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Observed and projected consequences of climate change on streamflow generated in the Pyrenees threatens the long-term sustainability of water resources systems downstream, especially those with high irrigation demands. To tackle this challenge, the participation of stakeholders in defining potential adaptation strategies is crucial to building awareness and capacity for the community, providing agreed solutions, and reducing conflict. However, there is also a need for a top-down approach to incorporate other, large-scale, or innovative adaptation strategies. This article describes a bottom-up-meets-top-down approach to estimate the optimal implementation intensity of adaptation strategies under different climate scenarios on a complex water resources system. Future streamflow projections were used in a water allocation model combined with a Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling process to obtain optimal combinations of measures to meet different sustainability objectives. The methodology was applied to the Gállego-Cinca River system in NE Spain, which relies on water from the Pyrenees. A stakeholder workshop identified storage development and irrigation modernisation as the preferred adaptation options. However, the modelling results show that more storage in the basin, especially on-farm reservoirs, is not enough to maintain current sustainability levels. This will enable the adoption of demand management measures that optimise water use despite not being among stakeholder preferences.

[EN] This volume presents part of the results obtained during the international cooperation project PIRAGUA (EFA210/16), co-financed by the Interreg EFA Program (Spain-France-Andorra). Between 2018 and 2021, the PIRAGUA project addressed, through cross-border cooperation, the evaluation of the hydrological cycle and water resources in the Pyrenees, in the present and in the future, in the context of climate change. To do this, the project partners unified and homogenized the existing hydrological information, proposed hydrological indicators, analyzed the trends observed in said indicators, developed simulation models to know in detail the different components of the water balance, and carried out numerical simulations based on projections under different scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions to assess the consequences of climate change on the hydrological cycle and the water resources of the Pyrenees. The objective of this volume is to carry out a characterization of the surface and underground water resources of the Pyrenees, as well as the management and use of said resources (Chapter 1); analyze flow records, aquifer levels, and floods to determine spatial patterns and determine temporal trends observed in recent decades (Chapter 2); apply simulation tools to expand knowledge about the different components of the water balance of the Pyrenees (Chapter 3); and carry out a series of numerical simulation experiments to determine possible changes in the water balance and water resources of the Pyrenees throughout the 21st century, in a context of climate change (Chapter 4)., [ES] Este trabajo presenta una parte de los resultados obtenidos durante el proyecto de cooperación internacional PIRAGUA (EFA210/16), co-financiado por el Programa Interreg EFA (España-Francia-Andorra). Entre 2018 y 2021, el proyecto PIRAGUA abordó, mediante la cooperación transfronteriza, la evaluación del ciclo hidrológico y los recursos hídricos en los Pirineos, en el presente y en futuro, en el contexto del cambio climático. Para ello, los socios del proyecto unificaron y homogeneizaron la información hidrológica existente, propusieron indicadores hidrológicos, analizaron las tendencias observadas en dichos indicadores, desarrollaron modelos de simulación para conocer en detalle los distintos componentes del balance hídrico, y realizaron simulaciones numéricas a partir de proyecciones climáticas bajo distintos escenarios de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero para evaluar las consecuencias del cambio climático sobre el ciclo hidrológico y los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos. El objetivo de este volumen es realizar una caracterización de los recursos hídricos superficiales y subterráneos de los Pirineos, así como de la gestión y uso de dichos recursos (Capítulo 1); analizar los registros de caudal, niveles de acuíferos e inundaciones para determinar patrones espaciales y determinar las tendencias temporales observadas en las últimas décadas (Capítulo 2); aplicar herramientas de simulación para ampliar el conocimiento sobre los distintos componentes del balance hídrico de los Pirineos (Capítulo 3); y realizar una serie de experimentos de simulación numérica para determinar los posibles cambios del balance hídrico y los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos a lo largo del siglo XXI, en un contexto de cambio climático (Capítulo 4)., [FR] Ce travail présente une partie des résultats d'un projet de coopération internationale du Programme Interreg EFA (Espagne-France-Andorre). Entre 2018 et 2021, le projet PIRAGUA (EFA210/16) a abordé, par le biais de la coopération transfrontalière, l'évaluation du cycle hydrologique et des ressources hydriques dans les Pyrénées, pour le présent et l'avenir, dans le contexte du changement climatique. Pour cela, les partenaires du projet ont unifié et homogénéisé les informations hydrologiques existantes, proposé des indicateurs hydrologiques, analysé les tendances observées pour ces indicateurs, développé des modèles de simulation pour connaître les détails du bilan hydrique et réalisé des expériences de simulation numérique, afin d'évaluer les conséquences de scénarios de changement climatique sur le cycle hydrologique et les ressources hydriques des Pyrénées. L'objectif de ce volume est de réaliser une caractérisation des ressources hydriques de surface et souterraines des Pyrénées, de la gestion et de l'emploi des ressources (Chapitre 1) ; analyser les registres de débit, le niveau des aquifères et les inondations afin de déterminer des schémas spatiaux ainsi que les tendances temporelles observées ces dernières décennies (Chapitre 2) ; appliquer des outils de simulation pour réaliser un diagnostic des différents éléments du bilan hydrique des Pyrénées (Chapitre 3); réaliser une série d'expériences de simulation pour déterminer les éventuels changements du bilan hydrique et des ressources hydriques des Pyrénées tout au long du XXIᵉ siècle, dans un contexte de changement climatique (Chapitre 4).

