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Lactate levels are widely used as an indicator of outcome in critically ill patients. We investigated the prognostic value of postoperative lactate levels for postoperative complications (POCs), mortality and length of hospital stay after elective major abdominal surgery. A total of 195 patients were prospectively evaluated. Lactate levels were assessed on admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) [L-0], at 4 hours (L-4), 12 hours (L-12), and 24 hours (L-24) after the operation. Demographic and perioperative clinical data were collected. Patients were monitored for complications until discharge or death. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the predictive value of lactate levels for postoperative outcomes. The best cut-off lactate values were calculated to differentiate between patients with and without complications, and outcomes in patients with lactate levels above and below the cut-off thresholds were compared. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify variables associated with POCs and mortality. Seventy-six patients developed 184 complications (18 deaths), while 119 had no complications. Serum lactate levels were higher in patients with complications at all time points compared to those without complications (p lt 0.001). L-12 had the highest predictive value for complications (AUROC(12) = 0.787; 95% CI: 0.719-0.854; p lt 0.001) and mortality (AUROC(12) = 0.872; 95% CI: 0.794-0.950;p lt 0.00l). The best L-12 cut-off value for complications and mortality was 1.35 mmol/l and 1.85 mmol/l, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that L-1(2) >= 1.35 mml/l was an independent predictor of postoperative morbidity (OR 2.58; 95% CI 1.27-5.24,p = 0.001) . L-24 was predictive of POCs after major abdominal surgery. L-12 had the best power to discriminate between patients with and without POCs and was associated with a longer hospital stay.

UVOD: Anestezija je povezana sa promenama ventilacije, koje počinju sa prvim datim lekom, a mogu da traju i danima posle hirurške intervencije. Hipoksemija je najočiglednija posledica ove promene. U anesteziološkoj praksi i perioperativnom tretmanu bolesnika kiseonička terapija zauzima značajno mesto. Još uvek ne postoje jasne, na dokazima zasnovane, smernice za upotrebu kiseoničke terapije u postoperativnom periodu. Razlog verovatno leži u činjenici da veliki broj faktora može da utiče na ishod lečenja hirurškog bolesnika i zato je teško ispitati njihove pojedinačne uticaje. Kiseonička terapija tretira ili prevenira nastanak hipoksije obezbeđujući inspiratornu koncentraciju kiseonika veću od iste u vazduhu. Kod najvećeg broja pacijenata u postoperativnom periodu ne postoji potreba za strogom kontrolom inspiratorne koncentracije kiseonika, a administracija kiseoničke terapije sprovodi se primenom uređaja niskog protoka i varijabilne performanse, kao što su nazalna kanila i kiseonička maska za lice. Brojna istraživanja poslednjih decenija pokušala su da daju odgovor na pitanja da li postoji stvarna razlika u primeni ova dva uređaja, posebno u svetlu razvoja hipoksemije u postoperativnom periodu. Prednosti primene nazalne kanile su bolje prihvatanje od strane bolesnika u poređenju sa maskom, obično zbog manje izraženog osećaja klaustrofobije pri upotrebi nazalne kanile. Nazalna kanila, ne zahteva uklanjanje prilikom nege usne duplje ili per os unosa što obezbeđuje kontinuitet u isporuci kiseonika. Nedostaci nazalne kanile vezani su za otežanu primenu kod bolesnika sa nazogastričnom sondom ili otežanim disanjem na nos. Pri protocima većim od 4 litre u mnuti može izazvati nelagodnost na nosnoj sluznici bolesnika. Literaturni podaci, ukazuju da se primenom kiseoničke maske ipak postižu veće inspiratorne koncentracije kiseonika, te da se epizode desaturacije i hipoksemije znatno ređe javljaju. Međutim, postoje i istraživanja koja ukazuju na mogućnost ponovnog udisanja vaz, INTRODUCTION: Anesthesiology is associated with vicissitudes in ventilation, which start with application of first medicine and last for days following surgical intervention. Hypoxemia is a most common side effect of vicissitudes in ventilation. Oxygen therapy is important in anesthesiology and post-operative treatment of a patient. There are no clear evidence-based guidelines for application of oxygen therapy in post-operative period. Numerous factors influence patient’s treatment outcome and it is difficult to examine each factor’s independent impact. Oxygen therapy treats or prevents occurrence of hypoxemia by providing inspiratory concentration of oxygen greater than the amount found in air. Most patients in post-operative period don’t require vigilant control of inspiratory concentration of oxygen, and administration of oxygen therapy is implemented with a low flow device with variable performances such as nasal cannula and oxygen face mask. Various research attempts where made in the last decades to discover an evident difference between these two devices, especially in cases where