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Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) was synthesized by Fe(0)-mediated living radical polymerization followed with post-modification by PhSeZnCl. A series of selenide functionalized PGMAs with different selenium concentrations and molecular weights were obtained. The introduction of selenide groups into PGMA resulted in a polymer with high refractive index. The relationships between the concentration of selenium, degree of polymerization and refractive index were investigated. Results showed that the refractive index of the final polymer could be adjusted by the concentration of selenium and degree of polymerization, which provided a useful way to fabricate polymeric materials with adjustable refractive index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The atom transfer radical polymerizations (ATRPs) of styrene initiated by diselenocarbamates were carried out for the first time. The polymerization showed first-order kinetic with respect to the monomer concentration, and the molecular weights of the obtained polymers increased linearly with the monomer conversions with narrow molecular weight distributions (as low as 1.16). The results of chain extension, 1H NMR, UV-vis, and MALDI-TOF MS confirmed that the resultant polystyrene possessed some degree of living diselenocarbamates terminal. However, significant amounts of dead polymers (about 53%) were also found. This work offered an alternative type of ATRP initiator, and the seleno-terminated polymers may be useful in biotechnological and biomedical applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 1927-1933 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly efficient and simple synthesis of diselenocarbamates, based on a one-pot reaction of amines, CSe2, and alkyl halides in the absence of a catalyst under solvent-free conditions, is reported. The first efficient synthesis of diselenocarbamates via Michael addition of electron-deficient alkenes with aliphatic amines and CSe2in solid media silica gel is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, p -phenylseleno styrene (p -PhSeSt) and 4-(1,2,2-triphenylvinyl)phenyl acrylate (TPE-a) were copolymerized by photo-induced reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization under blue light at room temperature. The selenide moiety in resulting copolymers could be selectively oxidized to selenoxide or selenone groups by H 2 O 2 or NaClO, respectively, which caused the changing of structure and performance of the copolymer. The structure changing of copolymers during the oxidation was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and size exclusion chromatography. Properties of the resulting polymers were systematically investigated before and after oxidation, such as thermal performance, glass transition temperature, water contact angles and refractive indices. In addition, due to the change of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the polymers in aqueous solution after oxidation, the detection of Au3+ and nitrobenzene were successfully realized, constructing a versatile and multifunctional fluorescent probe sensor, which provides potential application prospects for the detection of oxidations. [Display omitted] • Selenium-containing polymers with controlled oxidative behavior was synthesized. • Oxidative responsive property was combined with AIE functionality. • Fluorescent probes for the detection of Au3+ and nitroaromatic were constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium-containing polystyrene (DSe-PS) microspheres were synthesized by soap-free emulsion polymerization using 1,2-bis(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-vinylphenyl)diselane (FVPDSe) and divinylbenzene (DVB) as crosslinking agents. The particle size of the obtained DSe-PS was characterized by a scanning electron microscope and dynamic light scattering. The results showed that the diameter of the obtained DSe-PS microspheres could be adjusted by changing the ratio of the monomer and crosslinker/water. The diselenide moiety in the obtained DSe-PS microspheres could be oxidized to seleninic acid by H2O2 which can catalyze the oxidation of acrolein. The oxidized DSe-PS microspheres exhibited higher catalytic activity and selectivity to methyl acrylate in a model oxidation of acrolein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabrication of versatile hydrogels in a facile and effective manner represents a pivotal challenge in the field of biomaterials. Herein, a novel strategy is presented for preparing on‐demand degradable hydrogels with multilevel responsiveness. By employing selenol‐dichlorotetrazine nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) to synthesize hydrogels under mild conditions in a buffer solution, the necessity of additives or posttreatments can be obviated. The nucleophilic and redox reactions between selenol and tetrazine culminate in the formation of three degradable chemical bonds—diselenide, aryl selenide, and dearomatized selenide—in a single, expeditious step. The resultant hydrogel manifests exceptional adaptability to intricate environments in conjunction with self‐healing and on‐demand degradation properties. Furthermore, the resulting material demonstrated light‐triggered antibacterial activity. Animal studies further underscore the potential of integrating metformin into Se‐Tz hydrogels under green light irradiation, as it effectively stimulates angiogenesis and collagen deposition, thereby fostering efficient wound healing. In comparison to previously documented hydrogels, Se‐Tz hydrogels exhibit controlled degradation and drug release, outstanding antibacterial activity, mechanical robustness, and bioactivity, all without the need for costly and intricate preparation procedures. These findings underscore Se‐Tz hydrogels as a safe and effective therapeutic option for diabetic wound