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Megauchenia indica (Grouvelle, 1908) Ischaena indica Grouvelle 1908: 357. Megauchenia indica: Grouvelle 1913 a: 136; Jel��nek & Audisio 2007: 473. Diagnosis. Body (Figs. 29���30) elongate-ovoid, dark brown to black, moderately shiny. Lateral margin of pronotum arcuate. Elytral sides subparallel with apices gently arcuate and margin uniformly rounded, elytral punctures not arranged entirely in regular rows, striations partially erased and punctation confused in areas; coarsely punctate dorsum with rows of striae on each elytron bearing sparse, short golden and erect setae. Head transverse, about as broad as long, frons depressed; punctation on frons round, distinct, diameters about 3 x larger than those of vertex, separated by about 0.25���0.5 diameter of punctures; punctures on vertex finer than those on frons, oval and distinct; setae on frons indistinct; eyes large and moderately projected, outer margin rounded, coarsely facetted, about 0.3 x as long as head, temple short and rounded behind the eye; ocular border of head slightly carinate. Antenna about 1.4 x as long as head; antennal club about 1.2 x as long as broad, club segments somewhat compact and closely attached, about 0.27 x as long as antenna. Prothorax transverse, about 1.3 x as broad as long, anterior margin slightly emarginate; sides arcuate, posterior margin bisinuate with a distinct emargination at the middle, anterior angles broadly pointed, posterior angles obtusely rounded. Pronotum moderately convex with a shallow longitudinal depression near either side of the pronotal disc, surface distinctly punctate, punctures round and smaller on disc and hexagonal and larger near sides, dense, distinct, separated on top of pronotal disc by 1���2 diameters and near sides by 0.25���0.5 diameters of punctures, setae on disc indistinct. Scutellar shield transverse, about 1.3 x as broad as long, triangular and somewhat pointed apically; punctures round, small, about 0.3 x the diameter of elytral punctures; setae rather short, golden and decumbent. Elytra together about 1.4 x as long as broad, humeral angles projected anteriorly, sides slightly arcuate and feebly explanate, apices separately rounded; punctures confused, near basal part of elytral suture punctures are deeper and more distinct than in remaining part of elytra, size of punctures almost similar to those on pronotum, arranged in longitudinal rows, separated by 0.75���1 diameter; setae short, erect, posteriorly directed and arranged along alternate striae; striae more distinct near apex, first, third and fifth striae complete while second, fourth and sixth striae obscure before middle of each elytron and replaced by irregularly arranged punctures. Pygidium about 2.1 x as broad as long. Punctures on first and second abdominal ventrites small and indistinct, punctures on third, fourth and fifth ventrites slightly oval and larger than other ventrites; setae moderately long, uniformly arranged, closely appressed to the surface of the abdomen, posteriorly directed. Ventral side dark brown, legs and antennae dark reddish; gular region of head with posteriorly converging antennal grooves. Mesoventrite almost as broad as long, a single median longitudinal carina present; metaventrite with mesocoxal lines reaching almost the end of the metaventral-metanepisternal suture, thereby creating a distinct axillary space. Aedeagus: Not studied. Measurements (in mm): Total length 6.91, width of head across eyes 1.02, length of antenna 1.44, length and width of prothorax 1.83 and 2.51, length and width of elytra together 4.23 and 3.00. Material examined. INDIA, Nilgiri Hills, H. L. Andrews, 1 ex. (Reg. No. 3752 / 21). Distribution. INDIA: Tamil Nadu., Published as part of Dasgupta, J., Pal, T. K. & Hegde, V. D., 2015, Review of the Megauchenia Macleay of India (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae: Prometopinae), pp. 551-560 in Zootaxa 4058 (4) on pages 559-560, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4058.