hypoxemia occurred in post-operative period. One advantage to using nasal cannula over oxygen face mask is that its better perceived by a patient as it reduces feeling of claustrophobia. Nasal cannula doesn’t need to be removed during oral cavity care or “per os” intake which ensures continuous oxygen delivery. The drawback to using nasal cannula is that its challenging to insert it in a patient with nasogastric tube or difficult nasal breathing. Also, patient can experience nasal discomfort if the oxygen flow is bigger than four litters per minute. Literature data shows that application of oxygen trough the face mask achieves greater inspiratory concentrations of oxygen, and reduces the occurrence of desaturation and hypoxemia. Still, there is research which points out to the possibility of breathing in from dead space in the mask, in lower flows, which can partially affect pressur

Akutno bubrežno oštećenje je česta i ozbiljna komplikacija nakon hirurške rekonstrukcije abdominalne aorte. Ona produžuje, poskupljuje bolničko lečenje i povećava morbiditet i mortalitet bolesnika. Što ranije prepoznavanje bolesnika koji su pod povišenim rizikom uz pomoć prediktivnih faktora, kao i identifikovanje akutnog bubrežnog oštećenja od velikog je značaja za pravovremeno započinjanje preventivnih i terapijskih mera i smanjenje mortaliteta ovih bolesnika. Cilj istraživanja: Utvrditi incidencu akutnog bubrežnog oštećenja, najznačajnije preoperativne i intraoperativne prediktivne faktore za nastanak akutnog bubrežnog oštećenja i utvrditi da li serumski cistatin C ranije i preciznije ukazuje na akutno bubrežno oštećenje u odnosu na serumski kreatinin 72 sata nakon elektivnih operacija na infrarenalnom segmentu aorte. Metodologija: Na Klinici za anesteziju, intenzivnu terapiju i terapiju bola i Klinici za vaskularnu i transplantacionu hirurgiju Kliničkog centra Vojvodine sprovedeno je prospektivno opservaciono istraživanje u trajanju od 18 meseci, od oktobra 2017. do aprila 2019. godine. U istraživanje je uključeno 140 pacijenata koji su podvrgnuti elektivnom operativnom zahvatu na infrarenalnom segmentu aorte. Preoperativni i intraoperativni potencijalni prediktivni faktori identifikovani su iz medicinske dokumentacije: istorije bolesti, protokoli anestezije, dnevne terapijske liste, liste vitalnih parametara i liste laboratorijskih parametara. Nastanak ABO je potvrđivan pomoću AKIN klasifikacionog sistema. Tokom postoperativnog perioda lečenja od 72 sata obraćana je pažnja na vreme i stepen nastanka ABO. Za statističku obradu podataka korišćen je program SPSS, verzija 21 (IBM SPSS, Čikago, Ilinois). Rezultati su predstavljeni tabelarno i grafički, a statistički značajnim su se smatrale vrednosti nivoa značajnosti p<0,05. Podaci su obrađivani standardnim statističkim testovima. Za dobijanje modela predikcije primenjena je multivarijantna logistička regresija. Re, Acute kidney injury is frequent and serious complication after aortic surgery which increases length of hospital stay, costs, morbidity and mortality. Earlier recognition of patients at risk by predictive factors and identification of acute kidney injury could have important role on right timing of preventive and therapeutic measures and lower mortality of these patients. Aims: to investigate the incidence of acute kidney injury, the most important preoperative and intraoperative predictive factors for acute kidney injury, and check whether cystatin C indicates acute kidney injury earlier and more accurately than creatinine 72 hours after elective infrarenal aortic surgery. Methodology: This prospective observational study was performed at Clinic of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy and Clinic of Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, during the period of 18 months, from October 2017 till April 2019. It includes 140 adult patient who underwent elective infrarenal aortic surgery. Potential predictive factors were identified out of medical records such as: patient history, anesthesia lists, daily therapeutic lists, vital parameters and laboratory values lists. The occurrence of acute kidney injury was noted according to AKIN criteria. IBM SPSS version 21 (Chicago, Illinois) was used for statistical analysis. The results were presented in tables and graphs, statistical significance was set at p value of less than 0,05. Standard statistical tests were applied. Multivariate logistic regression model was used for potential predictive factors. Results: The incidence of acute kidney injury at Clinic of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy and Clinic of Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, was 28,56%. The cut off value of cystatin C serum concentration of 1,14 mg/l has the highest sensitivity (82,5%), and specificity (76%) in the differentiation of patients who will develop acute kidney injury. The

