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Ensuring text accessibility and understandability are essential goals, particularly for individuals with cognitive impairments and intellectual disabilities, who encounter problems accessing information across various mediums such as web pages, newspapers, online administrative tasks, or health documents. Initiatives like Easy to Read and Plain Language guidelines aim to simplify complex texts; however, standardizing these guidelines remains challenging and often involves manual processes. This work presents an exploratory investigation into leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) approaches to simplify Spanish texts into Easy to Read formats, with a focus on utilizing Large Language Models (LLMs) for creating accessible texts, especially in generating Easy to Read content. The study contributes a parallel corpus of Spanish adapted for Easy To Read format, which serves as a valuable resource for training and testing text simplification systems. Additionally, several text simplification experiments using LLMs and the collected corpus are conducted, involving fine-tuning and testing a Llama2 model to generate Easy to Read content. A qualitative evaluation, guided by an expert in text adaptation for Easy to Read content, is carried out to assess the automatically simplified texts. This research contributes to advancing text accessibility for individuals with cognitive impairments, highlighting promising strategies for leveraging LLMs while responsibly managing energy usage.

This study aimed to evaluate the retrievability and potential damage to implant–abutment connections caused by fractured abutment screw removal using conventional and drilling techniques. A total of forty abutment screws were randomly inserted into forty dental implants, and then they were fractured and extracted using different removal methods: Group A employed a conventional approach utilizing an exploration probe and an ultrasonic device without irrigation (n = 10) (conventional); Group B used the Phibo drilling removal system without irrigation (n = 10) (Phibo); Group C utilized the Rhein83® drilling removal system without irrigation (n = 10) (Rhein83); and Group D implemented the Sanhigia® drilling removal system without irrigation (n = 10) (Sanhigia). Pre- and postoperative micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scans were performed on the dental implants, and Standard Tessellation Language (STL) digital files were generated for morphometric analysis to measure the wear volume. ANOVA was used to assess the volumetric differences (mm3) and percentage ratios of the internal thread volumes of the implant–abutment connections before and after the procedures. Results: This study found no statistically significant differences in the volumetric and percentage ratios of internal threads among the implant groups (Phibo, Rhein83, Sanhigia, and conventional). However, the success rate for retrieving fractured abutment screws was higher (90%) with the drilling systems compared to the conventional technique (50%). These results suggest that drilling systems are more effective for the retrieval of damaged screws. Although drilling techniques without irrigation demonstrated higher removal efficiency compared to the conventional method, both approaches resulted in similar wear volumes at the implant–abutment connections when used to extract fractured screws.

Summary: Background: Proper hand hygiene (HH), which includes sanitizing with alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) (or handwashing with soap and water if ABHR is unavailable), is key for preventing healthcare-associated infections (HCAI), including COVID-19. Understanding drivers of HH is key to improving adherence. Aim: This study aims to explore drivers and barriers to HH practice at two hospitals in the Dominican Republic in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic to inform development of HH behaviour change interventions. Methods: We conducted in-depth interviews with 20 hospital staff during September 2021. We used the COM-B (capability, opportunity, motivation, behaviour) model to explore HH experiences and preferences. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded, and analysed using a thematic approach. Results: A total of 11 parent codes and 27 sub-codes were identified, and 1145 coded segments were analysed. Use of handwashing with soap and water and/or sanitizing with ABHR was reported by all participants; handwashing was generally preferred. Participants expressed knowledge of proper HH methods (capability), but inconsistent supplies and lack of time presented HH challenges (opportunity). Interviewees described practicing HH to protect themselves and their families from COVID-19 and other infections (reflective motivation) or out of habit (automatic motivation). Discussion: By understanding and addressing underlying factors affecting HH, hospitals can decrease the risk of HCAIs. Our findings suggest that interventions implemented to improve HH in these hospitals should target motivation and opportunity. These findings informed a multimodal intervention to increase ABHR access and implement message-tested communications campaigns; end-point assessments will provide insights into the intervention's impact.

Este trabajo investiga el sentido que la cuestión del origen adquiere en el pensamiento de Martin Heidegger, cuestión íntimamente entrelazada con su interrogación por el ser y cuya comprensión exige atender a las variaciones que ésta experimenta en su trayectoria filosófica. Partiendo de esta premisa, se indaga en un primer momento sobre el papel que el concepto de lo originario juega en Ser y tiempo, tanto en la determinación ontológica del Dasein como en la dilucidación del sentido de su ser, identificado con la temporalidad originaria. En un segundo paso, las conclusiones obtenidas conducen a examinar la tematización del problema del origen en la obra heideggeriana posterior. Si ésta se caracteriza por la reflexión sobre la metafísica como acontecimiento clave de la historia occidental, en ella Grecia aparece como un origen ya definitivamente perdido e irrecuperable en su pérdida, pero cuya ausencia no sólo configura la emergencia de la modernidad, sino también nuestra actualidad histórica como última etapa de la misma.

Partiendo del diagnóstico presentado por Guy Debord en La sociedad del espectáculo sobre la negación y falsificación de la vida que tiene lugar en las sociedades del capitalismo tardío, este ensayo pretende analizar algunos aspectos esenciales de la llamada Internacional Situacionista. Para ello, se examina el problema político que los situacionistas advierten en su tiempo histórico, consistente en el conformismo de las clases trabajadoras con las condiciones de trabajo y consumo que impone el capitalismo, así como su pretensión de incitarlas a la acción revolucionaria mediante el proyecto de construcción de situaciones. Una vez expuestos los diferentes aspectos de este proyecto y las deficiencias que se detectan en su teorización, se reflexiona sobre el posible influjo de la Internacional Situacionista en la sociedad de su época desde la valoración de su percepción y expectativas en torno a los acontecimientos de Mayo del 68.

A novel sandwich-type electrochemical aptasensor based on supramolecularly immobilized affinity bioreceptor was prepared via host–guest interactions. This method utilizes an adamantane-modified, target-responsive hairpin DNA aptamer as a capture molecular receptor, along with a perthiolated β-cyclodextrin (CD) covalently attached to a gold-modified electrode surface as the transduction element. The proposed sensing strategy employed an enzyme-modified aptamer as the signalling element to develop a sandwich-type aptasensor for detecting prostate-specific antigen (PSA). To achieve this, screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) with electrodeposited reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and gold nanoferns (AuNFs) were modified with the CD derivative to subsequently anchor the adamantane-modified anti-PSA aptamer via supramolecular associations. The sensing mechanism involves the affinity recognition of PSA molecules on the aptamer-enriched electrode surface, followed by the binding of an anti-PSA aptamer–horseradish peroxidase complex as a labelling element. This sandwich-type arrangement produces an analytical signal upon the addition of H2O2 and hydroquinone as enzyme substrates. The aptasensor successfully detected the biomarker within a concentration range of 0.5 ng/mL to 50 ng/mL, exhibiting high selectivity and a detection limit of 0.11 ng/mL in PBS.