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/245757, {"references":["Grouvelle, A. (1908) Coleopteres de la region indienne. Rhysodidae, Trogositidae, Nitidulidae, Colydiidae, Cucujidae. (1 er memoire). Nitidulidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 77, 325 - 397.","Grouvelle, A. (1913 a) Nitidulidae. In: Junk, W. & Schenkling, S. (Eds.), Coleopterorum Catalogus, Pars 56. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 8 - 223.","Jelinek, J. & Audisio, P. (2007) Nitidulidae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Part 4. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 459 - 491."]}

Key to the species of Megauchenia of India 1. Body elongate, subparallel (Figs. 21–22); lateral margin of pronotum almost straight; intervals between elytral striae narrower than the striae, apices of elytra sinuate and not uniformly outlined..................................... M. quadricollis - Body elongate-ovoid (Figs. 19 –20, 29– 30); lateral margin of pronotum arcuate; intervals between elytral striae wider than the striae; apices of elytra gently arcuate and margin uniformly rounded.............................................. 2 2. Elytral punctures arranged in regular rows........................................................ M. angustata - Elytral punctures arranged not entirely in regular rows, striations partially erased and punctation confused in areas.. M. indica

Megauchenia angustata (Erichson, 1843) Ischaena angustata Ericshon 1843: 288. Ischaena angustata var. peninsularis Grouvelle 1890: 123, 124. Megauchenia angustata: Grouvelle 1913 a: 136; Grouvelle 1913 b: 100; Kirejtshuk 2005: 63; Jel��nek & Audisio 2007: 473. Diagnosis. Body (Figs. 19���20) elongate-ovoid, dark brown to black, moderately shiny. Lateral margin of pronotum arcuate. Elytral sides subparallel with apices gently arcuate and margin uniformly round, intervals between elytral striae wider than the striae; dorsum coarsely punctate; elytra with sparse, short, golden, erect squamous setae. Head transverse, about 1.3 x as broad as long, frons feebly depressed; punctation on frons round, distinct, diameter about 3 x as large as those of vertex, separated by about 0.5���1 diameter of punctures; punctures on vertex oval and shallow; setae on frons indistinct; eyes large and moderately projected, about 0.3 x as long as head, outer margin rounded, coarsely facetted, ocular border of head slightly carinate. Antenna about 1.4 x as long as head; antennal club about as long as broad, about 0.3 x as long as antenna. Prothorax transverse (l.0: 1.3), anterior margin slightly emarginate; sides arcuate, posterior margin bisinuate with a distinct emargination at middle, anterior and posterior angles somewhat pointed. Pronotum rather convex, surface distinctly punctate, punctures round, dense, distinct, separated on top of pronotal disc by 0.75���1 diameter, setae on disc indistinct. Scutellar shield transverse, about 1.6 x as broad as long, triangular and somewhat rounded apically; punctures smaller than those on pronotum, setae indistinct. Elytra together about 1.4 x as long as broad, anterior margin closely fitting with hind margin of prothorax, humeral angles projected anteriorly, sides subparallel, slightly explanate, apices separately rounded; punctures almost as large as those on pronotum, arranged in ten longitudinal rows, separated by 1���2 diameters; setae short, erect, posteriorly directed and arranged along striae. Abdominal tergites almost completely concealed under the elytra; punctures on second and fifth abdominal ventrites slightly larger than those on first, punctures on third and fourth ventrites are elongated and larger than all other ventrites; setae moderately long, uniformly arranged, closely appressed to the surface of the abdomen, posteriorly directed. Ventral side uniformly chestnut-brown; gular region of head with posteriorly