Trauma predstavlja vodeći uzrok smrti u grupi pacijenata do 40 godina. Sepsa je jedna od najčešćih i najznačajnijih infektivnih komplikacija u toku lečenja teško povređenih pacijenata. Definiše se kao životno-ugrožavajuće stanje sa insuficijencijom organa uzrokovano neadekvatnim odgovorom domaćina na infekciju. Imuno-inflamatorni odgovor u traumi i sepsi umnogome je determinisan genetskom predispozicijom za modulisanje i alteraciju proinflamatornih i antiinflamatornih procesa. Polimorfizmi pojedinačnih nukleotida (PPN) su najčešći tip genskih polimorfizama i predstavljaju normalnu varijaciju u naslednoj osnovi. Polimorfizmi gena za proinflamatorni citokin TNFA, TNF-β, kao i receptore slične Toll-u 2 i 4 (TLR2 i TLR4) i njihova povezanost sa sepsom nisu bili predmet dosadašnjih istraživanja u populaciji traumatizovanih pacijenata u našoj zemlji. Cilj studije bila je procena epidemioloških karakteristika infekcija krvi i sepse kod pacijenata sa traumom lečenih u jedinicama intenzivnog lečenja (JIL). Procenjeni su incidencija, ishodi lečenja, uzročnici infekcija krvi (IK) i sepse i njihova antimikrobna rezistencija, izvori infekcije kod sepse i uticaj IK na ishod i preživljavanje kod sepse, kao i faktori rizika za nastanak IK i sepse. Drugi cilj studije bila je procena genetičkih faktora rizika za nastanak sepse, odnosno distibucija PPN gena TNFA, LTA, TLR2 i TLR4 kod pacijenata sa sepsom, pacijenta bez sepse i zdravih pripadnika kontrolne grupe, kao i asocijacija ovih PPN sa nastankom sepse. Pored toga procenjen je doprinos kliničkih i genetskih faktora rizika u predikciji sepse nakon traume. Sprovedena je prospektivna kohortna studija u koju je uključeno 406 odraslih pacijenata sa srednje teškom i teškom traumom hopitalizovanih duže od 48h u JIL Urgentnog centra Kliničkog centra Srbije u periodu od 01.11.2014. do 30.04.2016. godine. Na prijemu su procenjeni brojni klinički paramteri i uzeta je krv za molekularno-genetičku analizu. Primarni ishodi su bili IK i sepsa

Postoperative complications are the major cause of postoperative morbidity and mortality and remain to be a serious burden for a healthcare system. The early identification of patients at risk may play a pivotal role in rational decisions regarding perioperative management. The aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of complications in high-risk patients after major abdominal surgery. We also assessed and compared the accuracy of the Clavien-Dindo classification (CDC) and the Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI) for evaluation of postoperative morbidity and the predictive performance of the POSSUM scoring system for complications and mortality. Finally, we wanted to explore the significance of early indicators of altered peripheral perfusion after major abdominal surgery for the occurrence of severe complications. A prospective, observational, cohort study included 206 high-risk surgical patients undergoing major abdominal surgery at the Clinic for Digestive Surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, from November 2016 to October 2017. We found that the complication rate in our cohort was 60.7% and that the occurrence of complications was associated with the longer ICU stay (p<0.001), postoperative length of stay (p<0.001) and lower functional activity at hospital discharge (p<0.001). The CCI was shown to be of superior accuracy in high-risk patients with multiple complications compared to the CDC as it demonstrated a higher correlation to the resource utilization indicators (p<0.001). The POSSUM scoring system showed the sub-optimal performance for prediction of morbidity and mortality in this cohort of patients (AUCmorbidity= 0.708, O:E ratio=1.07; AUCmortality= 0.744, O:E ratio=0.38). We found that the alterations of peripheral perfusion early after the operation were more pronounced in patients who developed more severe complications. Capillary refill time, central-to-peripheral temperature gradient, and venoarterial pCO2 difference to arteriovenous O2, Postoperativne komplikacije su vodeći uzrok postoperativnog morbiditeta i mortaliteta i predstavljaju značajno opterećenje za zdravstveni sistem u celini. Rana identifikacija bolesnika sa povećanim rizikom može imati ključnu ulogu u donošenju racionalnih odluka u vezi sa perioperativnim lečenjem. Cilj ove studije bio je da ispita karakteristike komplikacija kod visokorizičnih bolesnika nakon velike abdominalne hirurgije. Takođe smo procenili i uporedili preciznost Clavien-Dindo klasifikacije (CDC) i Comprehensive Complication Index-a (CCI) za evaluaciju postoperativnog morbiditeta i ispitali prediktivne karakteristike POSSUM skora za komplikacije i mortalitet. Konačno, analizirali smo značaj ranih pokazatelja periferne perfuzije za pojavu teških komplikacija nakon velike abdominalne hirurgije. Prospektivna, opservaciona, kohortna studija pratila je 206 visokorizičnih bolesnika podvrgnutih velikoj abdominalnoj operaciji na Klinici za digestivnu hirurgiju Kliničkog centra Srbije, od novembra 2016 do oktobra 2017.godine. Pokazali smo da je učestalost komplikacija u našoj kohorti bila 60.7% i da je pojava komplikacija bila udružena sa dužim boravkom u jedinici intenzivnog lečenja (JIL) (p< 0.001), dužom postoperativnom hospitalizacijom (p<0.001) i nižim funkcionalnim kapacitetom na otpustu iz bolnice (p<0.001). Takođe je prikazano da je CCI prikladnija skala za visokorizične bolesnike sa udruženim komplikacijama u poređenju sa CDC jer je ispoljila jaču korelaciju sa parametrima hospitalizacije (p<0.001). POSSUM skor je pokazao suboptimalne karakteristike u predviđanju rizika za morbiditet i mortalitet u ovoj kohorti bolesnika (AUCmorbiditet = 0.708, O:E odnos = 1.07; AUCmortalitet = 0.744, O:E odnos =0.38). Poremećaj periferne perfizije rano nakon operacije bio je izraženiji kod onih bolesnika kod kojih su se razvile teže komplikacije. Kao nezavisni prediktori teških komplikacija su se izdvojili vreme kapilarnog punjenja, centralno-periferni gradijent temperature i odno