The Pyrenees range is a transboundary mountain region shared by Spain, France and Andorra. As many other mountain regions, the Pyrenees host the upper catchments and recharge zones of the region's main river basins and aquifers. Therefore, it is the main source of water resources that are used in a much larger area that includes important urban concentrations and highly productive rural areas. This territory and its water resources are particularly vulnerable to the consequences of climate change. The PIRAGUA project (2018-2021, https://www.opccctp. org/piragua), funded by FEDER through the POCTEFA Program of the EU, addressed the characterization of the hydrological cycle of the Pyrenees in a climate change context, in order to improve the territories’ adaptation capacity. The goals of the project were to unify and homogenize the existing information, prospect future scenarios, develop indicators of change, and propose adaptation strategies with impact on the territory. The project results were compiled in a series of regional datasets, and are available through the geo-portal of the Pyrenees Climate Change Observatory (https://opcc-ctp.org/geoportal). These include the following resources: PIRAGUA_resources stores information related to water resources use, exploitation and management; PIRAGUA_indicators contains daily streamflow and aquifer level indicators from observed series during the historical period (1950-2019); PIRAGUA_flood includes the number and classification of flood events, at the municipal level; PIRAGUA_atmos_analysis contains observationbased meteorological data suited for hydrological simulation, for the historical period (1981-2010); PIRAGUA_atmos_climate is a statistical downscaling of six global climatic models, for the historical and future periods (1981-2100); finally, two datasets include the hydrological water cycle components derived from simulations with different hydrological models (SWAT, SASER, GISBALAN and RECHARGE) and climate forc

[EN] Recent climate change is one of the main threats to the sustainability of human societies. The reports of the IPCC, the Paris Agreement or the United Nations Conferences on climate change attest to the global political interest in urgently taking action to mitigate climate change. Mitigation efforts, however, are not enough to minimize the negative consequences of climate change. It is necessary, in parallel to the mitigation measures, to develop adaptation strategies that make it possible to minimize the risks that climate change poses to societies. With a necessarily local focus, the development of adaptation strategies must be based on an assessment of the vulnerability of society as a whole or of sectors of it to the expected consequences of climate change. This volume explores options for adaptation to climate change in relation to the management of water resources in an important transboundary region such as the Pyrenees mountain range. After a general assessment of the region's water resources and their governance, seven local and regional case studies are presented where, in collaboration with the relevant stakeholders, different adaptation options are explored., [ES] El cambio climático reciente es una de las principales amenazas para la sostenibilidad de las sociedades humanas. Los informes del IPCC, el Acuerdo de París o las Conferencias de las Naciones Unidas sobre cambio climático atestiguan el interés político global por emprender con urgencia acciones para la mitigación del cambio climático. Los esfuerzos en mitigación, sin embargo, no son suficientes para minimizar las consecuencias negativas del cambio climático. Es necesario, en paralelo a las medidas de mitigación, desarrollar estrategias de adaptación que permitan minimizar los riesgos que supone el cambio climático para las sociedades. Con un enfoque necesariamente local, el desarrollo de estrategias de adaptación debe partir de una evaluación de la vulnerabilidad del conjunto de la sociedad o de sectores de ésta a las consecuencias esperables del cambio climático. En este volumen se exploran opciones de adaptación al cambio climático en relación con la gestión de los recursos hídricos de una importante región transfronteriza como es la cordillera de los Pirineos. Tras una evaluación general sobre los recursos hídricos de la región y su gobernanza, se presentan siete casos de estudio locales y regionales donde, en colaboración con los actores locales, se exploran diferentes opciones de adaptación., [FR] Le changement climatique récent est l'une des principales menaces à la durabilité des sociétés humaines. Les rapports du GIEC, l'Accord de Paris ou les Conférences des Nations Unies sur le changement climatique attestent de l'intérêt politique mondial à agir de toute urgence pour atténuer le changement climatique. Cependant, les efforts d'atténuation ne suffisent pas à minimiser les conséquences négatives du changement climatique. Il est nécessaire, parallèlement aux mesures d'atténuation, de développer des stratégies d'adaptation qui permettent de minimiser les risques que le changement climatique fait peser sur les sociétés. Dans une optique nécessairement locale, l'élaboration de stratégies d'adaptation doit reposer sur une évaluation de la vulnérabilité de la société dans son ensemble ou de secteurs de celle-ci aux conséquences attendues du changement climatique. Ce volume explore les options d'adaptation au changement climatique en relation avec la gestion des ressources en eau dans une région transfrontalière importante telle que la chaîne de montagnes des Pyrénées. Après une évaluation générale des ressources en eau de la région et de leur gouvernance, sept études de cas locales et régionales sont présentées où, en collaboration avec les acteurs locaux, différentes options d'adaptation sont explorées.