Abstract Future energy supply needs to overcome two challenges: environmental impact and dependence on geopolitically unstable countries. A very promising alternative is based on lithium, an element for batteries, and whose isotope 6Li will be essential in nuclear fusion. The objective of this research has been to determine if it is possible to achieve isotopic fractionation of lithium through a process mediated by microalgae. For this purpose, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was selected and grown in presence of 5 mg/L of lithium. Results revealed that this specie survives at the selected lithium concentration, discriminates isotopes and preferentially capture 6Li (6δ = 10.029 ± 3.307) through a process independent of the cellular growth. Concomitate recovered up 0.206 mg/L of lithium along a process of 21 days. The result of this study lets to affirm that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii might be used to obtain lithium enriched in the lighter isotope.

Resumen: Introducción y objetivo: La anemia preoperatoria, la reintervención por sangrado y la necesidad de transfusión son problemas frecuentes en los pacientes tratados con una cirugía cardiaca mayor y se asocian a un aumento considerable de la morbimortalidad. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar nuestros resultados quirúrgicos tras la aplicación de un programa de patient blood management (PBM), poniendo el foco en los parámetros hematológicos. Métodos: Entre marzo de 2021 y mayo de 2022 hemos intervenido consecutivamente a 104 pacientes de cirugía cardiaca mayor con el programa PBM. La edad media fue de 65 ± 11 años, el 66% fueron varones, el 21% tenían un EuroScore II > 5, el 24% anemia preoperatoria y el 2,8% eran testigos de Jehová que rechazaban las transfusiones. El 19,2% de los procedimientos fueron coronarios sin circulación extracorpórea; el 8,7%, endocarditis; el 10,6%, reintervenciones; el 2,9%, síndromes aórticos agudos y el 34% fueron cirugías urgentes o emergentes. Resultados: La tasa de reoperación por sangrado fue del 1,9% y la de transfusión perioperatoria del 25%. El 87,5% de los pacientes operados de forma electiva y el 90,5% de los coronarios aislados no recibieron hemocomponentes. El número medio de concentrados de hematíes (índice de transfusión total), unidades de plasma fresco congelado y concentrados de plaquetas transfundidos por paciente fue de 0,47; 0,16 y 0,07, respectivamente. Conclusiones: El PBM nos ha permitido alcanzar nuestros objetivos de calidad en cuanto a reintervención por sangrado y tasa de transfusión perioperatoria. Abstract: Introduction and objective: Preoperative anemia, reexploration for bleeding and need for transfusion are common problems in patients undergoing mayor cardiac surgery and are associated with an increase morbidity and mortality. The objective of the present report is to evaluate our surgical results focusing on hematological parameters after the implementation of a Patient Blood Management (PBM) program. Methods: Between March 2021 and May 2022, we have consecutively operated on 104 mayor cardiac surgery patients with the PBM program. The mean patient age was 65 ± 11 years, 66% of the patients were male, 21% had a EuroScore II > 5, 24% had preoperative anemia, and 2,8% were Jehovah's Witnesses who refused transfusions. The 19,2% of the procedures were off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting, 8,7% endocarditis, 10,6% redo operations, 2,9% acute aortic syndromes, and 34% urgent or emergent cases. Results: The incidence of reexploration for bleeding was 1,9% and the perioperative transfusion rate was 25%; 87,5% of the patients operated on electively and 90,5% of the isolated coronary patients did not receive blood components. The mean number of red blood cell concentrates (total transfusion index), fresh frozen plasma, and pooled platelets transfused per patient was 0.47, 0.16, and 0.07, respectively. Conclusions: The PBM has allowed us to achieve our quality objectives in terms of reintervention for bleeding and perioperative transfusion rate.

Resumen: El Gerbode es un defecto septal infrecuente que origina un cortocircuito entre el ventrículo izquierdo y la aurícula derecha. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 68 años con insuficiencia aórtica moderada en seguimiento y antecedentes de neurocirugía reciente para resección de malformación arteriovenosa cerebral, con epilepsia de difícil control posterior. Ingresó en nuestro centro por fiebre secundaria a tromboflebitis y hemocultivos positivos a Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina. En el ecocardiograma transesofágico no se observaron signos de endocarditis y se instauró tratamiento antibiótico dirigido. Seis días después presentó parada cardiorrespiratoria en el contexto de bloqueo auriculoventricular completo y bajo gasto cardiaco. Ingresó en la UCI, donde se implantó un marcapasos transitorio, sufriendo una crisis tónico-clónica que obligó a intubación. Un nuevo ecocardiograma demostró insuficiencia aórtica masiva y engrosamiento de la continuidad mitroaórtica, decidiéndose reemplazo valvular aórtico emergente. El paciente tuvo una buena evolución posquirúrgica inicial hasta que a la semana se detectó en eco de control una masa en la aurícula derecha asociada a comunicación tipo Gerbode. Se decidió manejo conservador pero a los 15 días del diagnóstico, coincidiendo con un claro empeoramiento clínico, se objetivó importante aumento del shunt, indicándose corrección quirúrgica urgente mediante cierre del orificio de salida en la aurícula derecha. El eco de control poscirugía mostró una prótesis aórtica normofuncionante, ausencia de shunt residual y válvula tricúspide competente. La evolución posterior discurrió sin incidencias y el paciente fue dado de alta al finalizar el tratamiento antibiótico. Abstract: Gerbode is a rare septal defect that causes a shunt between the left ventricle and the right atrium. We present the case of a 68-year-old patient with moderate aortic regurgitation under follow-up and a history of recent neurosurgery for resection of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation, with residual epilepsy difficult to control. He was admitted to our center due to fever secondary to thrombophlebitis and positive blood cultures for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Transesophageal echocardiogram showed no signs of endocarditis and targeted antibiotic treatment was started. 6 days later, he presented cardiorespiratory arrest in the context of complete atrioventricular block and low cardiac output. He was admitted to the ICU, where a temporary pacemaker was implanted, suffering a tonic-clonic seizure that required intubation. A new echocardiogram showed massive aortic insufficiency and thickening of the mitro-aortic continuity, so emergent aortic valve replacement was indicated. The patient had a good initial post-surgical evolution but, a week later, a mass in the right atrium associated with a Gerbode-type communication was detected in a control echo. Conservative management was decided, but 15 days after the diagnosis of the shunt, coinciding with a clear clinical worsening, a significant increase in the shunt was observed, and he underwent urgent surgical correction by closing the outlet orifice in the right atrium. Post-surgery control echo showed normally functioning aortic prosthesis, absence of residual shunt and competent tricuspid valve. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and patient was discharge after finishing antibiotic treatment.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and malignant disease, with more than 50 % of patients developing hormone-secreting tumors. These tumors are genetically heterogeneous and potentially lethal, as metastasis is often underway at the time of diagnosis. While chemoresistance can be multifactorial, Acyl CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) is known to contribute to the generation of highly aggressive cellular phenotypes, while increased expression and activity of multidrug transporters such as ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) are known to play a key role. Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine changes in the expression of ACSL4 and ABCG2 in ACC cell lines after exposure to antitumor drugs. Bioinformatics analysis of public database GSE140818 revealed higher ACSL4 and ABCG2 expression in HAC15 cells resistant to mitotane when compared to wild type cells. In addition, our studies revealed an increase in ACSL4 and ABCG2 expression in lowly aggressive H295R cells undergoing early treatment with non-lethal concentrations of mitotane, doxorubicin and cisplatin. Comparable results were obtained in lowly aggressive breast cancer cells MCF-7. The increase in ACSL4 and ABCG2 expression favored tumor cell viability, proliferation and compound efflux, an effect partially offset by ACSL4 and ABCG2 inhibitors. These results provide relevant data on the undesired molecular effects of antitumor drugs and may fuel future studies on patients’ early response to antitumor treatment.