Uvod: Traumatsko moždano oštećenje (TMO) predstavlja globalni zdravstveni problem koji pogađa oko 10 miliona ljudi godišnje širom sveta. Teška traumatska moždana oštećenja (TTMO) čine 10% svih TMO i imaju visoku stopu mortaliteta i neizvestan oporavak. Ranije prepoznavanje sistemskih faktora koji utiču na ishod lečenja može da ima značajan uticaj na pravovremeno započinjanje terapijskih mera i smanjivanje morbiditeta i mortaliteta. Cilj istraživanja: Identifikovati sistemske faktore koji imaju značajan uticaj na ishod lečenja povređenih sa TTMO u Jedinici intenzivnog lečenja (JIL) tokom prvog dana hospitalizacije. Metodologija: Ispitivanje je sprovedeno kao retrospektivno-prospektivna studija koja je obuhvatila 115 povređenih ispitanika sa TTMO koji su hospitalizovani u JIL Urgentnog centra Kliničkog centra Vojvodine (UC KCV) u periodu od 1.01.2014.-1.10.2017. Iz medicinske dokumentacije, za svakog ispitanika uključenog u istraživanje su uzeti u razmatranje i analizu sledeći parametri u toku prvih 24 časa od momenta prijema u JIL: demografske i opšte karakteristike ispitanika od značaja za istraživanje i sistemski prediktivni faktori (sistolni i srednji arterijski pritisak- SAP/MAP, glikemija-ŠUK, telesna temperatura-TT, pH, parcijalni pritisak kiseonika-PaO2 i parcijalni pritisak ugljem dioksida- PaCO2) registrovani u pet vremenskih tačaka (0h, 6h, 12h,18h, 24h). Svi gore navedeni podaci su posmatrani i analizirani kao prediktorski faktori tj. nezavisne varijable u odnosu na zavisnu varijablu „ishod lečenja“ definisanu kao Glazgovska skala ishoda (Glasgow outcome scale-GOS) nakon otpusta povređenih iz JIL na Kliniku za neurohirurgiju KCV i GOS nakon otpusta iz Klinike za neurohirurgiju KCV i „tok lečenja“ definisan kroz dužinu boravka povređenih u JIL UC KCV, dužinu boravka na Klinici za neurohirurgiju KCV, odnosno ukupno trajanje hospitalizacije u KCV, kao i otpust kući ili u odgovarajući rehabilitacioni centar. Statistička analiza je izvršena pomoću statističkog, Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global health problem that affects about 10 million people worldwide annually. Severe traumatic brain injury (STBI) account for 10% of all TBI and has high morbidity and unreliable recovery. Early recognition of systemic factors that affect the treatment outcome can have a significant impact on the timely initiation of therapeutic measures and the reduction of morbidity and mortality. The objective of the research: to identify systemic factors that have a significant impact on the treatment outcome of the STBI patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) during the first day of hospitalization. Methodology: The study was conducted as a retrospective-prospective study that included 115 injured patients with STBI who were hospitalized in the ICU, Emergency Center (EC) of the Clinical Center of Vojvodina (CCV) in the period from 01.01.2014 to 1.10.2017. From the medical documentation, for each participant involved in the research, the following parameters within the first 24 hours after the admission were considered and analyzed: demographic and general characteristics of the participants of importance for research and systemic predictive factors (systolic and mean arterial pressure-SAP / MAP, glycemia, body temperature -TT, pH, partial pressure of oxygen-PaO2 and partial pressure of carbon dioxide-PaCO2) registered at five time points (0h, 6h, 12h,18h, 24h). All of the above data were observed and analyzed as predictors, ie, independent variables in relation to the dependent variable "treatment outcome" defined as the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) after the transfer from the ICU to the Clinic of neurosurgery of the CCV and GOS after discharge from a Clinic of neurosurgery and "treatment course" defined by length of stay in ICU, or the total duration of hospitalization in CCV, as well as the release to the home or the appropriate rehabilitation center. Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS 23 statistical packag

