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The articles presented in this working paper provide an insight into tentative research results in the project’s five mutually related focal areas: In “Policy Borderlands: borders and governance in political science,” Stefanie Thurm, Peter Ulrich, and Georg Wenzelburger exemplify the perspectives of politological research on border regions, distinguishing between realist, liberal, and postmodern approaches to some advanced forms of cross-border cooperation. In light of the governance debate they introduce concepts of multi-level governance, before turning to an empirical analysis of borderland strategies, specifically those of the Saarland toward France and Lorraine toward Germany, and the mutual strategies of Brandenburg and its Polish neighbor. It becomes clear from the analysis that a policy transfer has occurred, the eastern borderlands borrowing from the experience of the west. In both cases much remains to be done if strategic goals are to be achieved as formulated. In “Communicative Borderlands: language use and social practice in vocational training – comparing west and east,” Konstanze Jungbluth, Leonie Micka, Claudia Polzin-Haumann, Nicole Richter, Dagna Zinkhahn Rhobodes, and Sara Bonin examine different levels of language usage and multilingualism in the two border regions. Applying their concept of ‘co-constructing communicative borderlands’ (CCCBL), they shed light on the development of both shared and divergent lexical and semantic features. They focus not only on borderland language practice and policies in west and east (the latter involving a multilingual concept developed in 2021), but also particularly on cross-border vocational training. Reflecting the different timescales of EU integration, this seems to be of more one-sided interest in the east than in the west. An empirical example from a multilingual classroom illustrates the growth of intermediate spaces and innovative forms of communication with concomitant erosion of language barriers – a typically liminal borderland phenomenon. In “Hybrid Borderlands: on borders, from borders, borderland experiences in film,” Tobias Schank, Astrid Fellner, Isis Luxenburger, and Eva Nossem deploy the concept of bordertexturing in a theoretical and methodological approach to the elucidation of borders from a cultural studies perspective. This conceives borders as complex multimodal cultural and social constructs, the product of multiple discourses, whose dynamic interweaving is revealed in their very genesis. Exemplified in films that focus broadly but effectively on border regions, the perspective aligns the creative vision of the filmmaker vis à vis border phenomena with that of the academic critic as one that not only often has to do with border discourses but also artistically enacts their complex multimodality. After all, the medium of film can itself be seen as border-transgressing experience translated onto celluloid. Viewed through the lens of bordertexturing, recent work on film phenomenology (after Vivian Sobchack) issues in a plea for complexity in scholarly practice for which the Linking Borderlands project paradigmatically stands. In “Planning Borderlands: Conceptualizing Territorial Development in Cross-Border Regions”, Karina Pallagst, Benjamin Blaser, Kirsten Mangels, and Nino Pfundstein investigates cross-border territorial development with particular reference to services of general interest. Starting from the observation that political and social borders still possess meaning today, and that the concept of cross-border territorial development seeks to address transnational issues in border regions, the paper emphasizes the widely varying durability and permeability of borders and the impact of this on planning, especially with regard to the provision of services. In “Energy Borderlands in comparison: on the empirical productivity of the concepts around interconnected areas and conflict zones,” Alexandra Lampke, Kamil Bembnista, Florian Weber, Ludger Gailing, and Peter Dörrenbächer address current negotiations on energy supplies in the project’s two key border regions. That common efforts at the European level cannot outweigh the strongly national character of energy policies is above all clear where dominant sources of energy clash. The French nuclear power plant Cattenom and the Polish opencast lignite mine Turów stand for such conflict zones. The hydrogen network Grande Region Hydrogen and the climate-neutral German-Polish twin city of Görlitz-Zgorzelec, on the other hand, reveal a permeability of borders and a complex interweave of structures that justifies their systematic designation as transition zones or interlinked areas. Current negotiation processes remain largely hegemonic, but possess a dynamic potential that calls for ongoing observation and analysis. Together, the five articles show that, from its inception, the Linking Borderlands project has unmistakably demonstrated the complexities (Wille 2021) of the two borderlands under consideration. Our overall aim is to shed further light on these complexities by interrelating work, in both content and methodology, within the project’s five focal areas. This promises not only to actively link insights into the two disparate borderlands but also to develop profitable synergies between the perspectives of the different disciplines concerned. Graphically expressed in our logo (see Fig. 1), the intermeshing of focal areas and approaches is the driving impulse of our project. Exemplified in the present collection of articles, Linking Borderlands is a vital laboratory, a space of interdisciplinary experiment and dialogue. In its emphasis on pluralism and complexity it reflects the European principle of negotiating impermeable barriers., Edited by UniGR-Center for Border Studies | www.borderstudies.org The UniGR-CBS is an Interdisciplinary Center of Expertise of the University of the Greater Region (UniGR) and combines the expertise of the border researchers of its partner universities. It has been shaping the Greater Region since 2014 and works across borders and border spaces in Europe and beyond. The involved border researchers investigate socioeconomic and sociocultural issues and provide practice-oriented solutions for challenges in border regions.