En este escrito analizamos el Auto 125/2022, de 29 de septiembre, del Tribunal Constitucional en el que se plantea la posibilidad de que los sindicatos Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) y Comisiones Obreras (CC. OO.) puedan personarse en un recurso de inconstitucionalidad como parte coadyuvante con base en lo dispuesto en los artículos 7, 10.2, 24 y 28 de la Constitución.

Abstract Background The volume of biomedical literature and clinical data is growing at an exponential rate. Therefore, efficient access to data described in unstructured biomedical texts is a crucial task for the biomedical industry and research. Named Entity Recognition (NER) is the first step for information and knowledge acquisition when we deal with unstructured texts. Recent NER approaches use contextualized word representations as input for a downstream classification task. However, distributed word vectors (embeddings) are very limited in Spanish and even more for the biomedical domain. Methods In this work, we develop several biomedical Spanish word representations, and we introduce two Deep Learning approaches for pharmaceutical, chemical, and other biomedical entities recognition in Spanish clinical case texts and biomedical texts, one based on a Bi-STM-CRF model and the other on a BERT-based architecture. Results Several Spanish biomedical embeddigns together with the two deep learning models were evaluated on the PharmaCoNER and CORD-19 datasets. The PharmaCoNER dataset is composed of a set of Spanish clinical cases annotated with drugs, chemical compounds and pharmacological substances; our extended Bi-LSTM-CRF model obtains an F-score of 85.24% on entity identification and classification and the BERT model obtains an F-score of 88.80% . For the entity normalization task, the extended Bi-LSTM-CRF model achieves an F-score of 72.85% and the BERT model achieves 79.97%. The CORD-19 dataset consists of scholarly articles written in English annotated with biomedical concepts such as disorder, species, chemical or drugs, gene and protein, enzyme and anatomy. Bi-LSTM-CRF model and BERT model obtain an F-measure of 78.23% and 78.86% on entity identification and classification, respectively on the CORD-19 dataset. Conclusion These results prove that deep learning models with in-domain knowledge learned from large-scale datasets highly improve named entity recognition performance. Moreover, contextualized representations help to understand complexities and ambiguity inherent to biomedical texts. Embeddings based on word, concepts, senses, etc. other than those for English are required to improve NER tasks in other languages.

Thanks to technologies such as the Internet and devices now available to people, we have increasingly greater access to larger quantities of information. However, people with ageing disabilities or intellectual disabilities, non-native speakers, and others have difficulties reading and understanding information. For this reason, it is essential to provide text simplification mechanisms when accessing information. Natural Language Processing methods can be applied to simplify textual content and improve understanding. These methods often use machine learning algorithms and models which require resources, such as corpora, to be trained and tested. This article presents the EASIER corpus, a resource that can be used to build lexical simplification methods to process Spanish domain-independent texts. The EASIER corpus is composed of 260 annotated documents with 8,155 words labelled as complex and 5,130 words with at least one proposed context-aware synonym associated. Expert linguists in easy-to-read and plain language guidelines have annotated the corpus based on their experience adapting texts for people with intellectual disabilities. Sixteen annotation guidelines that discriminate between complex and simple words have been defined to help other groups of experts to generate new annotations. Additionally, an inter-annotator agreement test was performed to validate the corpus, obtaining a Fleiss Kappa coefficient of 0.641. Furthermore, a qualitative evaluation was conducted with 45 users (including people with intellectual disabilities, elderly people, and a control audience). Complex word identification tasks achieved moderate results, but the synonyms proposed to replace complex words achieved almost perfect ratings. This resource has been integrated into the EASIER platform, a tool that helps people with cognitive impairments and intellectual disabilities to read and understand texts more easily.

La función legislativa es consustancial a cualquier parlamento y debe seguir siéndolo en el futuro. Por mucho que aparezcan nuevos poderes normativos que parece que le hacen sombra, ninguno de ellos puede presumir de algo que solo tiene el parlamento: la representación de los ciudadanos. En estos 40 años de existencia del Reglamento del Congreso de los Diputados el procedimiento legislativo ha servido de forma eficaz a la producción de normas y ha demostrado, sin apenas necesidad de ser modificado, la suficiente flexibilidad para adaptarse a las cambiantes necesidades políticas. En este artículo exponemos, sin ánimo de abarcarlos todos, algunos aspectos para su renovación que se enfocan en una doble dirección que pretende ser dinámica: un reforzamiento hacia fuera y un reforzamiento hacia dentro del parlamento.

