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Abstract. This paper uses surgeons' reports from the 1830s and 1840s to investigate routine regimental medical care by focusing on a familiar, non-fatal disease. The regimental reports are used to [...]

Poor living and sanitary conditions and the difficulty of obtaining clean, potable water led to high infant mortality in both the civilian and military populations on Gibraltar. After 1884, the infant mortality rate in military families began to drop as the military improved access to clean water and safe milk.

Twentieth-century work in colonial theory emphatically rejected the nineteenth-century linear model of colonialism as a process in which societies were subjected to a civilizing influence by the superior European culture. The first replacement models arose with decolonization and were often driven by the experiences of the colonized themselves. The present study addresses and/or circumvents problems of colonized. The confluence of geography, history, human agency, and scientific opportunism has made Gibraltar an unusually rich venue for the study of colonialism.