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A brief review of the development of ethnogeography over the past century and geography-oriented theories of minzu over the past 30 years shows that ethnogeography, which is a prominent subdiscipline of geography in the first half of the 20th century, is being eroded to an "important but not conspicuous" field in China. Geography-oriented theories of minzu highlight the significance of "geography" to the development, integration and identification of minzu, whereas the understanding of "geography" is complicated and diverse, and a direction for establishing ethnogeographical theory has not been proposed. Meanwhile, narrow ethnogeography as an independent research field or subdiscipline is devoid of a systematic theoretical system. Considering both modern and contemporary geographical perspectives as well as geography-oriented theories of minzu, three accessible approaches that can strengthen the integrity of ethnogeography and promote the integration of geographical disciplines are proposed. First, the theoretical system of broad ethnogeography could be integrated through a "state-region-place" framework. Second, the multidimensional interpretations of minzu could be bridged with disciplinary traditions of natural science, social science, and humanities to form a threefold "nature-society-humanities" interpretation system. Finally, geographical theories of minzu that emphasizes connection, mobility, and transformation could be developed from the perspective of geography as a discipline rather than a subject. The integrity of ethnogeography will be demonstrated through bridging the gaps among theories, interpretations, and knowledge, and the influence of geography will be extended. More importantly, minzu and nations are understood, not interpreted, geographically.

By extracting information from various original materials and using geography departments, curricula, and faculty as indicators, this paper contributes to the discussion of the development of geography in higher education in China from 1904 to 1949. Four mutual connections are outlined. First, the development of geography in higher education is inextricably linked to social and political changes. Second, geography in higher education during the period concerned progressed in fits and starts, which affected its distribution. Third, geography departments were split into two categories according to the type of higher educational institution, which created differences in the tasks, curricula, and faculty of these departments. Fourth, faculty were trained in both domestic and foreign universities, and Western universities made an obvious contribution to the growth of qualified academic faculty. Simultaneously, universities where qualified academic faculty were trained were centralized both in domestic and foreign aspects. The special role of geographers returning from overseas study, the particularity of geography in higher education in China, and the connection between Chinese and foreign geography are also discussed in terms of geography departments, curricula, and faculty.

The use of non‐solvating, or as‐called sparingly‐solvating, electrolytes (NSEs), is regarded as one of the most promising solutions to the obstacles to the practical applications of Li−S batteries. However, it remains a puzzle that long‐life Li−S batteries have rarely, if not never, been reported with NSEs, despite their good compatibility with Li anode. Here, we find the capacity decay of Li−S batteries in NSEs is mainly due to the accumulation of the dead Li2S at the cathode side, rather than the degradation of the anodes or electrolytes. Based on this understanding, we propose an electrochemical strategy to reactivate the accumulated Li2S and revive the dead Li−S batteries in NSEs. With such a facile approach, Li−S batteries with significantly improved cycling stability and accelerated dynamics are achieved with diglyme‐, acetonitrile‐ and 1,2‐dimethoxyethane‐based NSEs. Our finding may rebuild the confidence in exploiting non‐solvating Li−S batteries with practical competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biometrics recognition takes advantage of feature extraction and pattern recognition to analyze the physical and behavioral characteristics of biological individuals to achieve the purpose of individual identification. As a typical biometric technology, palm print and palm vein have the characteristics of high recognition rate, stable features, easy location and good image quality, which have attracted the attention of researchers. This paper designs and develops a multispectral palm print and palm vein acquisition platform, which can quickly acquire palm spectrum and palm vein multispectral images with seven different wavelengths. We propose a multispectral palm print palmar vein recognition framework, and feature-level image fusion is performed after extracting features of palm print palmar vein images at different wavelengths. Through the multispectral palm print palm vein image fusion experiment, a more feasible multispectral palm print and palm vein image fusion scheme is proposed. Based on the results of image fusion, we further propose an improved convolutional neural network (CNN) for model training to achieve identity recognition based on multispectral palm print palm vein images. Finally, the effects of different CNN network structures and learning rates on the recognition results were analyzed and compared experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]