[ES] La transformación del secano en regadío en el sector central de la Depresión del Ebro ha representado un cambio espectacular en las condiciones de cultivo de un territorio de características semiáridas y precipitaciones muy irregulares. Sin embargo, los nuevos regadíos se enfrentaron desde un principio a graves problemas estructurales debido al peculiar diseño del sistema de regadío, las limitaciones de sus objetivos, la lentitud con que se fueron construyendo las infraestructuras necesarias (embalses, canales y acequias secundarias) y el acondicionamiento de los campos de cultivo. Este trabajo se centra en el estudio de las limitaciones a que se enfrentan los regadíos de Riegos del Alto Aragón (R.A.A.) debido a la tendencia que muestran los recursos hídricos y su distribución estacional como consecuencia de la evolución de temperaturas y precipitaciones, la expansión de la superficie forestal y de matorrales en áreas de montaña y el progresivo aterramiento a que se enfrentan los embalses. Para ello se ha revisado la información disponible sobre el Cambio Global en el Pirineo y se han aplicado diversos modelos climáticos e hidrológicos. La necesaria modernización ha mejorado los sistemas de riego, ha incrementado la eficiencia en el uso de los recursos hídricos, y ha permitido la introducción de nuevos cultivos mucho más productivos y rentables. Paradójicamente, la modernización también ha conllevado un aumento del consumo de agua y ha obligado a incrementar las reservas internas del sistema mediante la construcción de pequeños embalses y balsas. Esta mayor demanda de agua coincide con una progresiva reducción en la disponibilidad de recursos hídricos, debida no solo al incremento de la temperatura media sino también a los cambios en la dinámica de la acumulación y fusión de nieve en alta montaña y a la expansión de bosques y matorrales en antiguos campos de cultivo abandonados en los valles pirenaicos, lo que reduce la capacidad de generación de escorrentía y, [EN] The transformation of rainfed agriculture lands into irrigated lands in the central sector of the Ebro Depression has represented a spectacular change in the cultivation conditions of a semi-arid territory affected by scarce and irregular precipitation. However, the new irrigation systems faced serious structural problems from the beginning due to the peculiar design of the irrigation system, the limitations of its objectives, the slow pace with which the infrastructures were built (reservoirs, canals and secondary ditches) and the conditioning of cultivated fields. This work focuses on the study of the limitations faced by Riegos del Alto Aragón due to the trend shown by water resources and their seasonal distribution as a result of the evolution of temperature and precipitation, the expansion of woody vegetation in mountain areas and the progressive silting up of the reservoirs. For this, the information available on Global Change in the Pyrenees has been reviewed and climatic and hydrological models have been applied. The necessary modernization has improved the irrigation systems and water use efficiency, and has allowed the expansion of much more productive and profitable crops. Paradoxically, modernization has also increased the water demand, and has made necessary to increase the system’s internal reserves through the construction of small reservoirs and ponds. This greater water demand coincides with a decreasing trend in water resources availability, due not only to the increase in average temperature, but also to changes in snowpack accumulation and melting dynamics in the Pyrenean headwaters and to forest expansion in old abandoned fields in the Pyrenean valleys, which reduces runoff generation and streamflow. It is foreseeable that most of these processes will continue or even accentuate in the medium- to long-term due to climate change. In addition, the progressive silting up of the reservoirs reduces the water storage capacity year after year. The

Study region The Pyrenees. Study focus The Pyrenees is sensitive to changes in climate (both natural and of anthropic origin) and changes in land use and cover (LULC). These changes can influence the water resources. The historical evolution (1980–2013) of the stream flows are studied using observed time series from non-influenced gauging stations and two models (SASER and SWAT). Their comparison helps to detect and analyze changes in flow rates and their trends (trends are computed using the Sen's slope estimator, the significance of which was evaluated using the Mann-Kendall test). Furthermore, it also allows to explore the question of attribution (these models do not simulate LULC change). New hydrological insights for the region A complex and diverse domain such as the Pyrenees gives large differences between modelled trends revealing a large uncertainty that has been observed thanks to the use of two models. For the study period, mostly there are no significant trends. When trends are present in the observations and are also simulated, they are attributed to the effects of climate (natural variability and human induced climate change). When the significant trends observed are not simulated by the models, they are mainly attributed to changes in LULC. In general, models have difficulties detecting observed trends, leading to their attribution to changes in LULCs rather than climate, but there are some notable exceptions.