converging antennal grooves. Metaventrite punctate, mesocoxal lines reaching almost up to two-thirds of the length of the metaventralmetanepisternal suture from base, thereby creating a distinct axillary space. Aedeagus (Figs. 14 ���15, 23��� 24): Parameres slightly dilated medially, foot-shaped with setose apical margin, apex broader than width of parameres. Median lobe elongate-ovoid with an elongated flap extended ventrally from either side, apex slightly notched. Measurements (in mm): Total length 4.69���4.91, width of head across eyes 0.85���0.89, length of antenna 0.92��� 1.14, length and width of prothorax 1.24���1.42 and 1.84���1.98, length and width of elytra together 2.85���2.87 and 1.93���2.01. Material examined. 26 ex. INDIA: Meghalaya, Garo Hills, Songsak Reserve Forest, 1 ex., 21.ii. 1974, T. Sengupta & party, ex. under bark of Shorea robusta Roth; Meghalaya, W. Garo Hill Dist., Barangapara, 1 ex., 23.iv. 1991, B. N. Das & party; Meghalaya, Rongjing Giri Reserve Forest, Garo Hills, 2 ex., 18.iv. 1973, S. Biswas, ex. under bark (Det. Hisamatsu, 1973, Reg. No. 5416-5417 /H 4 A); Arunachal Pradesh, Abor expedition, below Dosing, 427m, 1 ex., 29.i. 1912, S. Kemp, Reg. No. 2504 / 19; Arunachal Pradesh, Abor Expedition, Kobo, 122m, 3 ex., 02- 12.xii. 1911, S. Kemp, ex. under bark in rotting wood, Reg. No. 2497 /19, 2430/19, 2496/ 19; Arunachal Pradesh, Namdapha WLS, Miao, 1 ex., 01.xii. 1982, S. Biswas; Arunachal Pradesh, Namdapha WLS, Gibbon Land, 1 ex., 03.v. 1981, S. Biswas; Arunachal Pradesh, L. Subansiri Dist., 4 km-o-Kimin, 1 ex., 21.ix. 1988, T. K. Pal & party, ex. under bark; Arunachal Pradesh, L. Dibang Valley Dist., Parbuk, 1 ex., 11.iv. 2009, T. K. Pal & party, ex. under bark; Arunachal Pradesh, W. Siang Dist., Likabali, 1 ex., 12.iii. 1989, T. K. Pal, ex. under bark; Arunachal Pradesh, L. Dibang Valley Dist., Sally Lake, Roing, 1 ex., 04.iv. 2009, T. K. Pal & party, ex. under bark; Arunachal Pradesh, Dibang Valley Dist., 3 km-O-Roing, 1 ex., 08.ix. 1991, T. K. Pal, ex. under bark; Arunachal Pradesh, L. Subansiri Dist., Hawa Camp, 15 km-O-Kimin, 1 ex., 22.ix. 1988, T. K. Pal & party, ex. under bark; Nagaland, Dimapur Dist., Rangapahar WLS, 130m, 1 ex., 31.x. 1998, T. K. Pal & party, ex., under bark of tree stump; Sikkim, 1 ex., iv-v. 1983, B. N. Das; Sikkim, Tista Bridge, 152m, Tista Valley, 1 ex., 15. vi. 1934, S. L. Hora, ex. at light; Andaman & Nicobar, Great Nicobar Island, South Bay, 45 km-NSRD, 1 ex., S.S. Saha, ex. decaying log; Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andaman, 2 ex. (Det. Grouvelle, Reg. No. 8695 / 18 and 8693 / 18); West Bengal, Dhupgiri, 2 ex., 15.iv. 1971, T. Sengupta, ex. under bark; INDONESIA: N. O. Sumatra, Tandjong, Morawa, Serdana, B. Hagen, 1 ex. (Reg. No. 1352 / 13); MYANMAR: Thingannytinaung to Sukli, Dawna hills, 244���640m, 1 ex., 08��� 27.xi. 1911, F. H. Gravely, ex. under bark of a fallen tree trunk (Reg. No. 557 / 19). Distribution. INDIA: Meghalaya, Sikkim, Nagaland, West Bengal, Andaman & Nicobar Islands (all new records), Arunachal Pradesh; NEPAL; BHUTAN; MYANMAR; THAILAND; LAOS, CAMBODIA; INDONESIA: Mentawai, Sumatra, Borneo; PHILIPPINES; MALAYSIA; VIETNAM; RYUKUS; JAPAN; TAIWAN., Published as part of Dasgupta, J., Pal, T. K. & Hegde, V. D., 2015, Review of the Megauchenia Macleay of India (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae: Prometopinae), pp. 551-560 in Zootaxa 4058 (4) on pages 557-558, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4058.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/245757, {"references":["Erichson, W. F. (1843) Versuch einer systematischen Eintheilung der Nitidularien. Germar Zeitschrift fur die Entomologie, 4, 225 - 361.","Grouvelle, A. (1890) Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XXIII. Nitidulides. Premier memoire. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 29, 120 - 126.","Grouvelle, A. (1913 a) Nitidulidae. In: Junk, W. & Schenkling, S. (Eds.), Coleopterorum Catalogus, Pars 56. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 8 - 223.","Grouvelle, A. (1913 b) Results of the Abor Expedition, 1911 - 12. Part II. VIII. Coleoptera, I: Rhysodidae, Nitidulidae, Colydiidae, Cucujidae, Passandridae, Discolomidae, Cryptophagidae, Mycetophagidae, Dryopidae. Records of the Indian Museum, 8 (1912 - 1922), 99 - 117.","Kirejtshuk, A. G. (2005) On the fauna of Nitidulidae (Insecta, Coleoptera) from Taiwan with some taxonomical notes. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 97, 51 - 113.","Jelinek, J. & Audisio, P. (2007) Nitidulidae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Part 4. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 459 - 491."]}

Megauchenia quadricollis (Reitter, 1883) Ischaena quadricollis Reitter 1883: 10. Megauchenia quadricollis: Grouvelle 1913 a: 136; Grouvelle 1913 b: 100; Jel��nek & Audisio 2007: 473. Diagnosis. Body (Figs. 21���22) rather elongate, subparallel, shiny, reddish brown to blackish. Lateral margin of pronotum almost straight. Elytra with nearly parallel sides, apices sinuate and not uniformly outlined; intervals between elytral striae narrower than the striae; coarsely punctate dorsum with rows of striae on each elytron bearing sparse, short golden and erect setae. Head transverse, about 1.1 x as broad as long, frons feebly depressed; punctation on frons round, distinct, diameter about 0.75 x as large as those of vertex, separated by about 1���2 diameters of punctures; punctures on vertex coarser than those on frons, round and distinct; setae on frons indistinct; eyes large and moderately projected, about 0.4 x as long as head, outer margin rounded, coarsely facetted, temple short and rounded behind eye; ocular border of head slightly carinate. Antenna about 1.3 x as long as head; antennal club about 1.2 x as long as broad, club segments closely attached, about 0.3 x as long as antenna. Prothorax sub-quadrate, about as broad as long, anterior margin slightly emarginate; sides sub-parallel, posterior margin bisinuate with a distinct emargination at middle, anterior angles somewhat pointed, posterior angles broadly rounded. Pronotum rather convex, surface distinctly punctate, punctures round or oval, dense, separated on top of pronotal disc by 0.75���1 diameter, setae on disc indistinct. Scutellar shield transverse, about 1.6 x as broad as long, triangular and somewhat rounded apically; punctures and setae indistinct. Elytra together about 1.8 x as long as broad, anterior margin closely fitting with posterior margin of prothorax, humeral angles projected anteriorly, sides subparallel, hardly explanate, apices truncate; punctures slightly smaller than those on pronotum, arranged in ten longitudinal rows, separated by 0.5���0.75 diameters; setae short, erect, posteriorly directed and arranged along striae. Abdominal tergites almost completely concealed under the elytra, first abdominal ventrite devoid of any punctures, punctures on second and third ventrites elongated and tapering at both ends, punctures on fourth ventrite larger than those of other ventrites, punctures on fifth less elongate and more ovoid; setae moderately long, uniformly arranged, closely appressed to the surface of the abdomen, posteriorly directed. Ventral side uniformly chestnut-brown; gular region of head with posteriorly converging antennal grooves. Metaventrite with mesocoxal lines reaching almost three-fourths of the metaventral-metanepisternal suture, thereby creating a distinct axillary space. Aedeagus (Figs. 25���28): Paramere almost uniformly wide along length, slightly constricted near middle; apex truncate, little concave with a long apical seta and few short setae; apical margin of tegmen emarginate. Median lobe broadly elongate with sides nearly subparallel, and an additional apical membranous structure distinctly notched medially, sclerotized apex also distinctly notched; median strut characteristic in shape (see Fig. 28). Measurements (in mm): Total length 3.24���4.20, width of head across eyes 0.69���0.74, length of antenna 0.70��� 0.85, length and width of prothorax 1.16���1.28 and 1.25���1.30, length and width of elytra together 1.93���2.49 and 1.04���1.34. Material examined. 