This paper describes an initial theoretical and conceptual approach relating crossborder cooperation to European spatial development and the associated theories, based on approaches from political science. This is discussed as a field of application for European spatial development, which is influenced by a number of factors. Of these, European integration, new regionalism and governance are discussed in detail.

This paper is concerned with the development of cross-border cooperation and its current status. It examines the funding instruments and describes the challenges and opportunities of cross-border cooperation. The paper concludes by discussing some distinctive aspects of cross-border cooperation in spatial planning.

This paper presents an introduction to forms of cooperation on European, intergovernmental, federal state, regional and municipal levels. The EU Community Initiative INTERREG is described as a significant funding instrument for cross-border cooperation. This excursus thus provides background knowledge for many of the papers in this volume.

This chapter presents the foundations of spatial planning in the sub-regions of the Greater Region and the Upper Rhine region. It provides a picture of current developments concerning the guiding principles for spatial development and introduces the existing spatial structures of these border regions. Furthermore, the planning systems in Belgium (Wallonia), Germany, France and Luxembourg are described, and differences are identified that necessitate ongoing discussions between the partners about planning traditions and (new) strategies of spatial development.

The aim of the Border Futures Subsection was to shed light on the development of cross-border cooperation in the territory of the Hesse/Rhineland-Palatinate/ Saarland Regional Working Group and to indicate future development paths. This paper introduces the focal points of the research and the approach taken, clarifies the terminology and provides an overview of the papers in this volume.

In recent years, cities have been exposed to many disruptive influences. Among them is the digital revolution, which has also begun to transform urban space via the economy and society. The now ubiquitous and continuous connectivity has reached a large part of humanity, thanks to the mass distribution of smartphones, free Wi-Fi networks and the resulting access to information, social networks and audio-visual entertainment [1]. Digitalisation took on a particular importance in the context of pandemic-related impacts. The need for digital connectivity increased, especially in the fight against COVID-19, as city governments around the globe used contact tracking (Bluetooth proximity data) from smartphones to detect infection contacts and reduce infection rates. The resulting form of urban data is new to municipal use and points to the hidden potential of other forms of data. Through the use of today's technologies, municipalities can collect their own data in many areas, generating a new understanding of complex urban dynamics aiding spatial decision-making with higher transparency [2]. Disruptive influences, uncertainty, crises and climate catastrophes require a more evidence-based and a bottom-up spatial planning process. In regard to solving more complex problems and increasing the speed and agility required by the city administrations, it is important to investigate how new data forms can affect spatial planning decisions. The German planning system referred to in the paper (section 2) is very hierarchically organised, as are its processes. Local, fast-moving and contextual data collection could counteract the inertia of the planning system. In general, the use of data to understand urban systems is not a new phenomenon, but nevertheless necessary. The increasing complexity and constant change of cities now requires the use of more real-time and comprehensive data sets to complement censuses and surveys [3]. The temporal limitations of the latter seem only suitable for representing static or semi-static urban phenomena, as they do not take into account the subtleties of urban dynamics or the impact of real-time activities on various urban systems and the daily lives of citizens [4]. At the same time, improving the quality of life of the inhabitants is the ultimate goal of a city. While urban planning has an impact on the quality of life in cities, the citizens too have an important role in developing a city. It is thus essential to consider them in the decision making process. But which data forms and sources are capable of meeting these challenges and what new information and opportunities do they offer? Specifically in regard to the German planning system which follows a bureaucratic approach of decision -making, it is important to find out the planning decisions which can be supplemented with new data forms at the municipal level. In this regard, the paper targets urban datasets that can add significant value to municipal decision-making processes and spatial development strategies (section 3). The paper focusses on examining the emerging datasets and their application in spatial planning. For this purpose, an overview of the data landscape is shown (section 4), which highlights the new data forms (Figure 1). Qualitative literature analysis was used to investigate municipal decision-making and spatial planning decision-making processes in Germany. Drawing on the results, a SWOT-analysis will be used to display the potentials and limitations of new forms of urban data for spatial development (section 5). The conclusion (section 6) highlights this potential for municipal decision making., Mobility, Knowledge and Innovation Hubs in Urban and Regional Development. Proceedings of REAL CORP 2022, 27th International Conference on Urban Development and Regional Planning in the Information Society, 525-532