dressings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stimulus-responsive materials containing selenide under oxidizing conditions have wide application prospects, especially in biomedicine. Due to the intricate preparation process, the scarcity of studies on the structure–activity relationship of regulatory factors in the oxidative stimulus response poses challenges to material design. Herein, based on selenol-ene chemistry, a diverse library of unsymmetric selenides is synthesized, enabling systematic investigation into the regulation of selenide oxidative elimination with variable substituent groups and positions. The α/β-positions of β-carbonyl unsymmetric selenides are efficiently modified with electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups through a one-pot, two-step reaction involving ammonolysis of γ-selenobutyrolactone (SBL), followed by nucleophilic addition with unsaturated acrylate. In situ NMR tracking shows that the oxidative elimination of selenide had a distinct substituent effect. Both the electron and steric effects of the substituent influence the induction period of the selenide oxidative and elimination reactions. With the optimal substituent and position, the selenides would exhibit a timebomb-type response upon oxidation stimulus. Finally, a novel amphiphilic polymer comprising selenide-linked polyethylene glycol (PEG) and cholesterol moieties is synthesized as a representative ROS-sensitive material and exhibits a time-dependent reduction in micelle size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stimuli-responsive functional gels have shown significant potential for application in biosensing and drug release systems. In this study, aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen)-functionalized, diselenide-crosslinked polymer gels were synthesized via free radical copolymerization. A series of polymer gels with different crosslink densities or tetraphenylethylene (TPE) contents were synthesized. The diselenide crosslinker in the gels could be fragmented in the presence of H2O2 or dithiothreitol (DTT) due to its redox-responsive property. Thus, the TPE-containing polymer chains were released into the aqueous solution. As a result, the aqueous solution exhibited enhanced fluorescence emission due to the strong hydrophobicity of TPE. The degradation of polymer gels and fluorescence enhancement in an aqueous solution under different H2O2 or DTT concentrations were studied. Furthermore, the polymer gels could be used as drug carriers, suggesting a visual drug release process under the action of external redox agents. The AIEgen-functionalized, diselenide-crosslinked polymer gels hold great potential in the biomedical area for biosensing and controlled drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoinduced 3D printing based on the reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process has emerged as a robust method for creating diverse functional materials. However, achieving precise control over the mechanical properties of these printed objects remains a critical challenge for practical application. Here, we demonstrated a RAFT step‐growth polymerization of a bifunctional xanthate and bifunctional vinyl acetate. Additionally, we demonstrated photoinduced 3D printing through RAFT step‐growth polymerization with a tetrafunctional xanthate and a bifunctional vinyl acetate. By adjusting the molar ratio of the components in the printing resins, we finely tuned the polymerization mechanism from step‐growth to chain‐growth. This adjustment resulted in a remarkable range of tunable Young's moduli, ranging from 7.6 MPa to 997.1 MPa. Moreover, post‐functionalization and polymer welding of the printed objects with varying mechanical properties opens up a promising way to produce tailor‐made materials with specific and tunable properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoinduced 3D printing based on the reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process has emerged as a robust method for creating diverse functional materials. However, achieving precise control over the mechanical properties of these printed objects remains a critical challenge for practical application. Here, we demonstrated a RAFT step‐growth polymerization of a bifunctional xanthate and bifunctional vinyl acetate. Additionally, we demonstrated photoinduced 3D printing through RAFT step‐growth polymerization with a tetrafunctional xanthate and a bifunctional vinyl acetate. By adjusting the molar ratio of the components in the printing resins, we finely tuned the polymerization mechanism from step‐growth to chain‐growth. This adjustment resulted in a remarkable range of tunable Young's moduli, ranging from 7.6 MPa to 997.1 MPa. Moreover, post‐functionalization and polymer welding of the printed objects with varying mechanical properties opens up a promising way to produce tailor‐made materials with specific and tunable properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) possess unique properties as a result of their internal dynamic bonds, such as self‐healing and reprocessing abilities. In this study, we report a thermally responsive C−Se dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) that relies on the transalkylation exchange between selenonium salts and selenides, which undergo a fast transalkylation reaction in the absence of any catalyst. Additionally, we demonstrate the presence of a dissociative mechanism in the absence of selenide groups. After incorporation of this DCC into selenide‐containing polymer materials, it was observed that the cross‐linked networks display varying dynamic exchange rates when using different alkylation reagents, suggesting that the reprocessing capacity of selenide‐containing materials can be regulated. Also, by incorporating selenonium salts into polymer materials, we observed that the materials exhibited good healing ability at elevated temperatures as