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Kernaghan, Richard. (2022). Crossing the Current. Aftermaths along the Huallaga River. Stanford: University Press. ISBN: 9781503603295.

Langebaek, C. H. (2021). Antes de Colombia. Los primeros 14.000 años. Debate. ISBN: 9789585132290.

In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) the level of minimal residual disease (MRD) after therapy is an independent predictor of outcome. Given the increasing number of new agents being explored for CLL therapy, using MRD as a surrogate could greatly reduce the time necessary to assess their efficacy. In this European Research Initiative on CLL (ERIC) project we have identified and validated a flow-cytometric approach to reliably quantitate CLL cells to the level of 0.0010% (10(-5)). The assay comprises a core panel of six markers (i.e. CD19, CD20, CD5, CD43, CD79b and CD81) with a component specification independent of instrument and reagents, which can be locally re-validated using normal peripheral blood. This method is directly comparable to previous ERIC-designed assays and also provides a backbone for investigation of new markers. A parallel analysis of high-throughput sequencing using the ClonoSEQ assay showed good concordance with flow cytometry results at the 0.010% (10(-4)) level, the MRD threshold defined in the 2008 International Workshop on CLL guidelines, but it also provides good linearity to a detection limit of 1 in a million (10(-6)). The combination of both technologies would permit a highly sensitive approach to MRD detection while providing a reproducible and broadly accessible method to quantify residual disease and optimize treatment in CLL.

Eduardo Chávez-Mondragón,1 Claudia Palacio,2 Abraham Soto-Gómez,3 Miguel Villanueva-Nájera,4 Guillermo De Wit-Carter,5 Ruben Suárez-Velasco,6 Leopoldo Baiza-Duran,7 Oscar Olvera-Montaño,7 Patricia Muñoz-Villegas71Fundación de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana, IAP, CDMX, Mexico; 2Fundación Hospital Nuestra Señora de la Luz, IAP, CDMX, Mexico; 3Catarata y Glaucoma de Occidente, SA de CV, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; 4Private Office, CDMX, Mexico; 5Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en Mexico IAP, CDMX, Mexico; 6Novam y Vita, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; 7Clinical Research Department, Laboratorios Sophia, SA de CV, Zapopan, Jalisco, MexicoPurpose: This study evaluated the clinical efficacy and safety of bromfenac 0.09%, sodium hyaluronate 0.4% (SH) combination therapy, versus placebo and SH in a clinical model of pterygium I–III.Methods: A total of 166 eyes (99 patients) with pterygium grade I–III were randomized to bromfenac 0.09% ophthalmic solution+SH 0.4% or placebo+SH 0.4%. This was a Phase IV, prospective, parallel, double-masked, multicenter clinical trial. One drop of bromfenac or placebo was instilled two times a day (BID) for 20 days, both groups accompanied treatments with one drop of SH three times a day (TID). The primary efficacy endpoints were the conjunctival hyperemia and the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score. Other results measured included burning, foreign body sensation, and photophobia. The safety was assessed by the tear break-up time (TBUT), visual acuity (VA), IOP, lissamine green, fluorescein stains, and the incidence of adverse events (AEs).Results: Compared with baseline, there was a significant reduction in the conjunctival hyperemia (p=0.0001) and OSDI score in both groups (p=0.0001). There was a significant improvement in ocular symptomatology for both, placebo/SH and bromfenac/SH groups (p=0.0001), the decrement in the ocular burning was 41.1% vs 24.6%, the foreign body sensation was 31.5% vs 36.2% and, for photophobia was 23.3% vs 30.5%, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed in TBUT for bromfenac/SH (p=0.045), at day 20. There were no significant alterations in IOP (p=0.068) or VA (p=0.632). Similar improvements were observed in the fluorescein and green lissamine staining. Finally, the incidence of AE was similar between groups.Conclusion: The treatment with bromfenac 0.09% ophthalmic solution and SH 0.4% combination therapy for 3 weeks reduced clinical signs, in patients with pterygium I–III. The results suggest that bromfenac 0.09% can improve the symptomatology, reduce the presentation of clinical signs associated with superficial ocular inflammation.Keywords: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Ocular Surface Disease Index, conjunctival hyperemia, ocular lubricant

