using inhibitory solids of 0.04–0.32 g/L ABC powder and 0.04–0.16 g/L potassium bicarbonate-zeolite (PBZ) composite powder. The thermodynamic and particle size properties of ABC powder and PBZ composite powder were analyzed to interpret these suppression effects. The pressure history curve and explosion flame appearance were recorded. The flame exhibited a deformation and wrinkles characteristic when the solid suppressants were employed. The optimal concentrations of ABC powder and PBZ composite powder suppression were attained. The physical and chemical mechanisms of explosion mitigation with ABC powder or PBZ composite powder were fully revealed. The single inhibitory powder of ABC powder or PBZ composite powder could not fully restrict the HCNG explosion. The current results possessed some practical guidance for restriction of HCNG explosion in industrial confined spaces. • Powder suppressions on 20% and 50% HCNG explosion are conducted. • Flame shows a deformation and wrinkles shape under inhibitory powders. • The inhibitory effect of PBZ composite powder is than that of ABC powder. • Optimal concentrations of ABC powder and PBZ composite powder are attained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To comprehensively explore the physio-biochemical and molecular changes of paclobutrazol (PBZ) at the ideal dose under water deficit stress (WDS) conditions, we investigated the effects of 100 mg/kg PBZ applied via drenching on various physio-biochemical and molecular parameters in three rice varieties (N22, IR64, and IR64 DTY1.1) under both mild [75%‒80% relative water content (RWC)] and severe (60%‒65% RWC) WDS conditions. The results showed that PBZ treatment positively influenced the physio-biochemical parameters, significantly increasing dry matter (16.27%‒61.91%), RWC (6.48%‒ 16.34%), membrane stability index (4.37%‒10.35%), and total chlorophyll content (8.97%‒29.09%) in the rice varieties under both mild and severe WDS. Moreover, PBZ treatment reduced drought susceptibility (0.83‒0.95) and enhanced drought tolerance efficiency (60.92%‒86.78%), indicating its potential as a stress-mitigating agent. Global methylation analysis revealed changes in DNA methylation patterns, indicating the regulatory influence of PBZ on gene expression. The expression analysis of genes involved in the diversification of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate towards the biosynthesis of abscisic acid, gibberellin acid, and chlorophyll showed alterations in their expression levels, suggesting the involvement of PBZ in the isoprenoid pathway. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the potential mechanisms by which PBZ modulates physiological and molecular responses in rice plants under WDS. The findings highlight the importance of PBZ as a promising agent for enhancing drought tolerance in rice and offer valuable information for future research in crop stress management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phalaenopsis is the most popular potted plant worldwide. However, its typically long stalks often lead to increased shipping costs and risks. This study investigates the effectiveness of varying the concentration, timing, and frequency of paclobutrazol (PP333) applications on shortening the stalk of Phalaenopsis Join Grace 'TH288-4'. Concurrently, it also examines the potential for producing visually appealing and single-flower potted phalaenopsis products by means of truncation. Mature phalaenopsis plants were moved to a cool room in the seventh week to induce flowering. Four experimental groups were established based on different PP333 application schedules: the control (CK) group, with reverse osmosis water application in the second week; the T2 group, with a single application in the second week; the T2T3 group, with applications in both the second and third weeks; and the T7T8 group, with applications in the seventh and eighth weeks. The PP333 concentrations used were 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg·L−1, applied as foliar sprays. The results showed that the shortest stalks, measured from the base to the first flower, were observed in the T2 group treated with PP333 at 750 mg·L−1 and in the T2T3 group with PP333 at 500, 750, and 1000 mg·L−1. These treatments resulted in stalk lengths of 19.18–22.17 cm, which are 67.2–71.6% shorter than the controls. PP333 application had minimal effect on the stalk diameter, pedicel length, flower width, length, and length/width ratio. However, root diameter was thicker in plants treated with PP333 compared with the control plants. For producing single-flower phalaenopsis, a foliar spray of 750 mg·L−1 PP333 is recommended approximately a month before moving the plants to cooler conditions, followed by truncation, retaining only the first flower. As a result, this study establishes a PP333 treatment protocol for phalaenopsis, offering a strategy to effectively shorten the stalks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato seed tubers are a valuable product in potato agriculture. Over the years, studies have been conducted to increase the fraction of mid-size tubers, which are used as a planting material, within the general pool of tuber sizes. Gibberellic acid has been a central component of such studies and has successfully increased the