well as excellent solvent resistance at ambient temperature. This novel dynamic covalent chemistry thus provides a straightforward method for the healing and reprocessing of selenide‐containing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) possess unique properties as a result of their internal dynamic bonds, such as self‐healing and reprocessing abilities. In this study, we report a thermally responsive C−Se dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) that relies on the transalkylation exchange between selenonium salts and selenides, which undergo a fast transalkylation reaction in the absence of any catalyst. Additionally, we demonstrate the presence of a dissociative mechanism in the absence of selenide groups. After incorporation of this DCC into selenide‐containing polymer materials, it was observed that the cross‐linked networks display varying dynamic exchange rates when using different alkylation reagents, suggesting that the reprocessing capacity of selenide‐containing materials can be regulated. Also, by incorporating selenonium salts into polymer materials, we observed that the materials exhibited good healing ability at elevated temperatures as well as excellent solvent resistance at ambient temperature. This novel dynamic covalent chemistry thus provides a straightforward method for the healing and reprocessing of selenide‐containing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium-doped phenolic resin spheres (Se-RS) was synthesized by the reaction of 4,4′-selenodiphenol and resorcinol with formaldehyde catalyzing by ammonia. The whole reaction was completed within 5 min under the acceleration of ultra-sonication. Se-RS with controlled Se-content and Se-distribution were prepared in such manner. The obtained Se-RS showed enhanced Pd2+ and Au3+ adsorption capacity in aqueous solution. The adsorbed Au3+ can be further reduced to Au0 at the surface of Se-RS in situ without additional reducing agent. The Se-RS exhibited exceptional extract capacity of gold from e-waste sewage and other aqua even its Au3+ concentration was extremely low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A robust method for preparing controlled poly(vinyl ethers) utilizing commercially available reagents under visible light is reported. Pentacarbonylbromomanganese (Mn(CO)5Br), generated from the conventional photolysis of manganese carbonyl and halide abstraction, is considered as a catalyst to oxidize carbon radical to carbenium ion in this polymerization. Polymerization behavior including the effects of solvents and monomers have been investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aside the shown failed reactions, the following substrates also do not react: allylbenzene and 4-phenylbut-1-ene as well as 2-sulfanylfuran and -pyridine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Polymer dispersity (Đ) or molecular weight distribution (MWD) is a basic but vital parameter for the properties of polymeric materials. Developing new methodologies for controlling polymer MWD is emerging as a research hotspot. However, the methods to tune polymer MWD in cationic polymerization are still not well explored. Herein, we present a simple method to control the dispersity of poly(isobutyl vinyl ether) (PIBVE) by mixing two different chain transfer agents in batch visible light induced cationic RAFT polymerization. A broad dispersity range (Đ ≈ 1.16—1.80) was successfully achieved while maintaining monomodal MWD. Moreover, chain extension of PIBVE through both cationic polymerization and radical polymerization has been studied, which also provides a method to tune polymer MWD in mechanism transformation polymerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical formulas showing H radical trifluoromethylation of coumarins with sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate are presented.

Comprehensive Summary: The application of reversible degenerative radical polymerization (RDRP) in the construction of polymer networks (PNs) provides a facile and convenient way to fabricate 3D objects with the ability to be posttransformed. However, the polymerization mechanism mainly relies on chain‐growth polymerization, which limits its wide application for various polymeric materials with different functionalities. Here, we present a method toward PNs by utilizing a photoinduced RAFT step‐growth polymerization, which is based on a RAFT single unit monomer insertion (SUMI) reaction between a xanthate and an alkyl vinyl group. Benefiting from this reaction, a pendant RAFT agent can be generated in each repeat unit of the backbone during the polymerization. These reactivatable dormant species can be further used for the postfunctionalization of PNs prepared by step‐growth polymerization of multifunctional monomers. Moreover, the prepared PNs are degradable owing to the introduction of ester groups, providing an avenue toward degradable and stimuli‐responsive materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aminium diselenocarbamates, generated in situ from amines and carbon diselenide, react with a broad spectrum of alkyl halides to give the target compounds in a one pot manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium‐containing polymers have attracted considerable attention due to their unique redox responsiveness. Here, phenyl vinyl selenide (PVSe), as a functional selenium‐containing monomer, is polymerized with maleimide (MI) or its derivatives by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The resulting polymers are characterized by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, which particularly prove the obtaining of alternating polymers through the polymerization of PVSe and MI or its derivatives. Properties of the resulting polymers are systematically investigated, such as glass transition temperature, thermal performance, and refractive indices. What's more, based on phenylseleno oxidation