[EN] This volume presents part of the results obtained during the international cooperation project PIRAGUA (EFA210/16), co-financed by the Interreg EFA Program (Spain-France-Andorra). Between 2018 and 2021, the PIRAGUA project addressed, through cross-border cooperation, the evaluation of the hydrological cycle and water resources in the Pyrenees, in the present and in the future, in the context of climate change. To do this, the project partners unified and homogenized the existing hydrological information, proposed hydrological indicators, analyzed the trends observed in said indicators, developed simulation models to know in detail the different components of the water balance, and carried out numerical simulations based on projections under different scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions to assess the consequences of climate change on the hydrological cycle and the water resources of the Pyrenees. The objective of this volume is to carry out a characterization of the surface and underground water resources of the Pyrenees, as well as the management and use of said resources (Chapter 1); analyze flow records, aquifer levels, and floods to determine spatial patterns and determine temporal trends observed in recent decades (Chapter 2); apply simulation tools to expand knowledge about the different components of the water balance of the Pyrenees (Chapter 3); and carry out a series of numerical simulation experiments to determine possible changes in the water balance and water resources of the Pyrenees throughout the 21st century, in a context of climate change (Chapter 4)., [ES] Este trabajo presenta una parte de los resultados obtenidos durante el proyecto de cooperación internacional PIRAGUA (EFA210/16), co-financiado por el Programa Interreg EFA (España-Francia-Andorra). Entre 2018 y 2021, el proyecto PIRAGUA abordó, mediante la cooperación transfronteriza, la evaluación del ciclo hidrológico y los recursos hídricos en los Pirineos, en el presente y en futuro, en el contexto del cambio climático. Para ello, los socios del proyecto unificaron y homogeneizaron la información hidrológica existente, propusieron indicadores hidrológicos, analizaron las tendencias observadas en dichos indicadores, desarrollaron modelos de simulación para conocer en detalle los distintos componentes del balance hídrico, y realizaron simulaciones numéricas a partir de proyecciones climáticas bajo distintos escenarios de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero para evaluar las consecuencias del cambio climático sobre el ciclo hidrológico y los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos. El objetivo de este volumen es realizar una caracterización de los recursos hídricos superficiales y subterráneos de los Pirineos, así como de la gestión y uso de dichos recursos (Capítulo 1); analizar los registros de caudal, niveles de acuíferos e inundaciones para determinar patrones espaciales y determinar las tendencias temporales observadas en las últimas décadas (Capítulo 2); aplicar herramientas de simulación para ampliar el conocimiento sobre los distintos componentes del balance hídrico de los Pirineos (Capítulo 3); y realizar una serie de experimentos de simulación numérica para determinar los posibles cambios del balance hídrico y los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos a lo largo del siglo XXI, en un contexto de cambio climático (Capítulo 4)., [FR] Ce travail présente une partie des résultats d'un projet de coopération internationale du Programme Interreg EFA (Espagne-France-Andorre). Entre 2018 et 2021, le projet PIRAGUA (EFA210/16) a abordé, par le biais de la coopération transfrontalière, l'évaluation du cycle hydrologique et des ressources hydriques dans les Pyrénées, pour le présent et l'avenir, dans le contexte du changement climatique. Pour cela, les partenaires du projet ont unifié et homogénéisé les informations hydrologiques existantes, proposé des indicateurs hydrologiques, analysé les tendances observées pour ces indicateurs, développé des modèles de simulation pour connaître les détails du bilan hydrique et réalisé des expériences de simulation numérique, afin d'évaluer les conséquences de scénarios de changement climatique sur le cycle hydrologique et les ressources hydriques des Pyrénées. L'objectif de ce volume est de réaliser une caractérisation des ressources hydriques de surface et souterraines des Pyrénées, de la gestion et de l'emploi des ressources (Chapitre 1) ; analyser les registres de débit, le niveau des aquifères et les inondations afin de déterminer des schémas spatiaux ainsi que les tendances temporelles observées ces dernières décennies (Chapitre 2) ; appliquer des outils de simulation pour réaliser un diagnostic des différents éléments du bilan hydrique des Pyrénées (Chapitre 3); réaliser une série d'expériences de simulation pour déterminer les éventuels changements du bilan hydrique et des ressources hydriques des Pyrénées tout au long du XXIᵉ siècle, dans un contexte de changement climatique (Chapitre 4).

[EN] Recent climate change is one of the main threats to the sustainability of human societies. The reports of the IPCC, the Paris Agreement or the United Nations Conferences on climate change attest to the global political interest in urgently taking action to mitigate climate change. Mitigation efforts, however, are not enough to minimize the negative consequences of climate change. It is necessary, in parallel to the mitigation measures, to develop adaptation strategies that make it possible to minimize the risks that climate change poses to societies. With a necessarily local focus, the development of adaptation strategies must be based on an assessment of the vulnerability of society as a whole or of sectors of it to the expected consequences of climate change. This volume explores options for adaptation to climate change in relation to the management of water resources in an important transboundary region such as the Pyrenees mountain range. After a general assessment of the region's water resources and their governance, seven local and regional case studies are presented where, in collaboration with the relevant stakeholders, different adaptation options are explored., [ES] El cambio climático reciente es una de las principales amenazas para la sostenibilidad de las sociedades humanas. Los informes del IPCC, el Acuerdo de París o las Conferencias de las Naciones Unidas sobre cambio climático atestiguan el interés político global por emprender con urgencia acciones para la mitigación del cambio climático. Los esfuerzos en mitigación, sin embargo, no son suficientes para minimizar las consecuencias negativas del cambio climático. Es necesario, en paralelo a las medidas de mitigación, desarrollar estrategias de adaptación que permitan minimizar los riesgos que supone el cambio climático para las sociedades. Con un enfoque necesariamente local, el desarrollo de estrategias de adaptación debe partir de una evaluación de la vulnerabilidad del conjunto de la sociedad o de sectores de ésta a las consecuencias esperables del cambio climático. En este volumen se exploran opciones de adaptación al cambio climático en relación con la gestión de los recursos hídricos de una importante región transfronteriza como es la cordillera de los Pirineos. Tras una evaluación general sobre los recursos hídricos de la región y su gobernanza, se presentan siete casos de estudio locales y regionales donde, en colaboración con los actores locales, se exploran diferentes opciones de adaptación., [FR] Le changement climatique récent est l'une des principales menaces à la durabilité des sociétés humaines. Les rapports du GIEC, l'Accord de Paris ou les Conférences des Nations Unies sur le changement climatique attestent de l'intérêt politique mondial à agir de toute urgence pour atténuer le changement climatique. Cependant, les efforts d'atténuation ne suffisent pas à minimiser les conséquences négatives du changement climatique. Il est nécessaire, parallèlement aux mesures d'atténuation, de développer des stratégies d'adaptation qui permettent de minimiser les risques que le changement climatique fait peser sur les sociétés. Dans une optique nécessairement locale, l'élaboration de stratégies d'adaptation doit reposer sur une évaluation de la vulnérabilité de la société dans son ensemble ou de secteurs de celle-ci aux conséquences attendues du changement climatique. Ce volume explore les options d'adaptation au changement climatique en relation avec la gestion des ressources en eau dans une région transfrontalière importante telle que la chaîne de montagnes des Pyrénées. Après une évaluation générale des ressources en eau de la région et de leur gouvernance, sept études de cas locales et régionales sont présentées où, en collaboration avec les acteurs locaux, différentes options d'adaptation sont explorées.