Uvod: Antimikrobna rezistencija bakterija predstavlja globalni problem. Najvažniji faktor za njen nastanak je neadekvatna primena antibiotika, koja podrazumeva: Upotrebu antibiotika bez odgovarajuće dijagnoze, neadekvatan izbor leka, dužinu primene i doziranje. Zbog specifičnosti populacije vitalno ugroženih bolesnika u jedinicama intenzivne terapije (JIT) i bolničkih infekcija uzrokovanih multirezistentnim bakterijama, primena antibiotika je na ovim odeljenjima učestala. Pokazana je povezanost između razvoja antimikrobne rezistencije i veličine potrošnje antibiotika u JIT. Cilj: Analiza primene antibiotika prema indikacijama na Klinici za anesteziju i intenzivnu terapiju, KC Vojvodine, zatim analiza stanja antimikrobne rezistencije najčešćih uzročnika bolničkih infekcija i analiza korelacije između navedenih uzročnika bolničkih infekcija i empirijski primenjivane antibiotske terapije na Klinici za anesteziju i intenzivnu terapiju. Materijal i metode: Prospektivna, opservaciona studija, sprovedena u jednogodišnjem period, u JIT, Klinike za anesteziju i intenzivnu terapiju, uključila je 856 ispitanika, oba pola, starijih od 18 godina kod kojih je tokom hospitalizacije u JIT bio primenjen antibiotik. Ispitanici su, radi prikupljanja podataka, bili podeljeni u dve grupe u zavisnosti od toga da li su imali bolničku infekciju ili ne. Adekvatnost primene antibiotika je analizirana prema indikacijama (hirurška profilaksa, bolničke infekcije, vanbolničke infekcije i drugo), a u odnosu na izbor antibiotika, dužinu primene, režim doziranja, veličinu pojedinačne doze i način promene terapije (prema preporukama farmakoterapijskog vodiča The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy i antimikrobnoj osetljivosti bakterijskih uzročnika bolničkih infekcija u JIT. Za izračunavanje potrošnje antibiotika u JIT korišćena je ATC/DDD metodologija. Podaci o antimikrobnoj osetljivosti dobijeni su iz rezultata mikrobiološke obrade uzorkovanog materijala. Statistička analiza je izvršena pomoću, Uvod: Antimikrobna rezistencija bakterija predstavlja globalni problem. Najvažniji faktor za njen nastanak je neadekvatna primena antibiotika, koja podrazumeva: Upotrebu antibiotika bez odgovarajuće dijagnoze, neadekvatan izbor leka, dužinu primene i doziranje. Zbog specifičnosti populacije vitalno ugroženih bolesnika u jedinicama intenzivne terapije (JIT) i bolničkih infekcija uzrokovanih multirezistentnim bakterijama, primena antibiotika je na ovim odeljenjima učestala. Pokazana je povezanost između razvoja antimikrobne rezistencije i veličine potrošnje antibiotika u JIT. Cilj: Analiza primene antibiotika prema indikacijama na Klinici za anesteziju i intenzivnu terapiju, KC Vojvodine, zatim analiza stanja antimikrobne rezistencije najčešćih uzročnika bolničkih infekcija i analiza korelacije između navedenih uzročnika bolničkih infekcija i empirijski primenjivane antibiotske terapije na Klinici za anesteziju i intenzivnu terapiju. Materijal i metode: Prospektivna, opservaciona studija, sprovedena u jednogodišnjem period, u JIT, Klinike za anesteziju i intenzivnu terapiju, uključila je 856 ispitanika, oba pola, starijih od 18 godina kod kojih je tokom hospitalizacije u JIT bio primenjen antibiotik. Ispitanici su, radi prikupljanja podataka, bili podeljeni u dve grupe u zavisnosti od toga da li su imali bolničku infekciju ili ne. Adekvatnost primene antibiotika je analizirana prema indikacijama (hirurška profilaksa, bolničke infekcije, vanbolničke infekcije i drugo), a u odnosu na izbor antibiotika, dužinu primene, režim doziranja, veličinu pojedinačne doze i način promene terapije (prema preporukama farmakoterapijskog vodiča The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy i antimikrobnoj osetljivosti bakterijskih uzročnika bolničkih infekcija u JIT. Za izračunavanje potrošnje antibiotika u JIT korišćena je ATC/DDD metodologija. Podaci o antimikrobnoj osetljivosti dobijeni su iz rezultata mikrobiološke obrade uzorkovanog materijala. Statistička analiza je izvršena pomoću, Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance is a global health problem.The most important factor in the development of antimicrobial resistance is inadequate use of antibiotics, which means: inadequate diagnosis of bacterial infection, inadequate antibiotic choice, dosage and duration of therapy. Specificities of critically ill patients and nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens are important reasons for large antibiotic consumption in ICU settings. Many studies have confirmed a positive correlation between antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance. Aims: The aims of this study were: to analyze the use of antibiotics at the ICU of the Clinic for anesthesia and intensive care at the Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, according to indications for antibiotic treatment; to analyze the pattern of antimicrobial resistance ofthe most common bacteria causing hospital acquired infections in our participants and to analyze the correlation between the consumption of empirically indicated antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance pattern. Methodology: Prospective observational study was conducted during a one-year period at the Clinic for anesthesia and intensive care, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina. The study included 