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2. Serving the self : authenticity, performance and emotional labour

Author

Blackwell-Pal, Jaswinder Kaur

Abstract

This thesis builds on Arlie Hochschild's foundational work on emotional labour by understanding it as work which requires certain traits and characteristics to be performed before an audience. Accordingly, it argues for the contribution that theatre and performance studies can make to analysis of such work. Using primary data gathered through observation of workplaces, interviews with employees and analysis of managerial literature, the thesis examines the theatrical and performative influence on both emotional labour, and its study, in three ways. Firstly, it considers the way in which notions of selfhood and emotional authenticity are being fostered in hospitality and leisure workplaces. Secondly, it examines the forms of management used on emotional labour in these contexts. Finally, it turns to the role of the consumer, or audience, in these commercial performances. Where Hochschild draws on Constantin Stanislavski, specifically in relation to the concepts of deep and surface acting, this research offers both a critique of her theory and an alternative approach to the comparison between professional actors and emotional labourers. It presents ahistorical account of actor training in the Stanislavskian realist tradition, and argues for new ways of thinking about its relationship to ascendent forms of work under neoliberalism. In particular, the research highlights the direction and management of emotional labour via forms of quantification and measurement which are tied to the concept of character. Whilst arguing for the continued centrality of wage labour to our analysis, following a Marxist framework, this research also argues for the extension of the critique of the alienating effects of emotional labour into social relations more broadly. This is addressed via attention to how the disciplinary functions identified in the management of emotional labour become offset onto consumers, whose behaviour is shaped according to the corporate dictates of 'authenticity' which increasingly characterise service encounters.

Published
2022

3. Marxist Keywords for Performance

Author

Blackwell-Pal, Jaswinder, Boyle, Michael Shane, Dilks, Ash, McGuinness, Caoimhe Mader, Mckeon, Olive, Moravec, Lisa, Simari, Alessandro, Unger, Clio, and Young, Martin

Published
2021
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12. Marxist Keywords for Performance: Performance and Political Economy

Author

Blackwell-Pal, Jaswinder, Boyle, Michael Shane, Dilks, Ash, Mader McGuinness, Caoimhe, Mckeon, Olive, Moravec, Lisa, Simari, Alessandro, Unger, Clio, Young, Martin, Blackwell-Pal, Jaswinder, Boyle, Michael Shane, Dilks, Ash, Mader McGuinness, Caoimhe, Mckeon, Olive, Moravec, Lisa, Simari, Alessandro, Unger, Clio, and Young, Martin

Abstract

Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism, vol. 36, no. 1, 2021, pp. 25-53. https://doi.org/10.1353/dtc.2021.0037

Published
2021

20. Compositional-driven multiferroic and magnetoelectric properties of NdFeO3-PbTiO3 solid solutions.

Author

Kumar, Sunil, Aggarwal, Kanika, Pal, Jaswinder, Kaur, Shubhpreet, Arora, Mehak, Malhi, Parambir Singh, Babu, P. D., Singh, Mandeep, and Singh, Anupinder

Subjects
MAGNETOELECTRIC effect, TRANSITION temperature, PHASE transitions, DIELECTRICS, TUNGSTEN bronze, OCHRATOXINS, SOLID solutions, MAGNETIZATION
Abstract

Synthesis of polycrystalline (Pb1-xNdx)(Ti1-xFex)O3(for x = 0.21–0.30) solid solutions using solid-state reaction method has been reported. The structural, dielectric, ferroelectric, magnetic, and magnetoelectric properties of the resulting solid solutions have been investigated in detail. The XRD data show that the phase transition occurs at 0.27 ≤ x ≤ 0.28 at room temperature. The dielectric studies show that the transition temperature continuously decreases with increasing "x". So it is clearly evident from XRD and dielectric data that the tetragonal to cubic phase transition occurs at x = 0.27 to x = 0.28 at room temperature. The remnant polarization (Pr) decreases from 19.78 μC/cm2 to 11.13 µC/cm2 gradually up to x = 0.25 whereas other samples exhibit lossy behavior. The remnant magnetization (Mr) continuously increases from 0.068 emu/g to 0.467 emu/g with composition. All samples exhibit a positive magnetoelectric effect which is the strongest in x = 0.22 sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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22. Enhanced electrical conductivity in Zr-Doped (La0.7Ba0.3)(Mn0.5Fe0.5)O3 solid solutions.