[EN] Geospatial information on the water balance components over the Pyrenees under climate change, covering the period 1981-2100. The data is based on the application of two hydrological models (SWAT and SASER), forced with the climate projections in the PIRAGUA_atmos_climate dataset. It includes information on the following variables: temperature, precipitation, snowfall, snowmelt, potential evapotranspiration, actual evapotranspiration, soil water storage, snowpack, aquifer recharge, and runoff generation. The temporal resolution is monthly, and the spatial aggregation is at the level of hydrographic sub-basins. The dataset was generated within the project EFA210/16 PIRAGUA Project ("Evaluation and prospective of the water resources of the Pyrenees in a context of climate change, and adaptation measures with impact on the territory")., [ES] Información geoespacial sobre componentes del balance hídrico sobre los Pirineos en condiciones de cambio climático, para el periodo 1981-2100. Los datos se basan en la aplicación de dos modelos hidrológicos (SWAT y SASER), forzados con las proyecciones climáticas del conjunto de datos PIRAGUA_atmos_climate. Incluye información sobre las siguientes variables: temperatura, precipitación, innivación, fusión nival, evapotranspiración potencial, evapotranspiración real, almacenamiendo de agua en el suelo, paquete de nieve, recarga de acuífero, y generación de escorrentía. La resolución temporal es mensual, y la agregación espacial es a nivel de sub-cuencas hidrográficas. El conjunto de datos fue generado en el contexto del proyecto EFA210/16 PIRAGUA ("Evaluación y prospectiva de los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos en un contexto de cambio climático, y medidas de adaptación con impacto en el territorio")., [FR] Information géospatiale sur les composantes du bilan hydrique des Pyrénées dans des conditions de changement climatique, pour la période 1981-2100. Les données sont basées sur l'application de deux modèles hydrologiques (SWAT et SASER), forcés avec les projections climatiques du jeu de données PIRAGUAatmosclimate. Il comprend des informations sur les variables suivantes : température, précipitations, chutes de neige, fonte des neiges, évapotranspiration potentielle, évapotranspiration réelle, stockage de l'eau dans le sol, manteau neigeux, recharge de l'aquifère et génération de ruissellement. La résolution temporelle est mensuelle, et l'agrégation spatiale se fait au niveau des sous-bassins hydrographiques. Le jeu de données a été généré dans le cadre du projet EFA210/16 PIRAGUA ("Evaluation et prospective des ressources en eau des Pyrénées dans un contexte de changement climatique, et mesures d'adaptation ayant un impact sur le territoire").

The present work evaluates the contribution of on-farm reservoirs to enhancing the long-term sustainability of the RAA system using a multi-model and multi-scenario approach. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate water provisions from the Gallego-Cinca headwater system under an ensemble of downscaled climate models.

The Pyrenees are the main source of water for a large region in Southern Europe. In recent decades, streamflow and snow accumulation in these mountains have decreased, and climate models predict that further reductions in water will threaten the sustainability of downstream regions. This article presents a cascading multi-model and multi-scenario approach to assess how future climate change may affect the hydrology and water management of Pyrenees-dependent systems. In particular, we combined future climate projections and management scenarios and applied them to the Gállego-Cinca River System in the Ebro River Basin of Spain. We developed a hydrologic model for the headwaters of this system (the source of most of the water), and then used a management model to simulate reservoir operation and water allocation among the different agricultural demand units of this system, the largest irrigated region in Spain. We assessed future headwater streamflow for 22 climate models, and translated this climate signal into a management model by using a delta change approach. Finally, we evaluated the performance and sustainability of the system with indicators based on the frequency, duration, and magnitude of the supply deficit. The results show that use of the current planned management scenarios will threaten to the system’s future sustainability, especially for irrigated agriculture. These results indicate a need to revise current water resource planning strategies in this region, and to establish long-term, robust, and sustainable measures for adaptation to climate change.