seed-size pool. However, in many cases, misshapen tubers were formed, and the practice has not become widespread. The use of the gibberellic acid inhibitor paclobutrazol has been examined for its ability to increase seed tuber number and tuber growth and to overcome the heat inhibition of tuberization in warm climates. Paclobutrazol has been shown to increase tuber yield and growth rate. In this study, we aimed to test whether the combination of gibberellic acid and paclobutrazol can increase the seed tuber pool, reduce the number of misshapen tubers, and shorten the growth cycle, thus avoiding end-of-season elevated heat conditions and reducing agricultural inputs. Our findings suggest that gibberellic acid on its own can lead to an increase in the number of seed tubers at earlier stages of growth; however, the sequential addition of paclobutrazol was not able to drive even earlier growth or lower the number of misshapen tubers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to explore the mechanism of stem mechanical strength in direct-seeded rice (DSR) as affected by paclobutrazol, especially its related endogenous hormone and cell wall component changes in culm tissue and response to the application of paclobutrazol. Field experiments were conducted in Changchun County, Jilin Province, China, by using two japonica rice varieties, Jiyujing and Jijing305, with soaking seeds in paclobutrazol at concentrations of (0 mg L−1, S0; 50 mg L−1; S1; 100 mg L−1; S2; 150 mg L−1, S3; 200 mg L−1, S4) in 2021 and 2022. The results suggest that the application of paclobutrazol increased the grain yield and reduced the lodging rate of DSR. Compared with the S0 treatments, soaking the seeds in paclobutrazol treatments rapidly shortened the length of the basal internode by decreasing the endogenous indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin A3 (GA3) contents in culm tissue. The larger breaking strength (M) was attributed to a higher section modulus (SM) and bending stress (BS). The higher mechanical tissue thickness in culm tissue under paclobutrazol treatments, which was raised by higher endogenous zeatin and zeatin riboside (Z+ZR) content in culm tissue, increased the culm diameter, culm wall thickness, and section modulus (SM) of the internode. Compared with the S0 treatments, soaking the seeds in paclobutrazol treatments increased the cellulose content, lignin content, activities of lignin-related enzymes, and expression of key genes in lignin biosynthesis, as well as resulted in a higher bending stress (BS) to enhance the culm breaking strength (M). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of aging on phenylbutazone (PBZ) disposition in older horses (= 25 years old) compared to young adults (4 to 10 years old) by characterizing the pharmacokinetic profile of PBZ and its active metabolite, oxyphenbutazone (OPBZ), following a 2.2-mg/kg dose, IV. We hypothesized that the disposition of PBZ will be affected by age. ANIMALS: 16 healthy horses (8 young adults aged 4 to 10 years and 8 geriatric horses = 25 years old). METHODS: Horses were administered a single 2.2-mg/kg PBZ dose, IV. Plasma samples were collected at designated time points and frozen at -80 °C until assayed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed using Phoenix WinNonlin, version 8.0 (Certara). Both clinical and pharmacokinetic data were compared between age groups using independent samples t tests, with P < .05 considered significant. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics did not differ between groups, with the exception of age, weight, and plasma total solids. Plasma concentrations of PBZ were best described by a two-compartment model. The maximum plasma concentration of OPBZ was reached at 5 hours for both age groups, and the metabolite-to-parent-drug area-under-the-curve ratios were approximately 20% for both groups. None of the pharmacokinetic parameters of PBZ or its metabolite, OPBZ, differed significantly between age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato seed production in the medium plain is necessary to avoid environmental damage and the limited area of potato seed production in the high plain. The effort to increase the production of G1 potato seeds on the medium plain is the evaluation of the biochar composition and concentration of paclobutrazol that can increase the production G1 potato seeds cv Medians in the medium plain of Jatinangor. The research was conducted from August to December 2022 at the Ciparanje Experimental Field. Jatinangor. Faculty of Agriculture. Universitas Padjadjaran. The experiment used a Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD). The first factor was the biochar composition: m1 (100% compost), m2 (80% compost + 20% rice husk biochar), m3 (80% compost + 20% coconut shell biochar), and m4 (80% compost + 10% biochar husk rice + 10% coconut shell biochar). The second factor was the paclobutrazol concentration: p1 (without paclobutrazol), p2 (100 ppm paclobutrazol), and p3 (150 ppm paclobutrazol). The experimental results showed that there was no reaction effect of biochar compositions and paclobutrazol concentrations on the growth and yield of G1 potato seeds. The application of 80% compost + 20 % rice husk biochar gave significantly higher yields than treatment without