Esta sentencia viene a consolidar la doctrina ya establecida en anteriores Sentencias, remitiéndose en concreto a las Sentencias 71/1994 y 11/2020, acerca de que la aplicación a cargos parlamentarios de la medida de suspensión contemplada en el artículo 384 bis de la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Criminal (LECrim) no vulnera los derechos reconocidos en el artículo 23.2 CE. La frase que podría resumir la sentencia es que resultaría insólito «que una persona procesada por un delito de rebelión, y que se encuentra en situación de rebeldía por haberse sustraído a la acción de la Justicia, eludiendo al tiempo la decisión de prisión, pueda pretender el ejercicio de funciones públicas en el ámbito de jurisdicción de nuestros Tribunales». La conclusión tajante es que «No existe razón ninguna que justifique que puedan ejercer funciones públicas quienes se encuentran en la situación procesal contemplada en el artículo 384 bis». Visto así, el artículo 384 bis está introduciendo un nuevo requisito negativo para poder ejercer la función parlamentaria: no hallarse en situación de prisión provisional por aquellos delitos definidos en la norma.

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and antral follicular count (AFC) decrease in women with ovarian endometrioma (OMA) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). In addition, these parameters drop even further when women with OMA undergo surgery. In this study, the primary aim was to compare the reproductive variables in IVF-treated women with and without endometriosis. The secondary aim was to explore if the reproductive variables were modified by endometrioma surgery. In this retrospective study, 244 women undergoing IVF were enrolled at the Hospital Universitario La Paz (Madrid, Spain). Women were categorized as OMA not surgically treated (OMA; n = 124), OMA with surgery (OMA + S; n = 55), and women with infertility issues not related to OMA (control; n = 65). Demographic and clinical variables, including age, body mass index (BMI), and reproductive (AMH, AFC, number of extracted oocytes, and transferred embryos) and obstetrical data (biochemical pregnancy and fetal heart rate at 6 weeks) were collected. Adjusted logistic regression models were built to evaluate reproductive and pregnancy outcomes. The models showed that women with OMA (with and without surgery) had significantly decreased levels of AMH and AFC and numbers of cycles and C + D embryos. Women with OMA + S had similar rates of pregnancy to women in the control group. However, women with OMA had lower biochemical pregnancy than controls (aOR = 0.08 [0.01; 0.50]; p-value = 0.025). OMA surgery seems to improve pregnancy outcomes, at least until 6 weeks of gestation. However, it is important to counsel the patients about surgery expectations due to the fact that endometrioma itself reduces the quality of oocytes.

Abstract Electronic scraps (e‐scraps) represent an attractive raw material to mine demanded metals, as well as rare earth elements (REEs). A sequential microbial‐mediated process developed in two steps was examined to recover multiple elements. First, we made use of an acidophilic bacteria consortium, mainly composed of Acidiphilium multivorum and Leptospidillum ferriphilum, isolated from acid mine drainages. The consortium was inoculated in a dissolution of e‐scraps powder and cultured for 15 days. Forty‐five elements were analyzed in the liquid phase over time, including silver, gold, and 15 REEs. The bioleaching efficiencies of the consortium were >99% for Cu, Co, Al, and Zn, 53% for Cd, and around 10% for Cr and Li on Day 7. The second step consisted of a microalgae‐mediated uptake from e‐scraps leachate. The strains used were two acidophilic extremotolerant microalgae, Euglena sp. (EugVP) and Chlamydomonas sp. (ChlSG) strains, isolated from the same extreme environment. Up to 7.3, 4.1, 1.3, and 0.7 µg by wet biomass (WB) of Zn, Al, Cu, and Mn, respectively, were uptaken by ChlSG biomass in 12 days, presenting higher efficiency than EugVP. Concerning REEs, ChlSG biouptake 14.9, 20.3, 13.7, 8.3 ng of Gd, Pr, Ce, La per WB. Meanwhile, EugVP captured 1.1, 1.5, 1.4, and 7.5, respectively. This paper shows the potential of a microbial sequential process to revalorize e‐scraps and recover metals and REEs, harnessing extremotolerant microorganisms.

Rare Earth Elements (REE) increasing demand prompts the research of biotechnological approaches to exploit secondary resources. We made use of the adapted Fluctuation analyses experiment to obtain Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ChlA strains resistant to Samarium (Sm) as the reference REE. The starting hypothesis was that adaptation to metal-containing media leads to an enhanced metal uptake. ChlA was able to adapt to 1.33·10−4 Sm M and pH~3 by pre-existing genetic variability, allowing the evolutionary rescue of 13 of the 99 populations studied. The rescuing resistant genotypes presented a mutation rate of 8.65·10−7 resistant cells per division. The resulting resistant population contradicted the expected fitness cost associated with the adaptation to Sm, selection resulted in larger and faster-growing resistant cells. Among the three isolated strains studied for Sm uptake, only one presented uplifted performance compared to the control population (46.64 μg Sm gˉ¹ of wet biomass and 3.26·10−7 ng Sm per cell, mainly bioaccumulated within the cells). The selection of microalgae strains with improved tolerance to REEs by this methodology could be a promising solution for REES sequestration. However, increased tolerance can be independent or have negative effects on uptake performance and cellular features studied are not directly correlated with the metal uptake. Summary sentence: Repurposing a classic laboratory evolution experiment to select for microalgae Samarium adapted strains for metals recovery and biotechnology approaches. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article (and its raw files).

Este ensayo acomete un análisis del concepto de fantasmagoría en el marco de los materiales del proyecto inacabado del Libro de los pasajes de Walter Benjamin. Para ello, parte de la relación que en ellos se traza entre este término y el carácter fetichista que Marx atribuye a la mercancía, a fin de mostrar cómo dicho carácter, así como la noción de ideología que se segrega de él, constituyen el fundamento de la utilización por parte de Benjamin del concepto de fantasmagoría. Sobre esta base, se defiende que el sentido que Benjamin confiere a esta noción implica una ampliación del concepto marxiano de ideología que obedecería a un doble objetivo: incluir bajo su alcance aspectos de la autocomprensión de la sociedad moderna no tematizados por Marx y adaptarlo a los resultados de la evolución del capitalismo. Por último, se estudia la conexión que la noción de fantasmagoría guarda con lo que Benjamin llama el «despertar» en el contexto de su reflexión sobre la tarea del historiador materialista.

Here we report a novel labeling strategy for electrochemical aptasensors based on enzymatic marking via supramolecular host–guest interactions. This approach relies on the use of an adamantane-modified target-responsive hairpin DNA aptamer as an affinity bioreceptor, and a neoglycoconjugate of β-cyclodextin (CD) covalently attached to a redox enzyme as a labeling element. As a proof of concept, an amperometric aptasensor for a carcinoembryonic antigen was assembled on screen-printed carbon electrodes modified with electrodeposited fern-like gold nanoparticles/graphene oxide and, by using a horseradish peroxidase-CD neoglycoenzyme as a biocatalytic redox label. This aptasensor was able to detect the biomarker in the concentration range from 10 pg/mL to 1 ng/mL with a high selectivity and a low detection limit of 3.1 pg/mL in human serum samples.