In the Mediterranean region, the long history of cultivation is associated with significant changes in the original landscape. Agricultural intensification and subsequent land abandonment and reforestation have significantly affected the hydrological behaviour and connectivity patterns of hydrological systems. Thus, information on the spatial distribution of land use/cover is essential for monitoring the runoff response to interpret catchment hydrology. A medium‐sized catchment of the central part of the Ebro Basin (NE Spain), representative of Mediterranean mountain agroecosystems, was selected to assess the effect of land use/cover changes during the last few decades on the hydrological network of the catchment. To this end, a topography‐based index, the ‘index of connectivity’, was applied to assess the effects of land use changes from 1957 to 2010. The sediment connectivity was estimated by using a geomorphometric approach to simulate how connectivity changes due to the different land covers. To improve this index, we used a combination of C‐factor, rugosity index and the novel application of a total aerial biomass equation over pine‐reforested areas as a weighting factor. A high‐resolution (1 × 1 m) digital elevation model was created by filtering and applying a multiscale curvature classification algorithm. The connectivity values show a decrease directly related to ~71% decrease of agricultural land. Understanding landscape patterns, changes and interactions of human activities is essential for land management in Mediterranean agroecosystems.

Loss of soil and subsequent export of sediments to streamflows by water erosion constitute significant environmental threats because of the areal extent typically involved and the agricultural activities that they support. Climate change is expected to impact on the availability of water and therefore on soil resources. In this context, hydrological and soil erosion models allow for the mapping and quantifying of soil redistribution and sediment productions for different land uses and climatic scenarios that can be used for valuable projections for catchment management. A simulation experiment was achieved by using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in the mountainous catchment of the Barasona reservoir (1509 km2, Central Spanish Pyrenees), which is characterized by a heterogeneous climate and topography, that brings it a varied mosaic of soil types and land uses. In order to investigate differences in sediment productions from the land uses under different climatic conditions the sediment produced from the land uses was assessed for two years. 2003 and 2005 were selected to represent contrasted precipitations and wet and dry conditions, respectively. Moreover, the distribution of land uses and climate in the catchment enabled the division of the catchment into two parts which allowed the assessment of the sediment productions in the northern alpine and the southern Mediterranean parts of the catchment. The specific sediment yield varied largely in relation with precipitation, seasons, land use types and catchment parts, from 0 to 243 t ha− 1 year− 1. Furthermore, according to the prediction of the IPCC and climatic studies for the region an increase of 2 °C was simulated to assess the impact on sediment yield. Different responses to the temperature increment were observed between wetter (2003 and northern part) and drier (2005 and southern part) conditions and also for the land use types. Great decreases in sediment production were observed for the 2 °

Sediment connectivity has an important effect on the development of morphological landform features being one of the greatest conditioning factors on the development of hydrological networks. The steep slope agriculture has affected connectivity during the last centuries in Mediterranean landscapes. Our objective is to assess the variation of connectivity produced by land cover changes during the last 50 years in a mountain catchment.

The elevated supply and transfer of sediment in river systems can impact on water resource infrastructure, water quality and ecosystem health around the world. Moreover, the loss of reservoir capacity due to siltation is of particular concern in regions that experience water scarcity, such as the Mediterranean. Therefore, quantifying the sediment production from contributing catchments to reservoirs is of major interest to support the development of management plans for maintaining reservoir sustainability. Within this context, sediment production from a catchment in the central Spanish Pyrenees was investigated by combining the outputs of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model with sediment source fingerprinting. The study examined the large alpine-prealpine catchment of the Barasona reservoir, which is an agroforest catchment supplying sediment to the reservoir at an annual rate of around 3.5 t ha− 1. For the period 2003–2005 the simulated specific sediment yields for the catchment by SWAT model are mostly below 2 t ha− 1 year− 1 with maximum values reaching 250 t ha− 1 year− 1. Simulated sediment production is dependent on (i) land use/cover, (ii) precipitation amounts and (iii) slope gradients. The highest sediment yield was simulated for the badlands, in the wettest year and for the greatest slope gradients. The predicted catchment source contributions obtained for the reservoir sediments were low (< 7%) for forest and scrubland sources, greater for agricultural sources and exceeded 50% for subsoil sources. Results from both procedures indicate that badlands are the main sediment source while agricultural land is of secondary importance. This combination of procedures allowed catchment sediment production and source contributions to be linked to reservoir infilling. It also demonstrates the benefits of combined modelling and sediment fingerprinting approaches in complex catchments where siltation threatens water and energy security.

Desde hace décadas, la erosión se percibe como uno de los problemas medioambientales más importantes del mundo, sobre todo en regiones de clima estacionalmente contrastado y sometidas a fuerte presión antropogénica. Ésta afecta a la pérdida del suelo y, entre otros problemas indirectos, conlleva la pérdida de capacidad de almacenamiento de los embalses. Entre todas las formas de erosión la provocada por la remoción y arrastre de sedimentos por la escorrentía superficial (erosión hídrica) es la que más ha atraído la atención de científicos y técnicos. Este proceso natural puede verse fuertemente acelerado por cambios en el uso del suelo y por el cambio climático, representando un importante riesgo para la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de la agricultura y los ecosistemas en los que se desarrolla. La realización de estudios de gestión medioambiental dirigidos a regular la erosión requieres su cuantificación a diferentes escalas espacio-temporales así como la identificación de la procedencia de los sedimentos al objeto de concentrar los esfuerzos de prevención en las áreas más vulnerables., En este contexto, la tesis se centra en estudiar la erosión y producción de sedimentos en la cuenca alpina-prealpina del embalse de Barasona (1509 km2) en el Pirineo Central español.