Author

Kumar, Yogesh, Pal, Jaswinder, Malhi, Parambir Singh, and Kumar, Rakesh

Subjects
CERAMICS, ELECTRIC conductivity, TEMPERATURE, DIELECTRICS, CATHODE efficiency
Abstract

The perovskite ( La 0. 7 Ba 0. 3) ( Mn 0. 5 Fe 0. 5 ) 1 − x Zr x O3, where x = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3, ceramics were synthesized by solid-state reaction method. The introductory structural studies were followed through by X-ray diffraction technique and the results have disclosed that all the samples were crystallized into an isolated phase. The Zr substitution in the resulting solid solutions increases the electrical conductivity and the maximum value of ac conductivity has been found to be ∼ 118.8 S . cm − 1 for x = 0.3 at 200 ∘ C (at 1 MHz). The frequency dependence of ac conductivity data follows Jonscher's power law. The variation of the exponent n versus temperature follows the nonoverlapping small polaron tunneling (NSPT) model. The dielectric relaxation has been observed to be of non-Debye nature for all measuring temperatures (50–200 ∘ C). The impedance spectroscopy reveals that all the samples exhibit negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCR) behavior. The prepared samples (for x > 1) are supposed to be suitable for cathode materials in SOFCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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23. Producing ‘The Joy of Pret’: Theatres of (Emotional) Labour in the Service Industry.

Author

Blackwell-Pal, Jaswinder

Subjects
PSYCHOLOGICAL burnout, CUSTOMER services, JOB performance, ACQUISITION of data, EXPERIENCE, EMPLOYEE services, SERVICE industries, JOY
Abstract

This article examines the demand for ‘authentic’ emotional performances from employees in service sector workplaces, considering the case of the coffee chain Pret A Manger in particular. Using interview data collected from current employees, alongside my own experiences as a customer in their stores, I show how the demand for what Arlie Hochschild terms ‘emotional labour’ is a cornerstone of Pret’s business model. Whilst employees are implored to ‘just be yourself’ in their interactions with customers, this demand is bound up with an anti-theatrical logic which posits emotional authenticity as something innate to the individual, whilst concealing the very nature of these performances as work which is directed and controlled by the employer. I argue that existing literature on these trends has tended to focus on individual performances and experiences, leading to a lack of consideration around the question of managerial and directorial control. I argue that a pivot should be made towards looking at the construction of these performances via directorial and managerial techniques, and furthermore that theatre and performance studies are disciplines well placed to make such contributions, through their interrogation of the notion of ‘authenticity’ in performance and through an increasing interest in questions of theatre and labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020

24. Structural, Microstructural and Magnetic Properties of Bsite Ti4+ substituted NdFeO3 solid solutions.

Author

Kumar, Sunil, Kaur, Shubhpreet, Arora, Mehak, Sapna, Simar, Sharma, Sumedha, Pal, Jaswinder, Malhi, Parambir Singh, Aggarwal, Paras, Singh, Mandeep, and Singh, Anupinder

Subjects
SOLID solutions, MAGNETIC properties, GRAIN size, MAGNETIZATION
Abstract

Polycrystalline Nd(Fe1-xTix)O3 solid solutions (where x = 0.0-0.30) have been synthesized using conventional solid state reaction route. The structural, microstructural and magnetic properties have been investigated. The XRD data reveals that there is no change in the structural phase with the substitution of Ti4+ up to x = 0.30 and sample exhibits the Orthorhombic phase (Pbnm no. 62). The SEM micrographs show the gradual decrease in the grain size with x whereas density increases with increasing x. The magnetization (Mr) decreases with increasing x. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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25. Association of processing parameters and Electrocaloric properties of Bi3+modified PZT solid solution.

Author

Kaur, Shubhpreet, Arora, Mehak, kaur, Sarghpreet, Kumar, Sunil, Pal, Jaswinder, Malhi, Parambir Singh, Aggarwal, Paras, Singh, Mandeep, and Singh, Anupinder

Subjects
SOLID solutions, PYROELECTRICITY, BISMUTH, LEAD oxides, BALL mills, HIGH temperatures
Abstract

The Pb1-xBix(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 where x = 0.20 solid solutions have been successfully synthesized by solid state reaction route. The effect of ball milling (Ordinary as well as Planetary ball mill) on structural and Electrocaloric properties have been reported in this work. The structural analysis confirmed that the solid solutions were crystallized into tetragonal phase. The remnant polarization decreases whereas Electrocaloric effect was found to shift from higher temperature regime to lower with changing ball mill process from ordinary ball mill to planetary ball. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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30. Effect of Pb2+ substitution at A-site on structural and magnetic properties of LaMnO3.