The CD200R family comprises a group of paired receptors that can modulate the activation of immune cells. They are expressed both on myeloid cells and lymphocyte subsets. Here we report that the expression of these receptors on porcine B cells is tightly regulated, being mainly expressed on mature cells. The expression of the inhibitory receptors CD200R1 and/or its splicing variant CD200R1X2, either in combination or not with the activating receptor CD200R1L, is upregulated in sIgM+ effector/memory cells, and tends to decline thereafter as these cells progress to plasmablasts or switch the Ig isotype. sIgM+ naïve and primed cells only express, by contrast, the CD200R1X2 receptor. B-1 like cells also express CD200R1 isoforms, either alone or in combination with CD200R1L. Treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with a monoclonal antibody specific for inhibitory receptors, enhances the IgM and IgG production induced by TLR7 stimulation suggesting a modulatory role of B cell functions of these receptors.

Objectives: The worldwide SARS-COV2 pandemic has impacted the health of workers and companies. The aim is to quantify it according to sick leave.Methods: Using ICD-9 codes, we analyzed Ibermutua records of all sick leaves during the first trimester of 2020, compared to during the same months of 2017, 2018, and 2019. We stratified the analysis by causes, patient sex, activity sectors, and regional data. All sick leaves were adjusted by the number of Ibermutua-affiliated persons in each period.Results: In March 2020, there was an unprecedented (116%) increase in total sick leaves, mainly due to infectious and respiratory diseases. Men and women were equally affected. All activity sectors were impacted, with the highest increase (457%) observed among health-related workers, especially due to contagious disease. The incidences of sick leaves were heterogeneous among different regions. Cost-analysis of sick leaves during the first trimester of 2020 compared with in previous years showed 40.3% increment (mean 2,813 vs. 2,005 € per 100 affiliated workers).Conclusions: The SARS-COV2 pandemic is having a huge impact on workers' health, as shown by data regarding sick leaves in March 2020. This is associated with greater economic burden for companies, both due to the cost associated with sick leaves and the losses in productivity due to confinement.

It has been demonstrated that physical activity contributes to a healthier life. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the neural mechanisms producing these effects. One of the keystones to deal with this problem is to use training programs with equal loads of physical activity. However, irregular motor and stress responses have been found in murine exercise models. Habituation to forced exercise facilitates a complete response to a training program in all rodents, reaching the same load of physical activity among animals. Here, it was evaluated if glucose and lactate – which are stress biomarkers – are increased during the habituation to exercise. Sprague-Dawley rats received an 8-days habituation protocol with progressive increments of time and speed of running. Then, experimental and control (non-habituated) rats were subjected to an incremental test. Blood samples were obtained to determine plasmatic glucose and lactate levels before, immediately after and 30 min after each session of training. Crh and Avp mRNA expression was determined by two-step qPCR. Our results revealed that glucose and lactate levels are not increased during the habituation period and tend to decrease toward the end of the protocol. Also, Crh and Avp were not chronically activated by the habituation program. Lactate and glucose, determined after the incremental test, were higher in control rats without previous contact with the wheel, compared with habituated and wheel control rats. These results suggest that the implementation of an adaptive phase prior to forced exercise programs might avoid non-specific stress responses.

CLEC12A has been proposed as a suitable target for delivering antigen to dendritic cells (DCs) to enhance vaccine efficacy both in human and mouse. In this study, we have characterized the porcine homolog of CLEC12A (poCLEC12A). Using new monoclonal antibodies (mAb), raised against its ectodomain, poCLEC12A was found to be expressed on alveolar macrophages, blood conventional type 1 and type 2 DCs and plasmacytoid DCs, but not on monocytes, T cells, B cells or NK cells, in contrast to its human and murine homologs. Western blot analysis showed that in alveolar macrophages this receptor is expressed both as a monomer and a dimer. After binding to DCs, anti- poCLEC12A mAb was efficiently internalized. No significant changes were observed in TNFα or IFNα secretion by plasmacytoid DCs stimulated with either CpGs (ODN2216) or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), upon incubation with mAb. These results provide the basis for future investigations aimed to assess the ability of anti-poCLEC12A mAbs to improve vaccine efficacy by targeting antigen to DCs.

A three-step synthetic route giving access to nonsymmetrical bisazolyl 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyridines with different substituents on the pyrazole, indazole, and pyridine heterocycles is described. From the readily available 4-bromo-2,6-difluoropyridine, both fluorine atoms allow for easy selective stepwise substitution, and the bromine atom provides easy access to additional functionalities through both Suzuki and Sonogashira Pd(0) cross-coupling reactions. These synthons represent optimal structures as building blocks in complexation and metalloorganic structures for the tuning of their chelating and photophysical properties.

Partiendo del análisis de Marx sobre las contradicciones del capitalismo, este artículo defiende el carácter estructural de las causas que explicarían la actual hegemonía del modelo de gubernamentabilidad neoliberal. Argumentada esta posición, se estudian algunas de las dimensiones centrales que Ernesto Laclau vincula a la razón populista para evaluar si ésta constituiría una opción política capaz de desplazar a la hegemonía neoliberal. A la luz de las conclusiones obtenidas, se emprende finalmente un examen de la subjetividad forjada por la forma de gobierno neoliberal, con el propósito de determinar la orientación ideológica de los movimientos populistas más tendentes al triunfo político.

Presentación del monográfico

Inspired by biological systems, the development of artificial nanoscale materials that communicate over a short distance is still at its early stages. This work shows a new example of a cooperating system with intercommunicated devices at the nanoscale. The system is based on the new sucrose-responsive Janus gold-mesoporous silica (Janus Au-MS) nanoparticles network with two enzyme-powered nanodevices. These nanodevices involve two enzymatic processes based on invertase and glucose oxidase, which are anchored on the Au surfaces of different Janus Au-MS nanoparticles, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine and [Ru(bpy)3]2+ loaded as chemical messengers, respectively. Sucrose acts as the INPUT, triggering the sequential delivery of two different cargoes through the enzymatic control. Nanoscale communication using abiotic nanodevices is a developing potential research field and may prompt several applications in different disciplines, such as nanomedicine.