The new challenges in assessment of water resources demand new approaches and tools, such as the use of hydrologic models, which could serve to assist managers in the prediction, planning and management of catchment water supplies in view of increased demand of water for irrigation and climatic change. Good characterization of the spatial patterns of climate variables is of paramount importance in hydrological modelling. This is especially so when modelling mountain environments which are characterized by strong altitudinal climate gradients. However, very often there is a poor distribution of climatic stations in these areas, which in many cases, results in under representation of high altitude areas with respect to climatic data. This results in the poor performance of the models. In the present study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was applied to the Barasona reservoir catchment in the Central Spanish Pyrenees in order to assess the influence of different climatic characterizations in the monthly river discharges. Four simulations with different input data were assessed, using only the available climate data (A1); the former plus one synthetic dataset at a higher altitude (B1); and both plus the altitudinal climate gradient (A2 and B2). The model’s performance was evaluated against the river discharges for the representative periods of 2003–2005 and 1994–1996 by means of commonly used statistical measures. The best results were obtained using the altitudinal climate gradient alone (scenario A2). This study provided insight into the importance of taking into account the sources and the spatial distribution of weather data in modelling water resources in mountainous catchments.

[ES] Contribución divulgativa de la UTBD_EEAD-CSIC en el Año Internacional de los Suelos 2015, celebrada del 15 al 17 de diciembre de 2015 en la Sala de Lectura de la Biblioteca EEAD-CSIC (Zaragoza)., ** 1) Se exponen 159 títulos, desde el año 1937 hasta nuestros días, especializados en el tema “Suelos sostenibles” de entre la abundante colección especializada en edafología (unos mil títulos) que forma parte de la colección de libros en soporte papel de la EEAD (12.471 libros, a 1 dic. 2015), muestra representativa de la evolución de la disciplina desde mediados del s. XX. 2) Se presenta también a nuestra comunidad de usuarios una selección de las más recientes adquisiciones de e-Libros sobre el tema existentes en la Biblioteca Virtual CSIC y accesibles en línea desde nuestro Instituto., ** La exposición documental se complementa con una visión de las líneas de investigación actuales llevadas a cabo por los Grupos de Investigación del Departamento de Suelo y Agua de la EEAD-CSIC: a) descripción de esas líneas, b) fotos representativas, c) principal producción científica reciente (artículos científicos y pósteres divulgativos), d) algunas técnicas e instrumentos científicos usados., [EN] UTBD_EEAD-CSIC activity of library dissemination as a contribution in the International Year of Soils 2015 , held from 15 to 17 December 2015 in the Reading Room of the Library EEAD -CSIC ( Zaragoza) ., ** 1 ) 159 titles are presented, from 1937 until today, specializing in the topic "Sustainable Soils" from the abundant specialized in soil science (one thousand titles, aprox.) forming part of the collection of books in paper collection EEAD (12,471 books, to December 1, 2015) , representative sample of the evolution of the discipline since the middle of s . XX. 2) A selection of the most recent acquisitions of e-Books titles online accesibles on the topic for the EEAD-CSIC, through the CSIC Virtual Library, is also presented., ** The documentary exhibition is complemented with an overview of the current research lines conducted by the Research Groups of our EEAD-CSIC Department of Soil and Water : a) a description of these research lines , b ) Representative photos, c ) more relevant and recent scientific production (mainly scientific articles and informative posters), d) Some technical and scientific instruments used currently.

Information on sediment sources in river catchments is required for effective sediment control strategies, to understand sediment, nutrient and pollutant transport, and for developing soil erosion management plans. Sediment fingerprinting procedures are employed to quantify sediment source contributions and have become a widely used tool. As fingerprinting procedures are naturally variable and locally dependant, there are different applications of the procedure. Here, the auto-evaluation of different fingerprinting procedures using virtual sample mixtures is proposed to support the selection of the fingerprinting procedure with the best capacity for source discrimination and apportionment. Surface samples from four land uses from a Central Spanish Pyrenean catchment were used i) as sources to generate the virtual sample mixtures and ii) to characterise the sources for the fingerprinting procedures. The auto-evaluation approach involved comparing fingerprinting procedures based on four optimum composite fingerprints selected by three statistical tests, three source characterisations (mean, median and corrected mean) and two types of objective functions for the mixing model. A total of 24 fingerprinting procedures were assessed by this new approach which were solved by Monte Carlo simulations and compared using the root mean squared error (RMSE) between known and assessed source ascriptions for the virtual sample mixtures. It was found that the source ascriptions with the highest accuracy were achieved using the corrected mean source characterisations for the composite fingerprints selected by the Kruskal Wallis H-test and principal components analysis. Based on the RMSE results, high goodness of fit (GOF) values were not always indicative of accurate source apportionment results, and care should be taken when using GOF to assess mixing model performance. The proposed approach to test different fingerprinting procedures using virtual sample mixtures provides an enhanc