What current discourses are relevant for border areas? What opportunities for and obstacles to integrated territorial development arise from the specific situation of border regions? How can these be utilised or overcome in a goal-oriented way? These questions were central to the discussions of the Border Futures working group. Border regions like the Greater Region1 or the Trinational Metropolitan Region of the Upper Rhine extend far beyond the immediate border area. While institutional structures of cooperation can be perpetuated through agreements and organisations, there is a lack of instruments which cross-border cooperation structures can deploy in response to changing situations. Cross-border cooperation faces new challenges from increasing cross-border interactions, processes of economic structural transformation, new energy policies in the national sub-spaces, and demographic change. Another factor is increasing spatial polarisation, which influences the further development and future viability of the affected border areas, and involves metropolisation issues in urban centres and the provision of public services in rural districts. Building on discussions of the Border Futures working group, this volume sheds light on cross-border cooperation in practice with recent research relevant to planning in border regions in the European context. The insights collected here are intended to be usable in the border areas within the territory of the Regional Working Group and should also contribute towards the broader specialist discourse on the further development of cross-border cooperation. Issues of sustainable cross-border governance, new spatial functions and new planning instruments play a role here, as do the possibilities provided by the current EU structural policy programming period for border areas.

Raumplaner*innen setzen sich mit Perspektiven auseinander, die Lebensqualität und zukünftige Entwicklung von Städten und Regionen betreffen und von gesellschaftlicher Relevanz sind. Basierend auf unterschiedlichen institutionellen und kulturellen Rahmenbedingungen sind Planungssysteme mit vergleichbaren Merkmalen entstanden. Diese Systeme sind an die jeweiligen kulturellen, normativen und räumlichen Voraussetzungen angepasst. In diesem Artikel präsentieren wir eine vergleichende Untersuchung, um Veränderungen in Planungskulturen aufzuzeigen im Kontext schrumpfender Städte in den USA, in Deutschland, und in Japan. Die Ergebnisse ermöglichen mit Blick auf Schrumpfungsprozesse Interdependenzen zwischen Veränderungen in Planungskulturen und gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen aufzuzeigen und Planungskulturen aus dem Blickwinkel der Refiguration von Räumen zu beleuchten. Schlussfolgernd stellen wir die Hypothese auf, dass Planungskulturen entsprechend einer polykontexturalen Logik durch eine Vielzahl von Faktoren bedingt werden, wie zum Beispiel geografische Einheiten (Staaten, Regionen, Städte) und auch Themen wie Stadtschrumpfung., Spatial planners deal with aspects related to the quality of life and future development of cities and regions, which are highly relevant for society. Due to various institutional and cultural settings, spatial planning systems emerged with comparable features. However, such systems have been adapted to specific cultural, normative, and spatial conditions. In our study, we conducted a comparison to investigate changes in planning cultures in the context of shrinking cities across the USA, Germany and Japan. The findings make it possible to detect interdependencies between changes in planning cultures and societal changes in the wake of shrinkage processes and potentially to place planning cultures in the perspective of a refiguration of spaces. We conclude with the hypothesis that planning cultures are framed by an array of factors in a somewhat polycontexturalized mode, such as geographic entities (nations, regions, cities), and also topics such as shrinking cities.

In diesem Beitrag wird in einem ersten theoretisch-konzeptionellen Ansatz "Grenzüberschreitende Zusammenarbeit" mit "Europäischer Raumentwicklung" und den diesbezüglichen Theorien, basierend auf politikwissenschaftlichen Ansätzen, in Bezug gesetzt und als Anwendungsfeld der europäischen Raumentwicklung charakterisiert, auf welches mehrere Einflussfaktoren wirken. Von diesen Faktoren werden die Bereiche Europäische Integration, Neuer Regionalismus, und Governance näher erläutert. This paper describes an initial theoretical-conceptual approach to relating "cross-border cooperation" with "European spatial development" and the associated theories, based on political science approaches. This is discussed as a field of application for European spatial development, which is influenced by a number of factors. Here the factors European integration, new regionalism and governance are discussed more in detail.