Abstract Background Drug Package Leaflets (DPLs) provide information for patients on how to safely use medicines. Pharmaceutical companies are responsible for producing these documents. However, several studies have shown that patients usually have problems in understanding sections describing posology (dosage quantity and prescription), contraindications and adverse drug reactions. An ultimate goal of this work is to provide an automatic approach that helps these companies to write drug package leaflets in an easy-to-understand language. Natural language processing has become a powerful tool for improving patient care and advancing medicine because it leads to automatically process the large amount of unstructured information needed for patient care. However, to the best of our knowledge, no research has been done on the automatic simplification of drug package leaflets. In a previous work, we proposed to use domain terminological resources for gathering a set of synonyms for a given target term. A potential drawback of this approach is that it depends heavily on the existence of dictionaries, however these are not always available for any domain and language or if they exist, their coverage is very scarce. To overcome this limitation, we propose the use of word embeddings to identify the simplest synonym for a given term. Word embedding models represent each word in a corpus with a vector in a semantic space. Our approach is based on assumption that synonyms should have close vectors because they occur in similar contexts. Results In our evaluation, we used the corpus EasyDPL (Easy Drug Package Leaflets), a collection of 306 leaflets written in Spanish and manually annotated with 1400 adverse drug effects and their simplest synonyms. We focus on leaflets written in Spanish because it is the second most widely spoken language on the world, but as for the existence of terminological resources, the Spanish language is usually less prolific than the English language. Our experiments show an accuracy of 38.5% using word embeddings. Conclusions This work provides a promising approach to simplify DPLs without using terminological resources or parallel corpora. Moreover, it could be easily adapted to different domains and languages. However, more research efforts are needed to improve our approach based on word embedding because it does not overcome our previous work using dictionaries yet.

Abstract Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) triggers antibody diversification in B cells by catalysing deamination and subsequently mutating immunoglobulin (Ig) genes. Association of AID with RNA Pol II and occurrence of epigenetic changes during Ig gene diversification suggest participation of AID in epigenetic regulation. AID is mutated in hyper-IgM type 2 (HIGM2) syndrome. Here, we investigated the potential role of AID in the acquisition of epigenetic changes. We discovered that AID binding to the IgH locus promotes an increase in H4K20me3. In 293F cells, we demonstrate interaction between co-transfected AID and the three SUV4-20 histone H4K20 methyltransferases, and that SUV4-20H1.2, bound to the IgH switch (S) mu site, is replaced by SUV4-20H2 upon AID binding. Analysis of HIGM2 mutants shows that the AID truncated form W68X is impaired to interact with SUV4-20H1.2 and SUV4-20H2 and is unable to bind and target H4K20me3 to the Smu site. We finally show in mouse primary B cells undergoing class-switch recombination (CSR) that AID deficiency associates with decreased H4K20me3 levels at the Smu site. Our results provide a novel link between SUV4-20 enzymes and CSR and offer a new aspect of the interplay between AID and histone modifications in setting the epigenetic status of CSR sites.

Abstract Background Recently moderate-virulence classical swine fever virus (CSFV) strains have been proven capable of generating postnatal persistent infection (PI), defined by the maintenance of viremia and the inability to generate CSFV-specific immune responses in animals. These animals also showed a type I interferon blockade in the absence of clinical signs. In this study, we assessed the infection generated in 7-week-old CSFV PI wild boars after infection with the African swine fever virus (ASFV). The wild boars were divided in two groups and were infected with ASFV. Group A comprised boars who were CSFV PI in a subclinical form and Group B comprised pestivirus-free wild boars. Some relevant parameters related to CSFV replication and the immune response of CSFV PI animals were studied. Additionally, serum soluble factors such as IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ and sCD163 were analysed before and after ASFV infection to assess their role in disease progression. Results After ASFV infection, only the CSFV PI wild boars showed progressive acute haemorrhagic disease; however, the survival rates following ASFV infection was similar in both experimental groups. Notwithstanding, the CSFV RNA load of CSFV PI animals remained unaltered over the study; likewise, the ASFV DNA load detected after infection was similar between groups. Interestingly, systemic type I FN-α and IL-10 levels in sera were almost undetectable in CSFV PI animals, yet detectable in Group B, while detectable levels of IFN-γ were found in both groups. Finally, the flow cytometry analysis showed an increase in myelomonocytic cells (CD172a+) and a decrease in CD4+ T cells in the PBMCs from CSFV PI animals after ASFV infection. Conclusions Our results showed that the immune response plays a role in the progression of disease in CSFV subclinically infected wild boars after ASFV infection, and the immune response comprised the systemic type I interferon blockade. ASFV does not produce any interference with CSFV replication, or vice versa. ASFV infection could be a trigger factor for the disease progression in CSFV PI animals, as their survival after ASFV was similar to that of the pestivirus-free ASFV-infected group. This fact suggests a high resistance in CSFV PI animals even against a virus like ASFV; this may mean that there are relevant implications for CSF control in endemic countries. The diagnosis of ASFV and CSFV co-infection in endemic countries cannot be ruled out and need to be studied in greater depth.

In the interactive model of communication, information is exchanged bidirectionally between a sender and receiver. Here, the authors realise interactive communication between two artificial nanoparticles, which relay information between each other in the form of chemical messengers and enzymatic reactions.

Resume esta sentencia las notas de la investidura parlamentaria, como acto personalísimo y presencial. Es presencial, porque el candidato solo puede actuar por sí mismo, no mediante terceros; es personalísimo, porque el debate parlamentario solo puede producirse en la sede del Parlamento. Solo cuando los actores comparten el mismo escenario, surge la comunicación entre ellos, el debate, compartiéndose gestos y expresiones. La simple imagen de la persona que habla a muchos kilómetros de distancia, no genera debate, solo simple transmisión del mensaje. Tal es la peculiaridad del debate parlamentario, que requiere el contacto humano, de momento insustituible. El Tribunal enfatiza así la importancia del proceso comunicativo que se debe dar en la investidura. Un debate, sin candidato presente, rompe la estructura de la comunicación parlamentaria, que siempre ha de tener como base la idea de que los participantes están reunidos en un mismo lugar, o si se prefiere decir de otro modo, lo importante ahora es el acto como experiencia: la experiencia de estar juntos en el mismo tiempo y lugar.

El comentario trata sobre una resolución del Tribunal Constitucional de evidente interés general, no solo por la trascendencia política de los hechos que se juzgan, sino también desde el punto de vista del análisis jurídico, por dos cuestiones principalmente, por ser la primera vez que se somete al Tribunal Constitucional la impugnación de una investidura de un Presidente del órgano de un gobierno autonómico, y por la peculiarísima forma en la que el Tribunal decide adoptar medidas cautelares incluso antes de pronunciarse sobre la admisibilidad de la impugnación.