[EN] ABSTRACT. The study and quantification of soil redistribution is a complex and difficult task and even a non-solved question at catchment scale both infield and numerical simulation studies. In this study we tackle this topic by coupling two different predicting models and a sound field-based dataset to assess the potential soil redistribution in a Mediterranean rain-fed agricultural and mountainous catchment (La Reina gulty catchment, Cinco Villas region, NE Spain): the enhanced Mod/ied-RMMF-20]4 version of the “Mod/ied Revised Morgan, Morgan and Finney” model (Morgan, 2001; Lópezcente and Navas, 2010) of soil erosion and the IC (mdcx of Connectivily; Borselli et al., 2008) model of sediment connectivity., [ES] RESUMEN. El estudio y cuantificación de la redistribución del suelo es una tarea compleja y difícil y un asunto no resuelto a escala de cuenca, tanto en estudios de campo como mediante simulación numérica. En este trabajo abordamos este tema de investigación mediante la aplicación conjunta de dos modelos de predicción y una robusta base de datos de campo para la estimación de la redistribución potencial del suelo en una cuenca agrícola montañosa de secano de ambiente mediterráneo (cuenca del Barranco de La Reina, comarca de las Cinco Villas, NE de España): la versión “Modified-RMMF-20]4” mejorada del modelo de erosión del suelo “Modified Revised Morgan, Morgan and Finney” (Morgan, 2001; López- Vicente y Navas, 2010) y el modelo IC (Index of Connectivity; Borselli et al., 2008) de conectividad del sedimento.

In the present study, the results from a fingerprinting procedure and the SWAT model were compared and combined to improve the knowledge of land use sediment source contributions to the reservoir. Samples from the study catchment were used to define soil parameters for the model and for fingerprinting the land use sources. The fingerprinting approach provided information about relative contributions from land use sources to the superficial sediment samples taken from the reservoir infill. The calibration and validation of the model provided valuable information, for example on the timescale of sediment production from the different land uses within the catchment. Linking results from both techniques enabled us to achieve a more holistic view of the erosion processes taking place in the Barasona river catchment.

La realización de una serie cartográfica para eL municipio de Tauste, así como eL estudio y caracterización de Los sueLos tipo que predominan en eL término municipaL, es eL resultado deL trabajo de investigación desarroLlado gracias a La concesión de la XlI beca de investigación "ViLLa de Tauste" que La Asociación Cultural "EL PATIAZ'; en colaboración elÁrea de Cultura deLAyuntamiento de Tauste, convoca cada año. Se presenta una compLeta serie cartográfica restríngida aL municipio de Tauste formada por 19 mapas en los que se incluye información sobre Los tipos y usos deL suelo, la litología y geomorfoLogía del término municipal, el modelo digital de elevaciones del terreno y otros mapas derivados como el mapa de pendientes, así como la situación de los Lugares de Interés Comunitarios LIC y Puntos de Interés Geológiocos PIG, entre otros aspectos de temática ambiental. Esta serie cartográfica es el resultado de la recopilación de información ya disponible en servidores de descarga, su tratamiento y reeLaboración, así como de La elaboración de nuevos mapas con información inédita derivados de la utilización de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica, SIG. Todo ello con eL objetivo de dar a conocer y divulgar de una forma accesible La información cartográfica local de Tauste, así como generar en soporte impreso y en formato digital un material de consulta que entrará a formar parte del repositorio digital y los fondos de la biblioteca de La Asociación El Patiaz., Asimismo se presentan Las propiedades y características de tres suelos tipo muestreados en el municipio de Tauste, un suelo tipo Fluvisol, Calcisol y Regosol, tras una compLeta caracterización físico-química realizada en los laboratorios del grupo de Erosión y Evaluación de Suelo y Agua en la Estación Experimental de Aula Dei-CSIC Todo ello con el fin de entender como eL uso de técnicas analíticas estándar y de vanguardia dentro del mundo de La investigación nos permiten conocer las propiedades físico-químicas de los suelos e inferir información sobre la calidad de los mismos. Una información de vital importancia en un contexto actual de conservación y protección del suelo dentro de las políticas de sostenibilidad de la nueva PAC, especialmente en estas zonas vulnerables a los procesos de degradación y erosión, en las que mantener la productividad del suelo es un problema de primer orden.

Soil in alpine environments plays a key role in the development of ecosystem services and in order to maintain and preserve this important resource, information is required on processes that lead to soil erosion. Similar to other mountain alpine environments, the Benasque catchment is characterised by temperatures below freezing that can last from November to April, intense rainfall events, typically in spring and autumn, and rugged topography which makes assessment of erosion challenging. Indirect approaches to soil erosion assessment, such as combined model approaches, offer an opportunity to evaluate soil erosion in such areas. In this study (i) the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) hydrological and erosion model and (ii) sediment fingerprinting procedures were used in parallel to assess the viability of a combined modelling and tracing approach to evaluate soil erosion processes in the area of the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park (central Spanish Pyrenees). Soil erosion rates and sediment contribution of potential sediment sources defined by soil type (Kastanozems/Phaeozems; Fluvisols and Cambisols) were assessed. The SWAT model suggested that, with the highest specific sediment yields, Cambisols are the main source of sediment in the Benasque catchment and Phaeozems and Fluvisols were identified as the lowest sediment contributors. Spring and winter model runs gave the highest and lowest specific sediment yield, respectively. In contrast, sediment fingerprinting analysis identified Fluvisols, which dominate the riparian zone, as the main sediment source at the time of sampling. This indicates the importance of connectivity as well as potential differences in the source dynamic of material in storage versus that transported efficiently from the system at times of high flow. The combined approach enabled us to better understand soil erosion processes in the Benasque alpine catchment, wherein SWAT identified areas of potential high sediment yield in large flood ev