Das Policy Paper ‚Handlungsbedarfe für die Raumentwicklung der Großregion aus Sicht der Forschung‘ fasst wesentliche Erkenntnisse von Forscher*innen des UniGR-Center for Border Studies in fünf für die Großregion relevanten Bereichen (Demographie und Migration, Verkehr, Beschäftigung und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung, Energielandschaften, Grenzüberschreitende Governance) zusammen und formuliert Handlungsoptionen für die Planungspraxis und politische Entscheidungsträger*innen. Darüber hinaus thematisiert es den Wissensaustausch zwischen Forschung und Politik., Le document politique « Actions requises pour le développement territorial de la Grande Région du point de vue de la recherche » résume les principales conclusions des chercheurs de l’UniGR-Center for Border Studies dans cinq domaines pertinents pour la Grande Région (Démographie et migration, Transports, Emploi et déve-loppement économique, Paysages énergétiques, Gouvernance transfrontalière) et formule des pistes d’action pour les acteurs de la planification territoriale et les décideurs politiques. Par ailleurs, il met en exergue le transfert de savoir entre la recherche et la politique., The policy paper 'Action Needs for Spatial Development in the Greater Region from a Research Perspective' summarises key findings of researchers from the UniGR-Center for Border Studies in five areas relevant to the Greater Region (demography and migration, transport, employment and economic development, energy landscapes, cross-border governance) and formulates options for action for planning practice and political decision-makers. In addition, it addresses the exchange of knowledge between research and politics.

Ziel der Arbeitsgruppe (AG) "Border Futures" war es, die Entwicklung der grenzüberschreitenden Zusammenarbeit im Gebiet der Landesarbeitsgemeinschaft Hessen/ Rheinland-Pfalz/Saarland zu beleuchten und zukünftige Entwicklungspfade aufzuzeigen. Einleitend werden in diesem Beitrag die Forschungsschwerpunkte erläutert und die Vorgehensweise wird beschrieben. Außerdem werden Begrifflichkeiten geklärt und es wird eine Übersicht zu den anderen Beiträgen des Sammelbandes gegeben. The aim of the working group Border Futures was to shed light on the development of cross-border cooperation in the territory of the Regional Working Group Hessen/ Rhineland-Palatinate/Saarland and to indicate future paths of development. This paper presents the focuses of research and describes the approach taken. Terminology is also clarified and an overview of the other papers included in the volume is provided.

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung grenzüberschreitender Zusammenarbeit und ihrer aktuellen Ausgangslage. Dabei geht er unter anderem auf Förderinstrumente ein und beschreibt Herausforderungen und Chancen grenzüberschreitender Zusammenarbeit. Abschließend werden Besonderheiten der grenzüberschreitenden Zusammenarbeit in der räumlichen Planung diskutiert. This paper is concerned with the development of cross-border cooperation and its current situation. The discussion includes consideration of funding instruments and describes challenges and opportunities of cross-border cooperation, before finally turning to specific features of cross-border cooperation within spatial planning.

In diesem Ausblick werden die im Rahmen der Arbeitsgruppe gewonnenen Kernerkenntnisse zusammengefasst und im Hinblick auf Hemmnisse und Chancen sowie die Zukunftsfähigkeit grenzüberschreitender Zusammenarbeit diskutiert. This outlook summarises the key findings of the working group and discusses them in the context of "bottlenecks" or opportunities for and the future viability of cross-border cooperation.

Dieser Beitrag präsentiert eine Einführung in Kooperationsformen auf europäischer, zwischenstaatlicher, gliedstaatlicher, regionaler sowie kommunaler Ebene. Ebenso wird die Gemeinschaftsinitiative INTERREG als wesentliches Förderinstrument grenzüberschreitender Kooperation vorgestellt. Dieser Exkurs liefert somit Hintergrundwissen für viele der in diesem Band enthaltenen Beiträge. This paper presents an introduction to forms of cooperation on European, national, state, regional and municipal levels. The EU initiative INTERREG is described as a significant funding instrument for cross-border cooperation. This discussion thus provides background knowledge for many of the papers found in this volume.

In diesem Kapitel werden raumplanerische Grundlagen in den Teilräumen der Großregion und der Oberrheinregion präsentiert. Neben der Schilderung aktueller Entwicklungen hinsichtlich der Leitbilder der Raumentwicklung erfolgt eine Einführung in die vorhandenen räumlichen Strukturen der o.g. Grenzregionen. Darüber hinaus werden die Planungssysteme in Belgien (Wallonie), Deutschland, Frankreich und Luxemburg charakterisiert, wobei verdeutlicht wird, dass Unterschiede bestehen, die einen kontinuierlichen Austausch über planerische Traditionen und (neue) Strategien der Raumentwicklung erforderlich machen. This chapter presents the foundations of spatial planning in the sub-spaces of the Greater Region and the Upper Rhine region. Current developments concerning the guiding principles of spatial development are outlined and the existing spatial structures of the border regions introduced. Furthermore, the planning systems in Belgium (Wallonia), Germany and Luxembourg are described and differences identified that make ongoing exchanges about planning traditions and (new) strategies of spatial development necessary.