856 participatns, aged over 18 years and of both genders. The participants were divided into two cohorts, depending on whether they showed symptoms of hospital-acquired infection or not. Adequacy of antibiotic use was analyzed with regard to indication for antibiotic treatment (surgical prophylaxis, treatment of hospital acquired infection, outpatient infection or other) and with regard to antibiotic choice, dosage and duration of treatment. An adequate antibiotic choice was compared to the resistance pattern of positive bacterial isolates as outlined by The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy). To calculate the consumption of antibiotics in ICU we used ATC/DDD methodology. Data on antibacterial sensitivity was obtained from the results of microbio

Cilj rada je da se odredi učestalost i faktori rizika za pojavu intraoperativnih poremećaja srčanog ritma i variranja krvnog pritiska. Metodologija: Ova kohortna, retrospektivna studija, uključila je 2304 pacijenta podvrgnuta maksilofacijalnoj ili hirurgiji uva, grla ili nosa. Ispitivani su sledeći faktori rizika: pol, životno doba, ASA status, otežana intubacija, vrsta hirurgije, trajanje anestezije, intraoperativna transfuzija, indukovana hipotenzijai sledeći komorbiditeti: hipertenzija, kardiomiopatija, poremećaji srčanog ritma, ishemijska bolest srca, prethodni cerebrovaskularni insult, hronična bubrežna insuficijencija, hiperlipoproteinemija i dijebetes melitus. Registrovani su sledeći intraoperativni poremećaji: hipertenzija, hipertenzivna kriza i poremećaji srčanog ritma (tahikardija, bradikardija, novonastala intraoperativna atrijalna fibrilacija, supraventrikularne i ventrikularne ekstrasistole). Za statističku obradu korišćen je Mann Whitney U test, Pirson-ov2test (tablicekontingencije), logistička regresiona analiza i ROC krive. Rezultati: Većina bolesnika je bila muškog pola pola (63.2%), starija od 50 godina i ASA1 klase (48%). Najviše bolesnika bilo je podvrgnuto hirurgiji grla (38.2%). Intraoperativno variranje krvnog pritiska i/ ili intraoperativne poremećaje srčanog ritma imalo je 29.4% pacijenata. Najveća učestalost intraoperativnih minor srčanih komplikacija bila je u maksilofacijalnoj hirurgiji (35.4%), odmah zatim u hirurgiji uva (35.1%),a najređe u hirurgiji nosa (21.3%). Od svih minor srčanih komplikacija najčešća je bila bradikardija (20.5%), zatim hipertenzija (5.3%), tahikardija (4.7%), ventrikularne ekstrasistole (0.5%), supraventrikularne ekstrasistole (0.3%), dok novonastala intraoperativn aritmija absoluta nije registrovana ni kod jednog pacijenta. Logističkom regresijom kao faktori rizika izdvojili su se: prethodna srčana aritmija, trajanje anestezije, indukovana hipotenzija i hirurgija uva. Zaključak: Intraoperativno variranje krvnog, The aim of our study was to determine the incidence and the risk factors for intraoperative cardiac rhythm disturbances and blood pressure variation in maxillofacial, ear, nose and throat surgery. Methods: This cohort retrospective study included 2304 patients who underwent either maxillofacial, ear, nose or throat surgery. These risk factors were studied:gender,age, ASA status, difficult airway management, type of surgery, duration of anaesthesia, intraoperative transfusion,induced hypotension and comorbidity such as: hypertension,cardiomyopathy,cardiac arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, history of cerebrovascular insult,chronic kidney disease,hyperlipoproteinemiaana diabetes mellitus. These intraoperative minor cardiac complications were registered: hypertension, hypertension crisis, tachycardia, bradycardia, new onset of atrial fibrillation, supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles. For statistical data analysis we used: Mann Whitney U test, Pirson’s2test, logistic regression and ROC curves. Results: The majority of patients were male (63.2%), older than 50 years and ASA status 1. The most of patients underwent throat surgery (38.2%). Intraoperative blood pressure variation and/or cardiac rhythm disturbances were present in 29.4% of patients. The highest incidence of intraoperative minor cardiac complications were in maxillofacial surgery (35.4%), then in ear surgery (35.1%), and the lowest incidence were in nose surgery (21.3%). Among all minor cardiac complications, the most frequent was bradycardia (20.5%), then hypertension (5.3%), tachycardia (4.7%), ventricular extrasystoles(0.5%),supraventricular extrasystoles(0.3%) and no new onset atrial fibrillation was registered. Logistic regression analysis idenified these risk factors: previous cardiac arrhythmia, anaesthesia suration, induced hypotension and ear surgery. Conclusion: Intraoperative blood pressure variation and cardiac rhythm disturbances, particularly bradycardia, are common in maxillofacia