elimination, the alternating polymers are oxidized through 30% H2O2 to form precisely structured olefin copolymers with carboncarbon (CC) double bonds. The selective generation of double bonds in the alternating polymers is systematically studied. The efficiency of such oxidation is very high under mild conditions due to low electronegativity and bond energy of carbonselenium (CSe) bond, which provides a novel method to prepare precisely structured olefin copolymers with MI or its derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diselenide-containing polymers are facilely synthesized from polymers prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Benefiting from the ATRP technology, this protocol provides a flexible route for controlling the polymer structure, which allows for a great variety of architectures of selenium-containing polymer materials for applications in various fields. The oxidative and reductive responsive behavior of the obtained diselenide-containing polymers is also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In this article, the polymerization behavior has been investigated utilizing phenyl(4-vinylbenzyl)selane (PVBS) as an inimer under ultraviolet irradiation. Corresponding copolymers and homopolymers were synthesized by copolymerization PVBS with styrene and homopolymerization itself. The branching factors ( g′) of these branched polymers were characterized along with the polymerization conditions. Moreover, the results showed that the obtained polymers' refractive index (RI) can be enhanced by the introducing of selenium element. The results also indicated that the RI of obtained polymers could be adjusted extendedly by changing selenium content in them. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 504-510 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cyclic selenium-based reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent, 5,5-dimethyl-3-phenyl-2-selenoxo-1,3-selenazolidin-4-one (RAFT-Se), was synthesized and utilized in the RAFT polymerizations of vinyl acetate (VAc). Its analog, 5,5-dimethyl-3-phenyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one (RAFT-S), was also used in RAFT polymerizations for comparison under identical conditions. The RAFT polymerizations of VAc with RAFT-Se were moderately controlled evidenced by the increase of molecular weights with conversion, despite the slightly high Mw/ Mn (less than 1.90), whereas the molecular weights were poorly controlled in the presence of RAFT-S (2.00 < Mw/ Mn < 2.30). Thanks to its unusual cyclic structure of RAFT-Se, one or more RAFT-Se species was incorporated into the resultant poly(VAc) as revealed by the results of cleavage of polymer and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Considering the biorelated functions of both poly(VAc) and Se element, this work undoubtedly provided a successful methodology of how to incorporate high content of Se into a molecular weight controlled poly(VAc). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile soap-free miniemulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was successfully carried out via a reverse ATRP technique, using a water-soluble potassium persulfate (KPS) or 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (V-50) both as the initiator and the stabilizer, and using an oil-soluble N,N-n-butyldithiocarbamate copper (Cu(S2CN(C4H9)2)2) as the catalyst without adding any additional ligand. Polymerization results demonstrated the 'living'/controlled characteristics of ATRP and the resultant latexes showed good colloidal stability with average particle size around 300-700 nm in diameter. The monomer droplet nucleation mechanism was proposed. NMR spectroscopy and chain-extension experiments under UV light irradiation confirmed the attachment and livingness of UV light sensitive SC(S)N(C4H9)2 group in the chain end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, copolymerization of two functional monomers, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and N, N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), was firstly carried out via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization successfully. The copolymerization kinetics was investigated under the molar ratio of n[GMA+DMAEMA]0/ n[AIBN]0/ n[CPDN]0=300/1/3 at 60°C. The copolymerization showed typical "living" features such as first-order polymerization kinetics, linear increase of molecular weight with monomer conversion and narrow molecular weight distribution. The reactivity ratios of GMA and DMAEMA were calculated by the extended Kelen-Tüdös linearization methods. The epoxy group of the copolymer PGMA- co-PDMAEMA remained intact under the conditions of RAFT copolymerization and could easily be post-modified by ethylenediamine. Moreover, the modified copolymer could be used as a gene carrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Obtained polymer with alkyl C Se bond has similar transparency with polystyrene (PS), higher the refractive index than PS and comparable thermostability with PS. • The pattern is directly visual under natural light without any extra treatments and the reaction condition of photo-corsslinking does not require photoacid, photoinitiator and other agents. • The obtained pattern has excellent solution resistance, duo to its cross-linked structure. • The pattern keeps a smooth surface without deformation, which avoides its distortion. To investigate the complexity of breaking aryl C Se bond, alkyl C Se bond and alkyl C S bond by ultraviolet light, three maleimide polymers are employed as objects, including SePhP which reported in our previous work having aryl C Se bond, SePP which synthesized via radical copolymerization of N -(4-selenophenyl)-propyl maleimide and styrene having alkyl C Se bond and SPP which synthesized via radical copolymerization of N -(4-thiophenyl)-propyl maleimide and styrene having alkyl C S bond. After careful structure