biochar. The number of tubers was 6.29 knol per plant and the tuber weight was 66.80 g per plant. Application of 100 ppm paclobutrazol resulted in lower plant height, gave the number of tubers was 6.39 knol per plant, tuber weight per plant was 63.34 g higher than without paclobutrazol and produced more seed tubers with S class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop with significant economic importance in many developing countries. This study rigorously investigated the impact of various applications and doses of two specific plant growth regulators, paclobutrazol (PAC) and mepiquat chloride (MC), on the development, yield components, oil content, and fatty acid composition of sesame plants across two consecutive growing seasons. The research revealed that while paclobutrazol application increased the plant height it also resulted in a slight decrease in oil content. The paclobutrazol treatment resulted in the highest seed yield (21.3 g/plant), which was significantly different from both the MC (13.1 g/plant) and PAC + MC (14.6 g/plant) treatments. In contrast, the mepiquat chloride treatment resulted in the lowest oil content. The combined application of both regulators showed intermediate effects. In addition, variations in fatty acid content were observed between applications and doses, with significant differences in saturated and unsaturated fatty acid levels. The findings provide valuable insights into the potential benefits and implications of using growth regulators in sesame cultivation, especially in the context of mechanized harvesting and oil quality optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signaling molecule in plants. Paclobutrazol is a widely used plant growth retardant in agriculture and gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis inhibitor in research. Both of them involving in various biological processes. However, the crosstalk of paclobutrazol and NO was unclear. In this study, we explored the effect of paclobutrazol treatment on seed germination of Arabidopsis Col-0 and nia1nia2. The results showed that endogenous NO deficiency alleviated the inhibition effect of paclobutrazol on seed germination in nia1nia2. On the transcriptome level, NO and paclobutrazol commonly regulated the expression level of genes involving in oxidation–reduction process, phytohormone response, photosynthesis, light stimulus response, and abiotic stress response, etc. In the GA response pathways, NO deficiency reversed or offset the effect of paclobutrazol on the transcription of most of genes encoding GA metabolism enzymes and two DELLA proteins, RGA and RGL2. The global S-nitrosylated protein level was regulated not only by NO, but also paclobutrazol. Paclobutrazol enhanced the S-nitrosylated protein level in both of Col-0 and nia1nia2 seeds, but the level was constantly higher in Col-0 seeds. Our results suggest that NO may regulate the inhibition effect of paclobutrazol on seed germination in Arabidopsis, via S-nitrosylation of target proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of exogenous paclobutrazol (PP333) can improve the ability of winter warming to promote flowering in Chaenomeles speciosa, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, the cultivar 'Changshouguan' was sprayed with different concentrations of PP333 during flower bud differentiation, and the changes in the anatomical structures and physiological characteristics of the flower buds during the differentiation process, as well as the growth state of the flower buds and the effect on flowering promotion after winter warming treatment, were comprehensively investigated. The results showed that different concentrations of PP333 could advance the flowering time of 'Changshouguan' by 15–24 d under the warming treatment and increase the flowering duration to 17 d compared with those under the warming treatment alone (CK), and 1000 mg/L was the best treatment. Compared with the CK treatment, the PP333 treatment decreased the contents of indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GAs) and increased the contents of zeatin ribosides (ZRs) and abscisic acid (ABA), thus changing the balance of hormones during flower bud differentiation. The inflection point (low point) of the curve shapes of the ZRs/GAs and ZRs/IAA ratios appeared significantly earlier, which showed a pattern consistent with soluble sugar and protein content and antioxidant activity. Interestingly, the above changes also corresponded to earlier flowering times during the warming process. Taken together, these results indicate that spraying an appropriate concentration of PP333 in the early stage of 'Changshouguan' flower bud differentiation promotes the early differentiation of flower buds and early flowering under winter warming treatment by altering their endogenous hormone content and homeostasis and changing their physiological state. The key to maintaining a relatively long flowering period in plants in the PP333 treatment group after flowering promotion was the increased accumulation of sugars and proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The interplay between microRNAs (miRNAs) and phytohormones allows plants to integrate multiple internal and external signals to optimize their survival of different environmental conditions. Here, we