Za procenu stanja mikrocirkulacije i perfuzije tkiva i organa standardno se koriste saturacija mešane venske krvi kiseonikom (Sv̄ O2) i nivo serumskog laktata. Laktat je odloženi pokazatelj tkivne hipoperfuzije jer podleže složenom metabolizmu, dok se poluživot saturacije venske krvi kiseonikom meri u sekundama te je ona rani pokazatelj hipoperfuzije organa. Ispitivali smo korelaciju između vrednosti saturacija kiseonikom krvi iz centralne vene (ScvO2) i plućne arterije (Sv̄ O2) tokom operativnog i ranog post operativnog perioda. Odnos između ova dva parametra testirali smo upoređivanjem vrednosti srčanog indeksa (CI) izračunatih na dva načina, kod elektivno operisanih bolesnika zbog aneurizme abdominalne aorte (AAA). Koncept korišćenja ScvO2 umesto Sv̄O2, za izračunjavanje CI ostaje kontroverzan s obzirom da još uvek nema pouzdanih podataka koji bi ukazivali da jedna saturacija može biti adekvatna zamena drugoj. ScvO2 parametar koji se dobija uzimanjem uzoraka krvi iz centralnog venskog katetera (CVC), a Sv̄ O2 uzimanjem uzoraka krvi iz plućnog katetera (PAC). Upotreba ScvO2 umesto Sv̄ O2 za procenu tkivne hipoperfuzije je aktuelna metoda s obzirom da je CVC znatno jeftiniji i tehnički lakši za korišćenje od PAC-a što umanje rizik od nastanka komplikacija. CILJ: Svrha studije je testiranje korelacije između ScvO2 i Sv̄ O2 u različitim vremenima merenja kod pacijenata podvrgnutih elektivnim operacijama AAA. Dodatno smo želeli da ispitamo da li izračunati CI korišćenjem ScvO2 pomoću Fick-ove jednačini (CI-F) može biti adekvatna zamena CI dobijenom merenjem putem PAC-a. Takođe, ispitivali smo uticaj ScvO2 i nivoa laktata u serumu, merenih u sukcesivnim vremenskim intervalima, na ishod lečenja. METOD: Prospektivnom observacionom studijom obuhvatili smo 125 konsekutivnih bolesnika podvrgnutih elektivnim operacijama na abdominalnoj aorti usled anaeurizmatske bolesti.Vrednosti ScvO2 i Sv̄ O2 kao i CI su dobijene uzimanjem uzoraka krvi i merenjem u tri različita vremena. N, For evaluation of global tissue hypoperfusion routinely is used mixed venous oxygen saturation Sv̄ O2 and lactate level. Lactate is a delayed parameter of tissue hypoperfusion because of complex lactate kinetics, while half-life of oxygen saturation is measured in seconds, so that it is an early indicator of organ hypoperfusion. We evaluated the relationship between central venous oxygen saturation ScvO2 and Sv̄ O2 in elective surgery of the abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The adequacy of their interchangeability was tested by comparing cardiac indices (CI) calculated by two methods in patients that underwent abdominal aortic surgery. The concept of utilizing ScvO2 instead Sv̄ O2 is again active, because that the ScvO2 is parameter obtained by taking blood samples from CVC. That catheter is cheaper, the majority of doctors are skillful by its placement, and its placement is followed up with a lower risk. OBJECTIVE: Principle objective of our study was to test the correlation between ScvO2 and Sv̄ O2 in different time frames, in patients undergoing elective AAA surgery. Additionally, we wanted to determine if the use of ScvO2 for calculating CI, by modified Fick equation (CI-F), could be feasible and accurate surrogate for the values obtained by PAC. We also examined the influence of ScvO2 and lactate level, measured in successive time intervals, on the outcome of treatment. METHODS: Prospective observational study included 125 consecutive patients that underwent elective AAA surgery. The ScvO2 and Sv̄ O2 data, as well as CI and CI-F values, were obtained and compared from samples taken in three different time frames: immediately after induction of general anesthesia (T0), immediately after admission in the intensive care unit (ICU)(T1), and 8h after admission in the ICU (T2). Fick equation, used for CI estimation from ScvO2 (CI-F), for the purpose of this study, was simplified according to Walley. At the same time , we measured the level of serum lactate. RESULTS

Background/Aims: Liver resection is the gold standard in managing patients with metastatic or primary liver cancer. The aim of our study was to compare the traditional clamp-crushing technique to the radiofrequency-assisted liver resection technique in terms of postoperative liver function. Methodology: Liver function was evaluated preoperatively and on postoperative days 3 and 7. Liver synthetic function parameters (serum albumin level, prothrombin time and international normalized ratio), markers of hepatic injury and necrosis (serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and total bilirubin level) and microsomal activity (quantitative lidocaine test) were compared. Results: Forty three patients completed the study (14 had clamp-crushing and 29 had radiofrequency assisted liver resection). The groups did not differ in demographic characteristics, pre-operative liver function, operative time and perioperative transfusion rate. In postoperative period, there were similar changes in monitored parameters in both groups except albumin levels, that were higher in radiofrequency-assisted liver resection group (p=0.047). Conclusions: Both, traditional clamp-crushing technique and radiofrequency assisted liver resection technique, result in similar postoperative changes of most monitored liver function parameters.