characteristics, SePhP, SePP and SPP are treated by ultraviolet light, as a result, only C Se bond of SePP can be broken. When SePP is irradiated by ultraviolet light in an oxygen-free condition, it can make a structure change from linear to cross-linked and refractive index decrease of polymer. Furthermore, utilizing photo-crosslinking and changing of refractive index of SePP after ultraviolet light irradiation, we realize visual photomask patterning in a simple system, which will bring great potential in display devices, anti-counterfeit labels, and etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium‐containing monomer (p‐phenylseleno) styrene (p‐PhSeSt) is polymerized by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. Polymer, (P(p‐PhSeSt)), with controlled molecular weight and narrow molecular weight is obtained. The selenide moiety in obtained P(p‐PhSeSt) can be selectively oxidized to selenoxide or selenone groups by H2O2 or NaClO, respectively. These oxidized groups can be further reduced to selenide by Na2S2O4. The structure changing of polymers during such redox cycle is characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and size exclusion chromatography. Properties, such as thermal performance, glass transition temperature, water contact angles, and refractive indices, of the resulting polymers are systematically investigated before and after oxidation. In addition, SiO2 inverse opal photonic crystal (IOPC) is fabricated by sacrificial polymer colloidal template method. Owing to changes of the RIs of P(p‐PhSeSt) after selective oxidation, the predictable change of PC bandgap as a redox‐responsive PC sensor is successfully realized, which provides new perspectives for modulating photonic crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer molecular weight distribution (MWD) is a key parameter of polymers. Here we present a robust method for controlling polymer MWD in controlled cationic polymerizations. A latent mediator strategy was designed and combined with temporal programming to regenerate mediators at different times during polymerization. Both the breadths and shapes of MWD curves were tuned easily by adjusting an external light source. Bimodal, trimodal, and tetramodal distributions were obtained, and the breadths could be varied from 1.06 to 2.09. Polymers with different MWDs prepared by this method had good chain end fidelity, which was demonstrated with successful chain‐extension experiments. In addition, the introduction of temporal programming with a computer‐controlled single chip for the light source opened an avenue for the use of artificial intelligence in polymer synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer molecular weight distribution (MWD) is a key parameter of polymers. Here we present a robust method for controlling polymer MWD in controlled cationic polymerizations. A latent mediator strategy was designed and combined with temporal programming to regenerate mediators at different times during polymerization. Both the breadths and shapes of MWD curves were tuned easily by adjusting an external light source. Bimodal, trimodal, and tetramodal distributions were obtained, and the breadths could be varied from 1.06 to 2.09. Polymers with different MWDs prepared by this method had good chain end fidelity, which was demonstrated with successful chain‐extension experiments. In addition, the introduction of temporal programming with a computer‐controlled single chip for the light source opened an avenue for the use of artificial intelligence in polymer synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pendant selenium‐containing maleimide polymers with different selenium contents are synthesized via a radical copolymerization of styrene and N‐butylmaleimide phenyl selenide. The polymer structures are characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with an energy‐dispersive spectrometer, which results in the desired structures and selenium contents. The refractive indices of the polymers, which change as a function of different contents of selenium and oxidative stimuli by H2O2 or O3, are investigated. Finally, a photonic crystal (PC) is prepared based on the selenium‐containing polymer. The visible color changes of the PC are investigated as a function of different concentrations and contact times of O3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyurethane (PU) and polyurea (PUA) materials have shown significant potential for application in tissue repair. Herein, we design a glycerol ethoxylate (PEG)-based poly(urethane-urea) for bone tissue repair. The polymer precursor was prepared from the reaction of PEG and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI). The cystine dimethyl ester was used as a cross-linker for the preparation of poly(urethane-urea) elastomers. The material was further strengthened by physical blending of nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA). The physical and biological properties of final material were evaluated by mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy characterization, degradation tests, cell proliferation and cell differentiation assays. The obtained scaffolds showed good mechanical strength, excellent biocompatibility and osteogenic capability. All the evidences demonstrated that this type of materials has good prospects for bone tissue repair application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperbranched polycaprolactone with controlled structure was synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer radical ring-opening polymerization along with self-condensed vinyl polymerization (SCVP) of 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane (MDO). Vinyl 2-[(ethoxycarbonothioyl) sulfanyl] propanoate (ECTVP) was used as polymerizable chain transfer agent. Living polymerization behavior was proved via pseudo linear kinetics, the molecular weight of polymers increasing with