Background/aimsBipolar disorder (BP) is a severe psychiatric illness, characterised by alternating episodes of depression and mania, which ranks among the top ten causes of morbidity and life-long disability world-wide. We have previously performed a whole-genome linkage scan on 6 pedigrees segregating severe BP from the well-characterised population isolate of Antioquia, Colombia. We recently collected genotypes for the same set of 382 autosomal microsatellite markers in 9 additional Antioquian BP pedigrees. Here, we report the analysis of the combined pedigree set.MethodsLinkage analysis using both parametric and nonparametric approaches was conducted for 3 different diagnostic models: severe BP only (BPI); mood disorders (BPI, BPII and major depression); and psychosis (operationally defined by the occurrence of at least 1 episode of hallucinations and/or delusions).Results and conclusionFor BPI only, the most interesting result was obtained for chromosome 7p21.1-p22.2 under a recessive model of inheritance (heterogeneity LOD score = 2.80), a region that had previously been linked to BP in a study on Portuguese Island families. For both BPI and mood disorders, nonparametric analyses identified a locus on chromosome 12ct-q14 (nonparametric linkage = 2.55 and 2.35, respectively). This locus has not previously been reported as a candidate region for BP. Additional candidate regions were found on chromosomes 1p22-31 (mood disorders) and 21q21-22 (BPI), 2 loci that have repeatedly been implicated in BP susceptibility. Linkage analysis of psychosis as a phenotype identified candidate regions on chromosomes 2q24-31 and 16p12-q12. The finding on chromosome 16p is noteworthy because the same locus has been implicated by genome-wide association analyses of BP.

Claudia Palacio,1 Lourdes Fernández De Ortega,2 Francisco R Bustos,3 Eduardo Chávez,4 Aldo A Oregon-Miranda,5 Arieh R Mercado-Sesma5 1Anterior Segment Department, Fundación Hospital Nuestra Señora de la Luz, México City, México; 2Anterior Segment Department, Asociación Para Evitar la Ceguera en México, Hospital Dr Luis Sánchez Bulnes, México; 3Anterior Segment Department, Antiguo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México; 4Anterior Segment Department, Instituto de Oftalmología, Fundación de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana, IAP, México; 5Clinical Research Department, Laboratorios Sophia, SA de CV, Zapopan, Jalisco, México Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the aqueous humor bioavailability and clinical efficacy of bromfenac 0.09% vs nepafenac on the presence of cystoid macular edema (CME) after phacoemulsification.Material and methods: A Phase II, double-blind, masked, active-controlled, multicenter, clinical trial of 139 subjects, randomized to either a bromfenac 0.09% ophthalmic solution (n=69) or nepafenac 0.1% (n=70). Subjects instilled a drop three times a day for a period of 30 days. Follow-up visits were on days 2, 7, 15, 30, and 60. Biomicroscopy, clinical ocular signs, and assessment of posterior segment were performed. The primary efficacy endpoints included the presence of CME evaluated by optical coherence tomography. Safety evaluation included intraocular pressure, transaminase enzymes, lissamine green, and fluorescein stain.Results: The demographic and efficacy variables were similar between groups at baseline. The presence of pain, photophobia, conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis, cellularity, and corneal edema disappeared by day 30 in both groups. The central retinal thickness did not show significant changes after treatment when compared to baseline as follows: in the bromfenac group (247.2±32.9 vs 252.0±24.9 µm; P=0.958) and in nepafenac group (250.8±34 vs 264.0±34.1 µm; P=0.137), respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed between bromfenac and nepafenac group: (252.0±24.9 vs 264.0±34.1 µm; P=0.022), at day 30, respectively; even though there was no clinical relevance in the presentation of CME. There were no significant alterations in intraocular pressure, either lissamine green or fluorescein stains. The adverse events were not related to the interventions. Conclusion: Bromfenac 0.09% ophthalmic solution showed similar clinical efficacy to reduce the presentation of CME after phacoemulsification compared to nepafenac 0.01%. Keywords: bromfenac, ocular NSAID, cystoid macular edema, OCT