El Tribunal realiza en esta sentencia una proclamación de grandes principios del funcionamiento de los gobiernos. Desde el primer momento de la investidura del presidente del Gobierno y luego durante toda la práctica diaria del ejercicio de su actuación, ha de darse el contacto físico, personal, con el Parlamento, pues así lo exige la democracia representativa. Las reuniones del Gobierno, debido a la trascendencia de las funciones constitucionales que tiene atribuidas, han de ser deliberativas por esencia, lo que exige la presencia física de todos sus miembros, que es la única que posibilita la interacción. Solo con estas notas de presencia y deliberación, se cumplen los requisitos de colegialidad y corresponsabilidad, propios de todo órgano de Gobierno. En un momento en que pueden tener lugar grandes transformaciones de los procesos políticos por la aplicación de tecnologías de la información, el Tribunal viene a consagrar los principios clásicos de presencia física y debate y el carácter insustituible del contacto personal.

We report herein a novel sensing strategy for electrochemical biosensors, by using mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with the redox probe methylene blue and capped with an avidin/imminobiotin stimulus-responsive gate-like ensemble as signal amplification element. As a proof of concept, an aptasensor for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was constructed by attaching a biotin and thiol-functionalized anti-CEA DNA hairpin aptamer on gold nanoparticles modified carbon screen-printed electrodes. The biosensing approach relied on the unfolding of the aptamer molecule after specific recognition of CEA, unmasking the biotin residue and allowing further association with the avidin-capped mesoporous nanocarrier. Incubation with H2SO4 trigger the release of the encapsulated redox probe allowing the detection of the cancer biomarker from 1.0 pg/mL to 160 ng/mL. Keywords: Aptamer, Biosensor, Carcinoembryonic antigen, Mesoporous silica nanoparticles, Signal amplification

Incluye: - Nota introductoria. - Informe de la Secretaría General sobre facultades de la Mesa respecto de la calificación de los escritos de disconformidad del Gobierno a la tramitación de Proposiciones de Ley. - Alegaciones al conflicto entre órganos constitucionales núm. 355-2017. - Alegaciones al conflicto entre órganos constitucionales núm. 356-2017. - Sentencia 34/2018, de 12 de abril de 2018. Conflicto entre órganos constitucionales 355-2017. Promovido por el Gobierno de la Nación frente a los acuerdos de la Mesa del Congreso de los Diputados relativos a la suspensión del calendario de implantación de la Ley Orgánica 8/2013, de 9 de diciembre, para la mejora de la calidad educativa. - Sentencia 44/2018, de 26 de abril de 2018. Conflicto entre órganos constitucionales 356-2017. Promovido por el gobierno de la nación frente a los acuerdos de la Mesa del Congreso de los Diputados respecto de una proposición de ley presentada por el Grupo Parlamentario Socialista sobre modificación del artículo 42.1 del Estatuto de los Trabajadores para garantizar la igualdad en las condiciones laborales de los trabajadores subcontratados. - Informe de la Secretaria General sobre el ejercicio de la facultad del Gobierno prevista en los artículos 134.6 de la Constitución y 126 del Reglamento del Congreso de los Diputados después de la reciente jurisprudencia constitucional.

Con el objetivo de mostrar la relevancia y actualidad de la obra teórica de Rosa Luxemburg, el artículo analiza tres de sus temáticas fundamentales. En primer lugar, su crítica a la deriva reformista de la socialdemocracia contra su original intención revolucionaria, confirmada en su validez por la evolución del capitalismo. En conexión con ello, su tesis de que la posibilidad de la realización de la democracia se encuentra estrictamente vinculada al proyecto revolucionario. Y, por último, su reivindicación de que la existencia de dicho proyecto depende de que el proletariado adquiera un conocimiento teórico sobre el funcionamiento del capitalismo que debe serle transmitido por el partido revolucionario.

ESPAMACS es el nuevo Registro Español de Asistencia Mecánica Circulatoria, que ha sido creado en el seno del Grupo de Trabajo de Asistencia Mecánica Circulatoria y Trasplante Cardiaco de la Sociedad Española de Cirugía Torácica-Cardiovascular (GRUTAT-SECTCV) con el objetivo de registrar todas las asistencias, tanto de corto como de largo plazo, que se implanten en España. Técnicamente, es una base de datos «on-line» que permite a los usuarios introducir datos a tiempo real desde cualquier puesto con acceso a Internet. Está operativa desde octubre del 2014, sustituyendo a la anterior base de datos en formato Microsoft Excel en la que se recogieron los dispositivos implantados entre 2007 y 2012. En el presente artículo se justifica la necesidad de este registro en el actual escenario de tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardiaca, caracterizado por la progresión de la asistencia mecánica circulatoria y la limitada disponibilidad del trasplante cardiaco. Asimismo, se describen las características y el funcionamiento de ESPAMACS: propiedad, modo de acceso, planificación y desarrollo, financiación, objetivos, aspectos éticos, requisitos para participar, selección de pacientes, dispositivos incluidos, diseño, variables registradas, sistema de extracción de datos para su análisis estadístico y posterior elaboración de estudios científicos y control de calidad.

Este artículo representa el primer informe oficial del Registro Nacional Español de Asistencia Mecánica Circulatoria (ESPAMACS), y en él se expone la actividad del registro desde que comenzó a funcionar en octubre de 2014 hasta mayo de 2016. A lo largo de este periodo se han registrado 369 dispositivos de asistencia mecánica circulatoria implantados en 18 centros de nuestro país: 319 de corta duración (86,4%) y 50 de larga duración (13,6%). Se analiza el perfil de los pacientes (datos demográficos, comorbilidades, enfermedad de base, grado de insuficiencia cardiaca), el tipo de dispositivos implantados, las indicaciones, los datos operatorios y los resultados (evolución postoperatoria, duración del soporte, grado de consecución de objetivos, efectos adversos, supervivencia y causas de muerte).

In order to examine whether the usual identification of neoliberal ideas with an ideological discourse is valid, this paper starts off with an analysis of what Marx terms commodity fetishism in Capital, based on which a certain sense of the concept of ideology may be inferred which would result in its being both true and false. In order to determine whether this definition of ideology may be applied to neoliberal theory, we look at its fundamental features and how they continue with or break away from economic liberalism as studied in Michel Foucault’s Birth of biopolitics. Attention is later moved to the characteristics detected by David Harvey in the socalled flexible accumulation as the latest stage of capitalism which coincides with the political implementation of neoliberal doctrine. At the end of the road travelled, it is hypothesised that this theory would be a form of ideology containing a dimension of both truth and falsehood, in line with Marx’s thought.