Uvod: Učestalost akutne renalne insuficijencije, odnosno akutnog bubrežnog oštećenja u jedinicama intenzivnog lečenja se kreće od 36 do 66 %. Akutno bubrežno oštećenje povišava smrtnost, trajanje hospitalizacije i ukupne troškove lečenja. Ranije prepoznavanje prediktivnih faktora za nastanak akutnog bubrežnog oštećenja može da ima značajan uticaj na pravovremeno započinjanje terapijskih mera i smanjivanje mortaliteta kod kritično obolelih. Cilj istraživanja: Utvrditi incidencu akutnog bubrežnog oštećenja na Odeljenju reanimacije Urgentnog centra Kliničkog centra Vojvodine tokom 2011.godine, učestalost sepse kao etiološkog faktora i značajne prediktivne faktore za nastanak akutnog bubrežnog oštećenja koji se javljaju u toku prvih 24 časa lečenja na odeljenju intenzivnog lečenja. Metodologija: Retrospektivno-prospektivna opservaciona studija uključila je uzorak od 251 ispitanika koji su se lečili na dva odeljenja intenzivnog lečenja u Kliničkom centru Vojvodine tokom 2010, 2011, i prvih 6 meseci 2012.godine. Iz medicinske dokumentacije (istorije bolesti, dnevne terapijske liste i liste vitalnih i laboratorijskih parametara) za svakog ispitanika je verifikovano prisutvo ili odsustvo potencijalnog prediktivnog faktora. Zatim je zabeležena pojava akutnog bubrežnog oštećenja prema RIFLE kriterijumima. Statistička analiza je izvršena pomoću statističkog paketa IBM SPSS 20 Statistics. Podaci su predstavljeni tabelarno i grafički, a statistička značajnost određivana je na nivou p< 0,05. Prikupljeni podaci su obrađeni standardnim statističkim testovima. Za izvođenje modela predviđanja primenjena je multivarijatna logistička regresija. Određene su granične tačke na osnovu ROC analize za dobijene značajne prediktore iz multivarijacione logističke regresije i izračunati su pridruženi bodovi koji bi činili skoring sistem za utvrđivanje rizika od nastanka akutnog bubrežnog oštećenja. Rezultati: Incidenca akutnog bubrežnog oštećenja na Odeljenju reanimacije Urgentnog centra Kliničk, Introduction: The incidence of acute renal insufficiency (acute kidney injury) in intensive care unit is between 36 and 66 %. Acute kidney injury is responsible for higher mortality, longer hospitalization and higher costs. Earlier recognition of acute kidney injury predictive factors could have important impact on right timing of therapeutic measures and lower mortality in critically ill patients. Aims: investigate the incidence of acute kidney injury during 2011. in patients who are hospitalized at Department of reanimation of Emergency centre, Clinical centre of Vojvodina, incidence of acute kidney injury caused by sepsis in the same period and detect acute kidney injury occurrence predicitive factors Methodology: This retrospective-prospective observational study investigated 251 critically ill patients-study subjects who were treated at two intensive care departments in Clinical centre of Vojvodina during 2010, 2011 and first six months of 2012. Potential predictive factors were identified out of medical records (patient history, daily therapeutic lists, vital parameters and laboratory values lists); the occurrence of acute kidney injury was noted according to RIFLE criteria. IBM SPSS version 20 was used for statistical analysis, standard statystical test were applied. The results were presented in tables and graphs, statystical significance was set at p value of less than 0,05. Multivariate logistic regression model was used for potential predictive factors. Statystically important factors were identified and their best sensitivity and specificity cut-off values were found using ROC curve analysis.; These cut-off values were used for creating a scoring system that determines the risk for acute kidney injury occurrence. Results: The incidence of acute kidney injury at Department of reanimation, Clinical centre of Vojvodina in patients who were hospitalized at least 48 hours was 32 % during 2011. The cut off value of provoked hourly urine output during first hou

Introduction. State of severe oxidative stress is encountered in sepsis. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) protects against oxidative stress but also undergoes inactivation upon that condition. We investigated PON1 activity in surgical patients with sepsis in relation to oxidative stress status, inflammation, disease severity, and survival. Methods. Prospective observational study. Sixty-nine surgical patients with sepsis were compared to 69 age/sex matched healthy controls. PON1 paraoxonase and diazoxonase activities, selected biochemical, hematological and oxidative stress parameters were measured on admission to ICU and 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours later. Disease severity scores were calculated daily. Results. Septic patients had significantly lower PON1 activities compared to control group at all time points. PON1 activities had good capacity to differentiate septic patients from healthy controls. Low PON1 activities were associated with higher disease severity scores and higher risk of death. Correlation between PON1 activity and markers of inflammation failed to reach significance. Decrease in PON1 activity was correlated with an increase in reducing components in plasma. Conclusion. Our study demonstrated lower PON1 activity in surgical patients with sepsis compared to healthy controls. PON1 activity also reflected severity of the disease. Low PON1 activity was associated with higher mortality of surgical patients with sepsis.