conversion and successful chain extension. The structure of polymers was characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, tripe detection gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry. The polymer composition was shown to be able to tune to vary the amount of ester repeat units in the polymer backbone, and hence determine the degree of branching. As expected, the degree of crystallinity was lower and the rate of degradation was faster in cases of increasing the number of branches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A method combined spray-drying process with light-induced reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was used to synthesize N -doped carbon spheres (N -CS). Firstly, the common used carbon precursor phenolic resin which called Resol was modified with a chain transfer agent (CTA). Then, the mixed ethanol solution of CTA modified Resol, F127, TEOS, and HCl was used as starting material. After a typical spray-drying process, uniformed and discrete composite spheres in regular size (70 μm) were obtained. The RAFT polymerization of acrylonitrile was initiated under the irradiation of blue LED at the surface of spheres. Through such manner, controlled amount of polyacrylonitrile was introduced onto the surface of carbon sphere. After calcination at 900 °C and etching, the obtained porous N -CS (60 μm) showed controllable total N content up to 10.8 wt%, tunable high surface area up to 1130 m2/g and good CO 2 absorptivity which can up to 4.34 mmol/g at 273 K and 4.13 mmol/g at 298 K at 1.0 bar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work developed novel selenium-containing polyimides with a high intrinsic refractive index. Four polyimides with different selenium contents and repeat unit structures were designed and synthesized via amine-dianhydride polycondensation of one of two diamines, i.e., 4,4′-oxydianiline or bis(4-aminophenyl)selanide, with one of two dianhydrides, i.e., bis(4-(3,4-dicarboxylbenzoyloxy)phenyl) ester dianhydride or 1,1′-bis(4-(3,4-dicarboxylbenzoyloxy)phenyl) selenide dianhydride. Various techniques, e.g., nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction, were used to characterize the polymers’ structures. Differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and spectroscopic ellipsometry were used to characterize the properties of the polymers. The selenium contents showed a positive effect on the refractive index of the final polymer. In addition, the refractive index can reach up to 1.968 at 633 nm, which was the highest intrinsic refractive index of a polyimide ever reported. Because of the high intrinsic refractive index, the reflective ratio of visible light on the surface of a silicon wafer was significantly reduced, indicating the potentially utility of the polymer in an anti-reflection coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium-containing monomer monophenyl maleimide selenide (MSM) was synthesized and copolymerized with styrene (St) using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Copolymers with controlled molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution were obtained. The structure of the copolymer was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrum, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) spectroscopy. The copolymer can be oxidized byH2O2 to form carbon-carbon double bonds within the main chain due to the unique sensitivity of selenide groups in the presence of oxidants. Such structure changing resulted in an interesting concentration-related photoluminescence emission enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orthogonal maleimide and thiol deprotections were combined with thiol-maleimide coupling to synthesize discrete oligomers/macromolecules on a gram scale with molecular weights up to 27.4 kDa (128mer, 7.9 g) using an iterative exponential growth strategy with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 2 n−1. Using the same chemistry, a 'readable' sequence-defined oligomer and a discrete cyclic topology were also created. Furthermore, uniform dendrons were fabricated using sequential growth (DP=2 n−1) or double exponential dendrimer growth approaches (DP=2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orthogonal maleimide and thiol deprotections were combined with thiol-maleimide coupling to synthesize discrete oligomers/macromolecules on a gram scale with molecular weights up to 27.4 kDa (128mer, 7.9 g) using an iterative exponential growth strategy with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 2 n−1. Using the same chemistry, a 'readable' sequence-defined oligomer and a discrete cyclic topology were also created. Furthermore, uniform dendrons were fabricated using sequential growth (DP=2 n−1) or double exponential dendrimer growth approaches (DP=2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Butyl acrylate is polymerized in the living way under the irradiation of purple light-emitting diode (LED) or sunlight without photocatalyst at ambient temperature. 2-((Phenoxycarbonothioyl)thio) ethyl propanoate) is exclusively added and acted as an initiator and a chain transfer agent simultaneously in the current system. Poly(butyl acrylate) with well-regulated molecular weight and relatively narrow molecular weight distribution ( Ð < 1.30) is synthesized. High conversion (>95%) can be achieved within several minutes. Polymerization shows oxygen tolerance. Near quantitative end-group fidelity of polymer is demonstrated by 1H NMR and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of selenol-X chemistry in nucleophilic substitution and Se-Michael addition reactions for polymer chain end modification is presented. Selenol-labeled polystyrene can easily react with alkyl halides, methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, pentafluorostyrene, etc. The mild conditions make it attractive for the synthesis of macromonomers. The