report that miR394 and its target gene LEAF CURLING RESPONSIVENESS (LCR), which are transcriptionally responsive to BR, participate in BR signaling to regulate hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Phenotypic analysis of various transgenic and mutant lines revealed that miR394 negatively regulates BR signaling during hypocotyl elongation, whereas LCR positively regulates this process. Genetically, miR394 functions upstream of BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE2 (BIN2), BRASSINAZOLEs RESISTANT1 (BZR1), and BRI1‐EMS‐SUPPRESSOR1 (BES1), but interacts with BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) and BRI1 SUPRESSOR PROTEIN (BSU1). RNA‐sequencing analysis suggested that miR394 inhibits BR signaling through BIN2, as miR394 regulates a significant number of genes in common with BIN2. Additionally, miR394 increases the accumulation of BIN2 but decreases the accumulation of BZR1 and BES1, which are phosphorylated by BIN2. MiR394 also represses the transcription of PACLOBUTRAZOL RESISTANCE1/5/6 and EXPANSIN8, key genes that regulate hypocotyl elongation and are targets of BZR1/BES1. These findings reveal a new role for a miRNA in BR signaling in Arabidopsis. Significance Statement: miR394 and its target gene LEAF CURLING RESPONSIVENESS are involved in BR signaling by affecting BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE2 accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, bioregulators are utilized to control seedling height. In this study, the effects of paclobutrazol, prohexadione calcium and chlormequat chloride on seedling quality and seedling growth of pepper, tomato and eggplant were investigated. Yalova Yağlık-28 pepper variety, SC-2121 tomato variety and Aydın black eggplant variety were used in the study. The active ingredients of paclobutrazol, prohexadione calcium (10 %) and chlormequat chloride (460 g l-1) were used in the experiment. Foliar sprays were applied at the 1st leaf developmental stage, 2nd leaf developmental stage and both 1st and 2nd leaf developmental stages. Seedling weight, stem length, stem diameter, number of true leaves, seedling root length, stem dry weight and root dry weight were analyzed. The results showed that paclobutrazol, prohexadione calcium and chlormequat chloride treatments increased seedling weight in pepper and eggplant seedlings. Similarly, all three treatments shortened seedling height in pepper, tomato and eggplant seedlings. The shortest seedlings were obtained from paclobutrazol treatment. While tomato stem dry weight decreased with the treatments, root dry weight increased. Pepper root dry weight decreased with paclobutrazol, prohexadione calcium and chlormequat chloride treatments. According to the results of the study, paclobutrazol, prohexadione calcium and chlormequat chloride treatments were used to control the height of pepper, tomato and eggplant seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that glioma cells tend to infiltrate and migrate along WM tracts, leading to demyelination and axonal injuries, Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) emerged as a promising tool for identifying major "high-risk areas" of recurrence within the peritumoral brain zone (PBZ) or at a distance throughout the adjacents white matter tracts. Of our systematic review is to answer the following research question: In patients with brain tumor, is DTI able to recognizes within the peri-tumoral brain zone (PBZ) areas more prone to local (near the surgical cavity) or remote recurrence compared to the conventional imaging techniques?. We conducted a comprehensive literature search to identify relevant studies in line with the PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) guidelines. 15 papers were deemed compatible with our research question and included. To enhance the paper's readability, we have categorized our findings into two distinct groups: the first delves into the role of DTI in detecting PBZ sub-regions of infiltration and local recurrences (n = 8), while the second group explores the feasibility of DTI in detecting white matter tract infiltration and remote recurrences (n = 7). DTI values and, within a broader framework, radiomics investigations can provide precise, voxel-by-voxel insights into the state of PBZ and recurrences. Better defining the regions at risk for potential recurrence within the PBZ and along WM bundles will allow targeted therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Paclobutrazol is a growth regulator used to control growth and reduce the frequency of mowing in all types of turfgrass plants. This material also affects the height and quality of different types of turfgrass. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to compare the growth behavior of two types of turfgrass subjected to paclobutrazol treatment and also to evaluate the possibility of using paclobutrazol to reduce the growth of turfgrass in areas with the same climate of Tabriz. Materials and Methods To determine the effect of paclobutrazol on height, and visual properties of turfgrass such as density, clippings fresh weight, leaf chlorophyll index, length and width of leaf blade, two grass plants Poa pratensis and Festuca arundinacea were treated with paclobutrazol in different concentrations. Grass plants were tested with concentrations of zero (control), 15, 30 and 45 mg/L-1 paclotrazol as foliar spray in 4 replicates of each treatment. This research was carried out in as a split plot experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design, so that the type of grass as the main factor in 2 levels and paclobutrazol as a secondary factor were considered in all the evaluated traits in both plant species. Results and Discussion The results of this research showed that paclobutrazol significantly affects the height of P. pratensis and F. aranudinaceae turfgrass plants. This effect was in the form of a significant reduction in the height of plants and controlling their growth. By increasing the concentration of paclobutrazol from zero to 45 mg/L, the height of the plants decreased. In both mentioned types of turfgrass, the most effective concentration was 45 mg/L. By increasing the concentration of paclobutrazol, the density of P. pratensis and F. aranudinaceae turfgrass plants has increased. The increase in density after paclobutrazol treatment was more evident in F. aranudinaceae. In general, the fescue turfgrass plant has stronger foliage, deep and strong roots, and lower density. The only exception was the increase in the chlorophyll index of fescue leaves (10 days after treatment) and P. pratensis (20 days after treatment) and in both of them under the concentration of 30 mg/L of paclobutrazol. Following paclobutrazol treatment and increasing its concentration, the length and width of the leaf blade as well as the clippings fresh weight of turfgrass plants were decreased. The reduction in the length and width of the leaf blade was similar in both plants, and the most effective concentration of paclobutrazol was 30 mg/L. However, the optimal effect of paclobutrazol was observed up to 30 days after the treatment. In the fourth measurement (40 days after the treatment), the effect of paclobutrazol decreased and there was no significant difference in the length and width of the leaves of the treated plants and the control plants. Conclusion In general, with the treatment of different concentrations of paclobutrazol, the number of aerial branches produced in F. aranudinaceae was more than that of P. pratensis. Since paclobutrazol is a growth inhibitor and by preventing the synthesis of gibberellin hormone, it prevents plants from elongation, this substance can be used to control the growth of turfgrass plants. This growth control reduces the number of mowing times, reduces fertilizer consumption, increases the efficiency of water use, and ultimately saves the cost of maintaining turfgrass plants. Since paclobutrazol accumulates in the roots and eventually causes the formation of new branches, it can be concluded that the effect of paclobutrazol on the density of F. aranudinaceae is greater than that of P. pratensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saffron is an economically high-value crop globally that can give farmers a high income. Its sexually sterile nature demands vegetative propagation and quality planting material. Hence, this study was designed to build a rapid and reproducible procedure for the micropropagation of saffron. We have examined the surface sterilization of corms as explant with fungicides, antibiotics, and 0.1% mercuric chloride, resulting in maximum sprouting (91.07%) with minimum contamination and mortality. As the propagation of saffron corm and its germination is a critical factor for its yield, we have checked different phytohormone concentrations for bud corm germinations. We found that BAP is an efficient cytokinin to initiate buds on corms. MS medium with NAA (0.5 mg L-1) and BAP (3.0 mg L-1)led to 97.77% sprouting in an average of 34.67 days. Subculturing of sprouted corms on the increased concentration of BAP enhanced shoot proliferation from the base of the sprouted bud. The MS medium with NAA (0.5 mg L-1) and BAP (6.0 mg L-1) shows maximum mean number of shoots (12.67). The presence of growth retardants like ABA, PBZ, and CCC inhibited shoot growth and led to corm development. PBZ (1.5 mg L-1) significantly affected cormlet induction (80%), with a maximum mean weight of 1.70g. Accumulative sucrose concentration to 90 g L-1 further increased mean weight (2.52 g) and size of cormlets (1.08 cm). Our in vitro propagation protocol can produce many corms for regular supply to farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dihydrogibberellin (DIH) is an eco‐friendly and low‐toxic regulator with immense potential for application in the current rice industry, specifically for increasing yield and lodging resistance. However, limited research has been conducted to explore the impact of DIH on the yield and lodging resistance of direct‐seeded rice (DSR, Oryza sativa L.). Therefore, a 2‐year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of spraying different concentrations of 5% DIH emulsifiable concentrate on DSR during the tillering (1) and jointing (2) stages. Three concentrations of DIH were used: 27 (DIH27), 54 (DIH54), and 108 g ha−1 (DIH108). The commonly used paclobutrazol concentration in rice production (112.5 g ha−1) was compared and a clear water treatment was used as control (CK). The results of the experiment showed that the DIH treatments increased the DSR yield by 1.22%–22.64% and