Author

Kumar, Sunil, Pal, Jaswinder, Kaur, Shubhpreet, Agrawal, P., Singh, Mandeep, Singh, Anupinder, Shekhawat, Manoj Singh, Bhardwaj, Sudhir, and Suthar, Bhuvneshwer

Subjects
*ENERGY dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, *MAGNETIC properties, *RAMAN spectroscopy, *SOLID solutions, *GRAIN size
Abstract

The (La1-xPbx) MnO3 where x = 0.1, 0.2 solid solutions were prepared using solid state reaction route. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) data reveals the single phase formation. The microstructures show that there is no remarkable change in the grain size, however the compactness of the grains increases with increase in x. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirms the presence of elements in stoichiometric proportion. The raman spectroscopy shows that there is no additional mode appears with Pb2+ ion substitution. The magnetic data shows the ferromagnetic behaviour for the sample x=0.2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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31. Multiferroic properties in NdFeO3-PbTiO3 solid solutions.

Author

Kumar, Sunil, Pal, Jaswinder, Kaur, Shubhpreet, Agrawal, P., Singh, Mandeep, Singh, Anupinder, Shekhawat, Manoj Singh, Bhardwaj, Sudhir, and Suthar, Bhuvneshwer

Subjects
*SOLID solutions, *MAGNETIC fields, *ELECTRIC fields, *X-ray diffraction, *GRAIN growth
Abstract

The x(NdFeO3) - 1-x(PbTiO3) where x = 0.2 solid solution was prepared using solid state reaction route. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) data reveals the single phase formation. The microstructure shows grain growth with lesser porosity. The energy dispersive analysis confirms the presence of elements in stochiometric proportion. The polarization vs. Electric field loop estabilished a ferroelectric type behavior but lossy in nature. This lossy nature may be due to the presence of large leakage current in solid solution. The Magnetization vs. Magnetic field plot exhibits a unsaturated hysteriss loop indicates that the sample is not purely ferromagnetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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32. Structural and magnetic characterization of Ti doped cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4).

Author

Pal, Jaswinder, Kumar, Sunil, Kaur, Randeep, Agrawal, P., Singh, Mandeep, Singh, Anupinder, Shekhawat, Manoj Singh, Bhardwaj, Sudhir, and Suthar, Bhuvneshwer

Subjects
*FERRITES, *COBALT, *SOLID solutions synthesis, *LATTICE constants, *SCANNING electron microscopy, *MAGNETIZATION, *GRAIN growth
Abstract

Synthesis of Co1-xTixFe2O4 solid solutions for 0.1≤x≤0.4 using the solid-state-reaction rate has been done. The prepared samples were characterized by using XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Magnetic studies have been done using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). XRD confirmed that Cobalt Ferrite spinel cubic structure in all prepared samples. The lattice parameter ‘a’ increases with increase in the concentration of Ti. SEM micrograph shows good grain growth in all samples. Magnetic Study reveals that the M-H curves of all the prepared samples taken at room temperature are very well saturated. The maximum value of remnant magnetization (Mr ∼13.9 emu/g) and saturation magnetization (Ms ∼74.4 emu/g) has been observed for x =0.2 sample. Coercivity does not show any regular variation with increase in the molar concentration of Ti in CoFe2O4 at A-site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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33. Effect of Pb2+ substitution at A-site on structural and magnetic properties of LaMnO3.

Author

Kumar, Sunil, Pal, Jaswinder, Kaur, Shubhpreet, Agrawal, P., Singh, Mandeep, Singh, Anupinder, Shekhawat, Manoj Singh, Bhardwaj, Sudhir, and Suthar, Bhuvneshwer

Subjects
ENERGY dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, MAGNETIC properties, RAMAN spectroscopy, SOLID solutions, GRAIN size
Abstract

The (La1-xPbx) MnO3 where x = 0.1, 0.2 solid solutions were prepared using solid state reaction route. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) data reveals the single phase formation. The microstructures show that there is no remarkable change in the grain size, however the compactness of the grains increases with increase in x. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirms the presence of elements in stoichiometric proportion. The raman spectroscopy shows that there is no additional mode appears with Pb2+ ion substitution. The magnetic data shows the ferromagnetic behaviour for the sample x=0.2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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34. Structural and magnetic characterization of Ti doped cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4).