resulting polymers are analyzed and characterized by UV, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), NMR, and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diselenide-containing polymers have attracted more and more attention due to their redox sensitivity and bioapplication. In this work, a bifunctional diselenocarbonate is prepared and used to mediate the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, producing α,ω-selenocarbonate-labeled telechelic polystyrene. Based on effective aminolysis of the terminal selenocarbonates and the followed spontaneous oxidation coupling reaction of diselenols, monoblock cyclic polystyrene linked by one diselenide bond and multiblock cyclic copolymer linked by several diselenide bonds are prepared by manipulating the concentration of α,ω-telechelic polystyrene in solution. The progress of aminolysis and the subsequent spontaneous oxidation of selenols to diselenides are monitored by UV-vis, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and NMR characterizations, confirming the cyclic topologies of the resultant polymers (monocyclic or multiblock cyclic polymer). The monoblock cyclic or multiblock polymers show redox sensitivity, which can be converted to linear polymer by reducing or oxidizing agent. Moreover, the obtained monoblock cyclic polymer or multiblock cyclic copolymer can be transformed to each other under UV irradiation by adjusting the concentration of the cyclic polystyrene. For the first time, this work provides an alternative and promising approach to realize the topological transformation of polymers by installing multiresponsive diselenide moities into the backbone of cyclic polymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vinyl acetate is polymerized in the living way under the irradiation of blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or sunlight without photocatalyst at ambient temperature. 2-(Ethoxycarbonothioyl)sulfanyl propanoate is exclusively added and acts as initiator and chain transfer agent simultaneously in the current system. Poly(vinyl acetate) with well-regulated molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution (Ð < 1.30) is synthesized. Near quantitative end group fidelity of polymer is demonstrated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and matrix-assisteed laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Janus compound containing azo-based thermal initiator and bromo-based atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator group is synthesized. Such compound can be applied in the living radical polymerization of alkyl methacrylate monomers, such as methyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, and 2-( N, N-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate. Polymers with controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions are obtained. The structure of polymers is identified by 1H NMR spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrum. A modified initiator for continuous activator regeneration ATRP mechanism is proposed according to the polymerization behavior, hydrolysis of chain backbone, and end group identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • First microflow cationic polymerization under ambient conditions. • No further purification of all reagents were required. • Well-defined poly(vinyl ether)s can be achieved within 2 min. Living cationic polymerization is a well-established method for preparing polymers with controlled molecular weights and complex architectures, but rigorous polymerization conditions limit its widespread application. Here, we report a facile strategy for simplifying the strict conditions required for traditional living cationic polymerizations of various vinyl ethers including ethyl vinyl ether (EVE), propyl vinyl ether (PVE), butyl vinyl ether (BVE) and isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE) by utilizing continuous microflow reactors and a weak Lewis acid, zinc chloride (ZnCl 2). Well-defined polymers with controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions (<1.20) can be obtained under ambient conditions without monomer purification, temperature control or strictly anhydrous conditions. The living nature of the polymerization was verified by kinetic experiments and successful in situ chain extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the first example of photosensitive cyclic amphiphilic homopolymers consisting of multiple biphenyl azobenzene chromophores in the cyclic main chain tethered with hydrophilic tetraethylene glycol monomethyl ether units is presented. The synthetic approach involves sequentially performed thermal catalyzed 'click' step-growth polymerization in bulk, and Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) intramolecular cyclization from α-alkyne/ω-azide linear precursors. It is observed that such amphiphilic macrocycles exhibit increased glass transition temperatures ( Tg), slightly faster trans-cis-trans photoisomerization, and enhanced fluorescence emission intensity compared with the corresponding linear polymers. In addition, the cyclic amphiphilic homopolymers self-assemble into spherical nanoparticles with smaller sizes which possess slower photoresponsive behaviors in a tetrahydrofuran/water mixture compared with those of the linear ones. All these interesting observations suggest that the cyclic topology has a great influence on the physical properties and self-assembly behavior of these photoresponsive amphiphilic macrocycles in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel cyclic azobenzenophanes (SC, RC) with functional handles have been synthesized efficiently by a Glaser coupling reaction. Through a Suzuki coupling reaction, alternating ring/linear polymers with rigid (conjugated)/flexible (unconjugated) bridges were obtained from the resultant cyclic azobenzenophanes. The optical activities of linear, cyclic, and macromolecular