reduced lodging index by 8.9%–54.2% compared to the CK treatment. Additionally, the DIH treatments resulted in significant reductions in the length of the 1–3 basal internodes and plant height, as well as increases in the diameter and culm wall thickness of internodes. Moreover, the DIH treatments also led to higher dry matter percentages in stalks and leaf sheaths, as well as increased lignin and cellulose content. Furthermore, the best effect of DIH application was observed at the jointing stage in terms of increasing yield and lodging resistance. Therefore, this research demonstrates that the application of DIH to DSR at the jointing stage can be an effective strategy for increasing yield and improving lodging resistance. Core Ideas: Spraying dihydrogibberellin effectively improved the lodging resistance of direct‐seeded rice.Spraying dihydrogibberellin at jointing stage can significantly boost the lodging resistance of direct‐seeded rice.The lodging and rice grain yield effects of dihydrogibberellin and paclobutrazol are compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

u-fu, CHEN Hua-ling, WANG Guo-hang et al (Jiangxi Institute of Economic Crops, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330202) Abstract [Objective]This study explored the dwarfing effect of paclobutrazol and chlormequat on Kochia scoparia in order to provide reference for the ornamental value of Kochia scoparia. [Method]Two varieties of Kochia scoparia were used as materials, different plant growth retarders and different concentrations were used to treat Kochia scoparia. The growth indexes of plant height, crown width and main stem diameter under different treatments were determined. [Result]The results showed that there was significant difference between the effect of two kinds of retarders by different concentrations in seedling height and crown width. Paclobutrazol treatment with 1 000 mg / L had the best dwarfing effect on high growth,crown width and main stem diameter, followed by 2 000 mg / L. Under chlormequat treatment, 4 000 mg / L had the best dwarfing effect on high growth and crown width, followed by 8 000 mg / L. In terms of ornamental effect, 500 mg / L paclobutrazol had the best ornamental effect on Kochia scoparia ‘Red feather’, followed by 8 000 mg / L chlormequat. 2 000 mg / L chlormequat had the best ornamental effect on Kochia scoparia ‘Early Red Flame’, followed by 2 000 mg / L paclobutrazol. [Conclusion]The growth of seedling height and crown width of Kochia scoparia could be effectively inhibited by paclobutrazol and chlormequat, and the overall ornamental effect could be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) is one of the tropical legumes commonly grown for vegetable in Indonesia. Winged bean is a kind of plants that growth on vine so that for cultivation it requires stakes or awnings. It is known that paclobutrazol is a growth retardant that acts by inhibiting gibberellin biosynthesis and application of paclobutrazol could make plant become semidwarf or even dwarf. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol on growth, development, some phytochemicals content and yield of winged bean plants. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one factor, namely paclobutrazol, which was applied at four different concentrations, namely 0 ppm (control), 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm or 100 ppm. Three replicates were made for each treatment. The results showed that paclobutrazol significantly decreased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of pods per plant, pod length, fresh weight of fruit, levels of vitamin C and protein in the pods, but increased the leaf chlorophyll content and stomata density on the abaxial (lower) leaf surfaces. Paclobutrazol showed its effect on accelerating flowering time at a concentration of 50 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, the impact of octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) on the thermal stability of polybenzoxazine resin at 1, 3, and 5 wt% POSS loading through dynamic thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at heating rates of 10, 20, 30 and 40°C min−1 was investigated. Besides, the decomposition kinetics of polybenzoxazine resin (PBZ) and various nanocomposites were studied using Kissinger, Friedman, Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa (FWO) and Coats‐Redfern (CR) models and also, the activation energies of samples were calculated. At first, benzoxazine monomer was synthesized and then nanocomposites were prepared via solution mixing method. The qualitative dispersion of nanoparticles in benzoxazine resin was examined through the utilization of scanning electron microscopy and x‐ray diffraction experiments. The results showed that the addition of nanoparticles improved the thermal stability of PBZ resin specially at 1 wt% POSS loading and at higher POSS content the thermal stability of the resin decreased. As determined by TGA, the char yield of resin was enhanced by 2.6% upon the addition of 1 wt% nanoparticles. In addition, in 1 weight percent of nanoparticles, as the heating rate rose from 10 to 40°C min−1, the Integral Program Decomposition Temperature (IPDT) has increased by about 260°C, and this increase is about 183°C compared to the resin, and also elevating