Objetivo: comprender el proceso que hombres y mujeres viven como pareja para realizar el control de la fertilidad. Metodología: estudio cualitativo realizado en Medellín, Colombia, entre los años 2002 y 2005. Se entrevistaron 17 hombres y 23 mujeres entre 20 y 35 años, de diferentes estratos sociales y niveles educativos, con una relación de pareja no inferior a un año. Metodológicamente se apoya en la teoría fundamentada. Resultados: los hallazgos muestran cómo las parejas, con base en las significaciones de lo femenino y lo masculino, asumen una determinada posición frente a cómo enfrentar la reproducción. Dicho afrontamiento es un proceso que se mueve entre decisiones que van desde correr riesgos hasta estar totalmente seguros. Según esto, algunos(as) están continuamente "buscando la seguridad" para no tener hijos(as) no deseados; otros, están permanentemente "corriendo el riesgo" de una gestación no deseada. Discusión: las estrategias utilizadas por las parejas para enfrentar la reproducción están mediadas por la interpretación que hacen de las normas de género; aquellas que buscan la seguridad asumen las normas de género de una manera flexible, las parejas que corren riesgos las asumen de forma rígida así como las relaciones de poder. Conclusiones: se concluye que las significaciones de hombres y mujeres sobre el deber ser masculino y femenino, influyen en los comportamientos reproductivos. Los contextos y las significaciones que las parejas tienen de la reproducción, definen sus comportamientos en el control de la reproducción. Y conocer los contextos y las percepciones que tienen sobre la reproducción es fundamental si se quiere brindar una educación que transforme comportamientos.Objective: to understand the couple´s process to achieve fertility control. Methodology: a quantitative survey carried in Medellín, Colombia. Seventeen men and twenty three women between 20 and 35 years, of different social stratus and educational levels, with more than a year marital relationship were interviewed. The methodology is supported on grounded theory. Results: the findings show how according to feminine and masculine significants the couples assume a fixed position facing reproduction. This deal with is a decision-taking process between risky and safe decisions. Accordingly some are continually "searching security" to avoid unwanted children while others are continually "taking risks" about an unwanted pregnancy. Discussion: the couple’s strategies to face reproduction are tainted by their interpretation of the gender norms. The security looking couples assume gender norms in a flexible way whereas the risk-taking couples have a rigid perception of the gender norms and the power relationships. Conclusions: the conclusion is that the masculine and feminine significants about how males and females should be influences their reproductive behavior. The couples´ contexts and significants about reproduction define their behavior in birth control. Accordingly it is fundamental to know the context and perceptions about reproduction if we want to provide education able to transform behavior.

La propuesta metodológica de la ecología como campo de la diversidad, complejidad e interconectividad debe ayudar a responder a problemas de intersección de distintas disciplinas, entre ellas la historia ecológica o ambiental, la economía ecológica y, el tema que nos ocupa, la ecología política (Ecopol). Este artículo presenta algunos temas relevantes de la literatura producida, entre ellos, los trabajos con impacto epistemológico; emancipación así como los que apuntan a la fundamentación juridicopolítica de la cuestión ecológica, resaltando contribuciones de autores latinoamericanos. Plantea temas centrales de investigación, tales como gobermentalidad; seguridad biodiversidad y justicia ambiental. La Ecopol debe ser una reflexión política en torno a las relaciones de poder y problemas de conocimiento sobre la construcción social, la distribución y el control sobre la naturaleza.