11 ex. INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Hornbill, 30 km-ne-o-Miao, 1 ex., 16. xii. 1983, S. Biswas; Namdapha WLS, Miao, 1 ex., 01.xii. 1982, S. Biswas; Arunachal Pradesh, E. Siang Dist., Nambung, 6 kmo-Boleng, 1 ex., 23.ii. 1989, T. K. Pal, ex. under bark; Arunachal Pradesh, Namdapha WLS, 1 ex., 21.iv. 1981, S. Biswas; Arunachal Pradesh, L. Dibang Valley Dist., Parbuk, 1 ex., 11.iv. 2009, T. K. Pal & party, ex. under bark; Arunachal Pradesh, L. Dibang Valley Dist., Rayang, Roing, 1 ex., 16.iv. 2009, T. K. Pal & party, ex. under bark; Arunachal Pradesh, Kobo, 400 ft., Abor Expedition, 3 ex., 01���02.xii. 1911, S. Kemp, ex. under bark of rotten wood (Reg. No. 2478 /19, 2482/19, 2498/ 19); Meghalaya, Garo Hill Dist., Barangapara, 1 ex., 23.iv. 1991, B. N. Das & party; Meghalaya, Above Tura, Garo hills, 3500���3900 ft., 1 ex., 15.vii. 1917 ��� 30.viii. 1917, S. Kemp, ex. under bark. Distribution. INDIA: Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya (new records), Assam; INDONESIA: Java, Sumatra; MYANMAR; TAIWAN., Published as part of Dasgupta, J., Pal, T. K. & Hegde, V. D., 2015, Review of the Megauchenia Macleay of India (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae: Prometopinae), pp. 551-560 in Zootaxa 4058 (4) on pages 558-559, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4058.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/245757, {"references":["Reitter, E. (1883) Zwei neue ost-indische Coleopteren. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 5, 9 - 10.","Grouvelle, A. (1913 a) Nitidulidae. In: Junk, W. & Schenkling, S. (Eds.), Coleopterorum Catalogus, Pars 56. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 8 - 223.","Grouvelle, A. (1913 b) Results of the Abor Expedition, 1911 - 12. Part II. VIII. Coleoptera, I: Rhysodidae, Nitidulidae, Colydiidae, Cucujidae, Passandridae, Discolomidae, Cryptophagidae, Mycetophagidae, Dryopidae. Records of the Indian Museum, 8 (1912 - 1922), 99 - 117.","Jelinek, J. & Audisio, P. (2007) Nitidulidae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Part 4. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 459 - 491."]}

Dasgupta, J., Pal, T. K., Hegde, V. D. (2015): Review of the Megauchenia Macleay of India (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae: Prometopinae). Zootaxa 4058 (4): 551-560, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4058.4.6

Commiphora caudata (Wight & Arn) is a potential medicinal plant used for its antispasmodic activity, cytotoxic activity and hypothermic activity. Owing to its medicinal importance, macroscopic and microscopic characters of leaves of Commiphora caudata were studied.

Capparis sepiaria L, a profusely branched hedge plant, is used in Indian traditional medicine. Capparis sepiaria leaves were extracted with ethanol and concentrated to dryness. The LD(50) value was determined as 894.43 mg/kg body weight by acute toxicity study. The ethanol extract was investigated for possible hypoglycemic effect produced by single oral administration at various dose levels 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg in the streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and compared against normal saline control and the standard glibenclamide. A maximum fall of plasma glucose level 9.40%; 13.57%; 15.25% and 18.80% was observed after 12 h of treatment when administered with ethanol extract of Capparis sepiaria at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, and glibenclamide 10 mg/kg dose, respectively. The findings from the study suggest that the Capparis sepiaria leaves may be prescribed as an adjunct to traditional formulation and drug treatment for controlling diabetes mellitus.