Author

Pal, Jaswinder, Kumar, Sunil, Kaur, Randeep, Agrawal, P., Singh, Mandeep, Singh, Anupinder, Shekhawat, Manoj Singh, Bhardwaj, Sudhir, and Suthar, Bhuvneshwer

Subjects
FERRITES, COBALT, SOLID solutions synthesis, LATTICE constants, SCANNING electron microscopy, MAGNETIZATION, GRAIN growth
Abstract

Synthesis of Co1-xTixFe2O4 solid solutions for 0.1≤x≤0.4 using the solid-state-reaction rate has been done. The prepared samples were characterized by using XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Magnetic studies have been done using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). XRD confirmed that Cobalt Ferrite spinel cubic structure in all prepared samples. The lattice parameter ‘a’ increases with increase in the concentration of Ti. SEM micrograph shows good grain growth in all samples. Magnetic Study reveals that the M-H curves of all the prepared samples taken at room temperature are very well saturated. The maximum value of remnant magnetization (Mr ∼13.9 emu/g) and saturation magnetization (Ms ∼74.4 emu/g) has been observed for x =0.2 sample. Coercivity does not show any regular variation with increase in the molar concentration of Ti in CoFe2O4 at A-site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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35. The structural and magnetic properties, non-Debye relaxation and hopping mechanism in PbxNd1−xFeO3 (where x = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) solid solutions.

Author

Kumar, Sunil, Pal, Jaswinder, Kaur, Shubhpreet, Malhi, Parambir Singh, Singh, Mandeep, Babu, P.D., and Singh, Anupinder

Subjects
FERROUS oxide, LEAD, CRYSTAL structure, ELECTRIC fields, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Abstract

Nd1−xPbxFeO3 (x = 0.1–0.3) solid solutions were prepared by aliovalent substitution of Pb2+ at the Nd3+ site using the conventional solid-state reaction route. The structural, magnetic and dielectric properties and hopping mechanism of these solid solutions are reported. XRD data shows that all the samples possessed orthorhombic crystal structures. No impurity phase was found, indicating that Pb2+ was well within its solid solubility limit. All samples exhibited magnetic ordering with the Mr value decreasing from 2.42 emu/g for the x = 0.1 sample to 1.79 emu/g for the x = 0.3 sample. The coexistence of the multi-valance state of the Fe ion was explored using XPS analysis. The dielectric constant (ε׳) and dielectric loss (ε״) were found to decrease with increases in the frequency of the applied electric field and to show Cole–Cole relaxation behavior. The temperature-dependent variation of exponent "n" (obtained from the Jonscher's power law fitting) explains the conduction model that the system follows exactly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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36. Effect of Substitution of Higher Concentration of Pb2+ Ion on Structural and Magnetic Properties of LaMnO3 at A-site.

Author

Kumar, Sunil, Kaur, Shubhpreet, Arora, Mehak, Pal, Jaswinder, Malhi, Parambir Singh, Aggarwal, Paras, Singh, Mandeep, and Singh, Anupinder

Subjects
MAGNETIC properties, MAGNETIC ions, SOLID solutions, GRAIN size, GRAIN
Abstract

The (La1-xPbx)MnO3where x = 0.3-0.5 solid solutions were prepared using solid state reaction route. The Xray diffraction (XRD) data reveals the single phase formation. The microstructures shows that grain size as well compactness of grains increases with increasing Pb2+ content. However density of the samples also increases with incraesing x. The magnetic data shows the ferromagnetic behavoir of the solid solutions as x increases from 0.3 to 0.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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38. Serving the self: authenticity, performance and emotional labour

Author

Blackwell-Pal, Jaswinder Kaur

Subjects
eh
Abstract

This thesis builds on Arlie Hochschild’s foundational work on emotional labour by understanding it as work which requires certain traits and characteristics to be performed before an audience. Accordingly, it argues for the contribution that theatre and performance studies can make to analysis of such work. Using primary data gathered through observation of workplaces, interviews with employees and analysis of managerial literature, the thesis examines the theatrical and performative influence on both emotional labour, and its study, in three ways. Firstly, it considers the way in which notions of selfhood and emotional authenticity are being fostered in hospitality and leisure workplaces. Secondly, it examines the forms of management used on emotional labour in these contexts. Finally, it turns to the role of the consumer, or audience, in these commercial performances. Where Hochschild draws on Constantin Stanislavski, specifically in relation to the concepts of deep and surface acting, this research offers both a critique of her theory and an alternative approach to the comparison between professional actors and emotional labourers. It presents ahistorical account of actor training in the Stanislavskian realist tradition, and argues for new ways of thinking about its relationship to ascendent forms of work under neoliberalism. In particular, the research highlights the direction and management of emotional labour via forms of quantification and measurement which are tied to the concept of character. Whilst arguing for the continued centrality of wage labour to our analysis, following a Marxist framework, this research also argues for the extension of the critique of the alienating effects of emotional labour into social relations more broadly. This is addressed via attention to how the disciplinary functions identified in the management of emotional labour become offset onto consumers, whose behaviour is shaped according to the corporate dictates of ‘authenticity’ which increasingly characterise service encounters.

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