binaphethyl-azobenzene derivatives were investigated by UV/Vis and circular dichroism (CD) spectra and the time-dependent (TD)-DFT method. Experimental results and theoretical analyses indicated that the cyclic configurations exhibited better chiroptical features than the others, and the reverse conformation and difference of dextro-/levo-rotation of azobenzenophanes were detected by comparing linear and cyclic structures, which provides an opportunity for the optical-rotation-controlled 'smart' materials systems in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cross-linked structure of thermosetting carbon fiber composites makes it difficult to degrade and recycle, especially the non-destructive recovery and recycling of high value-added carbon fiber is a major challenge for the sustainable development of carbon fiber composites. The high-efficiency degradation of chemical health and the high performance of materials are mutually restricted and difficult to balance. We report a epoxy resin networks, prepared through ring-opening reaction of epoxy resin with diselenide-labeled diaromatic amine, that can be turned into catalyst-free vitrimer material by exchange of diselenide bonds. When the diselenide bonds are introduced, specific relaxation times and activation energy of the vitrimer have been measured. Based on the dynamic diselenide bonds, this new vitrimer materials can be reprocessed and repaired upon heating via swift metathesis reactions. In addition, the diselenide crosslinks thermoset materials, which have high modulus and high glass transition temperature, exhibit considerable reprocessability, recyclability and reparability. Furthermore, recyclable carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRC) are prepared using dynamic diselenide covalent network materials as binders. Epoxy resin with exchangeable diselenide crosslinks to obtain reprocessable, repairable and recyclable fiber-reinforced thermoset composites. [Display omitted] • Specific relaxation times and activation energy of diselenide crosslinks thermoset materials have been measured • Preparation of high T g and self-healing materials fosters domain-general strategy knowledge. • Recyclable carbon fiber reinforced epoxy (CFRC) are prepared using dynamic diselenide covalent network materials as binders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An iron-mediated reverse ATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA) is successfully carried out in water in the absence of any dispersants, using a water-soluble 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (V-50) as the initiator and the stabilizer, and using an oil-soluble N,N-butyldithiocarbamate ferrum (Fe(S2CN(C4H9)2)3) as the catalyst without adding any additional ligands. Micron-sized PMMA particles with UV light-sensitive -S2CN(C4H9)2 end group are obtained, and monomer droplet nucleation and suspension polymerization mechanism are proposed. Polymerization results demonstrated typical 'living'/controlled characteristics of ATRP: first-order polymerization kinetics, linear increase of molecular weights with monomer conversion and narrow molecular weight distributions for the resultant PMMA particles. NMR spectroscopy and chain-extension experiments under UV light irradiation confirm the attachment and livingness of UV light-sensitive -S2CN(C4H9)2 group in the chain end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The living free radical polymerizations of vinyl acetate (VAc) were successfully achieved in the presence of a novel organic selenium compound (diselenocarbonates), with 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator. The living characteristics of the VAc polymerization were confirmed by the linear first-order kinetic plots and linear increase of molecular weights ( Mn) of the polymers with monomer conversions, while keeping the relatively low molecular weight distributions. In addition, the end of the polymers contains selenium element which may be useful in biotechnological and biomedical applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3159-3165 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

P,P-Diphenyl phosphinodiselenoic acid benzyl ester was synthesized and used as a mediator for the polymerization of styrene under UV-vis irradiation. Moderately controlled evidence was found: linear polymerization kinetics, linear evolution of molecular weight with monomer conversion, and relatively narrow molecular weight distribution (1.5-2.0). The structure of the obtained polymers was characterized using NMR and oxidative eliminaton. Based on polymerization results, an iniferter mechanism was proposed for the current polymerization system. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) is an effective means to prepare functionalized polyester. In this work, a type of selenide-containing polyesters with controllable structure, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution was successfully prepared by ROCOP of γ-selenobutyrolactone and epoxy compounds. The influence of the catalyst, solvent, and reaction temperature on the reaction efficiency was examined. Then, kinetic study was investigated under an optimized condition. The structure of the copolymers was carefully characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 77Se NMR, Matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The resulting polymers showed a linear structure with a sequence regulated backbone repeating unit of ester-selenide. On this basis, some typical epoxides were investigated to verify the scope of the polymerization system. Due to the "living"/controlled characteristics of this ROCOP, multiblock, amphiphilic, and stereotactic copolymers could be prepared with a pre-designed structure. As expected, the selenide-containing amphiphilic copolymer could self-assemble to micelles and showed an oxidative response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]