the heating rate, Td (5%) and Td (10%) weight loss of samples shifted to higher temperatures. The degradation mechanism of the resin and nanocomposites was evaluated through Kissinger, Friedman, FWO and CR models. The results displayed that the addition of 1 wt% nanoparticles increased the activation energy (Ea) values of the nanocomposites compared to that of neat resin and above this filler content, the Ea values decreased. The findings derived from the FWO model indicated that the inclusion of a 1 wt% filler raised the Ea values of the first and second stages of PBZ resin decomposition from 136–200 and 151–214 kJ mol−1 to 148–210 and 180–228 kJ mol−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biostimulants such as seaweed extract can be strong allies in the formation of lawn plugs, as they assist in several physiological processes in the plant. At the same time, shoot mowing is the main factor in the maintenance cost of turfgrasses, and there is a search for alternatives to mechanical management without compromising aesthetic quality, such as the use of plant growth regulators (PGR). Thus, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the use of Ascophyllum nodosum in the production of lawn seedlings, and growth regulators in the development of Carpet grass. The experiment was carried out between 2020 and 2021, and divided into two parts, the first being the production of seedlings (30 days) of Emerald grass, Bermudagrass DiscoveryTM, Carpet grass and Bahiagrass with the application of seaweed extract, in the second part the development of Carpet grass was evaluated after the application of PGRs (Trinexapac-ethy, Paclobutazol and Glyphosate) in 60 days. The evaluations performed were: green color index (GCI); normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI); root length and dry mass of seedlings. And for the second part: GCI; SPAD; NDVI; visual appearance; coverage rate; shoot height; growth rate and dry mass of clippings. It was observed that the use of the biostimulant increased the production of ornamental lawn plugs, where better values could be observed for Carpet grass. PGRs demonstrated efficient results for controlling the height of Carpet grass in up to 30 days, with emphasis on Trinexapac-ethyl, which reduced growth and maintained the aesthetics of the lawn.

Background: Camote de cerro (Dioscorea remotiflora Kunth) stands out as a crop option in protected agriculture in Mexico due to its agronomic benefits and its versatility in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Despite its potential, it is not commercially cultivated in the country motivating the need to develop an efficient propagation method from vegetative planting material. Previous research suggests that the use of growth retardants stimulates root growth and carbohydrates accumulation in tubers, while applying gibberellic acid (GA3) is strongly related with greater tuber production. Objective: To evaluate the effect of different growth regulators to obtain D. remotiflora mini tubers. Methodology: Two experiments to obtain mini tubers were carried out. The first one evaluated mediums of culture in vitro: MS and MS + 0.5 mg L-1 paclobutrazol (PBZ). In the second, effects of foliar application of GA3, PBZ and trinexapac ethyl (TNE) were evaluated. Both experiments were carried out in two accesions of D. remotiflora plants propagated in vitro and adapted to greenhouse conditions. Results: An increase in mini tubers yield and in their weight was observed when seedlings were propagated in MS + 0.5 mg L-1 PBZ and GA3 was applied to foliage. Implications: The use of growth retardants showed efficiency in developing mini tubers; nevertheless, more research focusing on concentrations and combinations of these substances is needed to improve the protocol to obtain planting material. Conclusions: The observed effect of growth retardants and gibberellic acid application in Dioscorea remotiflora plants suggests a favorable influence in the development of mini tubers. In the long term, this phenomenon could contribute significantly to promoting viability of its commercial cultivation and rehabilitation of previously exploited areas.

Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a growth regulator that widely used in horticulture and in the tomato seedling growth to compact the shoots, increase the stem diameter and, root biomass, allowing more tolerance of the seedlings against adverse weather conditions. The objective of this work was to evaluate the rates of paclobutrazol (0, 4, 7, 10 and 13 mg L-1) applied 15 days after sowing by foliar spray on the growth, chemical composition and xylem vessel number of tomato seedlings cultivated in two periods. The PBZ regardless of the application rate reduced the height of tomato seedlings in both growth periods. The basal stem diameter and leaf area were increased with 13 mg L-1 of PBZ. The lignin percentage also increased with 10 and 13 mg L-1 of PBZ as compared to control for both periods. The number of xylem vessel was not affected by PBZ application on the seedlings in the first period. PBZ application at rates of 7 and 10 mg L-1 increased the xylem vessel number in the second period. In general, the application of 13 mg L-1 of PBZ generated seedling more robust to overcome climate adversities.