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMCs) exhibit unique properties that make them of interest for catalysis, sensing or energy storage applications. However, few studies have been performed into nanofluids based on TMCs for heat transfer applications. In this study, nanofluids based on 2D-WS2 are prepared by liquid phase exfoliation to analyze their potential usage in concentrating solar power plants. Periodic-Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed to rationalize the success of the exfoliation process. The hydrogen bond interaction between the hydroxyl group from PEG, which acts as a surfactant, and the S atoms of the WS2 surface stabilizes the nanosheets in the fluid. Electron localization function (ELF) analysis is indicative of the stability of the S–H interaction from WS2 with the molecules of surfactant due to the tendency to interact through weak intermolecular forces of van der Waals solids. Moreover, improvements in thermal properties were also found. Isobaric specific heat increased by up to 10% and thermal conductivity improved by up to 37.3%. The high stability of the nanofluids and the thermal improvements were associated with the high surface area of WS2 nanosheets. These results suggest that these nanofluids could be a promising heat transfer fluid in concentrating solar power plants.

Wolbachia is a well-known endosymbiotic, strictly cytoplasmic bacterium. It establishes complex cytonuclear relations that are not necessarily deleterious to its host, but that often result in reproductive alterations favoring bacterial transmission. Among these alterations, a common one is the cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) that reduces the number of descendants in certain crosses between infected and non-infected individuals. This CI induced by Wolbachia appears in the hybrid zone that the grasshoppers Chorthippus parallelus parallelus (Cpp) and C. p. erythropus (Cpe) form in the Pyrenees: a reputed model in evolutionary biology. However, this cytonuclear incompatibility is the result of sophisticated processes of the co-divergence of the genomes of the bacterial strains and the host after generations of selection and coevolution. Here we show how these genome conflicts have resulted in a finely tuned adjustment of the bacterial strain to each pure orthopteroid taxon, and the striking appearance of another, newly identified recombinant Wolbachia strain that only occurs in hybrid grasshoppers. We propose the existence of two superimposed hybrid zones: one organized by the grasshoppers, which overlaps with a second, bacterial hybrid zone. The two hybrid zones counterbalance one another and have evolved together since the origin of the grasshopper's hybrid zone.

Openness es la evolución natural de la transparencia. El impulso hacia la transparencia vivido en estos años debe culminar en un Parlamento Abierto que articule la posibilidad de los ciudadanos de participar en los procedimientos parlamentarios. La ciudadanía activa es un enlace vital entre la transparencia y la rendición de cuentas. La Declaración sobre la apertura parlamentaria afirma que es esta conexión con la ciudadanía la que da lugar a una legitimidad del parlamento más profunda. A nivel internacional se está trabajando en plataformas y herramientas para que los Parlamentos y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil desarrollen e implementen en colaboración planes de acción de apertura parlamentaria. España es miembro desde 2011 de la Open Government Partnership. Su Guía sobre Gobierno Abierto ha servido de inspiración a muchos países para iniciar su plan de acción de apertura parlamentaria. Este será el reto de las Cortes Generales.

Introducción: Este artículo presenta una propuesta de mejora en el tiempo de atención al paciente mediante el uso de la metodología de Lean Manufacturing en una unidad de urgencias en una clínica en Bogotá, la cual incumple o excede los estándares de tiempo para atención al paciente establecidos por la Secretaría Distrital de Salud. Método: Este trabajo de investigación se realizó en una Institución Prestadora de Servicios de Salud (IPS), universitaria, privada, sin ánimo de lucro, ubicada en Bogotá- Colombia. El diseño de investigación es de tipo no experimental, transversal y descriptiva, mediante un trabajo en campo de 6 meses con el fin de establecer las áreas y/o procesos que no agregan valor al paciente, mediante el uso de herramientas propias del Lean Manufacturing tales como el value stream mapping y el diagrama de spaghetti, generando planes de acción que contribuyeran a la mejora en los tiempos de atención al paciente. Resultados: Las actividades o mudas que no generan valor al cliente y que requieren ser mejoradas o eliminadas, en la unidad de urgencias estudiada, hacen alusión a: [1] Registros en admisiones, [2] esperas en el ingreso para valoración a triage, ortopedia, consulta y tratamiento médico y [3] la entrega de la orden de salida.La aplicabilidad de la propuesta se evaluó a través de simulaciones basadas en el Software Arena, obteniendo mejoras en los tiempos de espera del paciente de hasta un 67%. Discusión o Conclusión: Este proyecto evidencia mejoras en los tiempos de espera para la atención al paciente en la Unidad de Urgencia estudiada, lo cual podría incentivar el uso del Lean en otras unidades o IPS a nivel Colombia o América Latina, ya que se establece que esta área de investigación aún es incipiente en dichas regiones.

The ecological and genetic mechanisms that determine Phasmatodea reproductive biology are poorly understood. The order includes standard sexual species, but also many others that display distinct types of parthenogenesis (tychoparthenogenesis, automixis, apomixis, etc.), or both systems facultatively. In a preliminary survey, we analysed Wolbachia and Spiroplasma infection in 244 individuals from 28 species and 24 genera of stick insects by bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplification. Our main aim was to determine whether some of the bacterial endosymbionts involved in distinct reproductive alterations in other arthropods, including parthenogenesis and male killing, are present in phasmids. We found no Wolbachia infection in any of the phasmid species analysed, but confirmed the presence of Spiroplasma in some sexual, mixed and asexual species. Phylogenetic analysis identified these bacterial strains as belonging to the Ixodetis clade. Other bacteria genera were also detected. The possible role of these bacteria in Phasmatodea biology is discussed.

Solicitud de informe en relación a la tramitación del Proyecto de Ley 21/2015, de 20 de julio.

El pensamiento crítico ha sido reconocido como una competencia para la vida y un componente básico de la creatividad y de la innovación. Asimismo, es considerado como una experiencia profesional clave para las organizaciones de todo el mundo. El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer diferentes maneras de enseñar el pensamiento crítico a los futuros administradores para que estén preparados para resolver de manera innovadora las situaciones desafiantes en las organizaciones, aplicando dicho tipo de pensamiento. Esto se logra compartiendo los resultados de la investigación y las herramientas para la educación gerencial.