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Do reserved seats yield substantive representation for traditionally marginalized groups? To answer that question, we turn to a remarkable and little-studied institution: reserved seats for Native American tribes in the Maine House of Representatives. Tribal representatives, who can participate in debate but lack a vote, have represented tribes in Maine’s House of Representatives since statehood in 1820. We take advantage of a 1995 rule change that allowed tribal representatives to initiate legislation, and an original dataset of pro-tribal bills, to estimate the effect of reserved seats on the production of pro-tribal bills. We find that once tribal representatives were allowed to write bills, they produced over half of all tribal-related legislation during a 36-year period. Legislators with tribal constituents sponsored fewer relevant bills after the reform but continued to cosponsor pro-tribal legislation. Although our results show tribal representatives contribute to the legislative process, we caution that reserved seats are not a panacea for improving Indigenous representation.

Parasitic diseases affect millions of individuals worldwide, mainly in low-income regions. There is no cure for most of these diseases, and the treatment relies on drugs that have side effects and lead to drug resistance, emphasizing the urgency to find new treatments. Snake venom has been gaining prominence as a rich source of molecules with antiparasitic potentials, such as phospholipases A2 (PLA2s). Here, we compile the findings involving PLA2s with antiparasitic activities against helminths, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and trypanosomatids. We indicate their molecular features, highlighting the possible antiparasitic mechanisms of action of these proteins. We also demonstrate interactions between PLA2s and some parasite membrane components, shedding light on potential targets for drug design that may provide better treatment for the illnesses caused by parasites.

The rising prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria is an urgent health crisis that can only be countered through renewed investment in the discovery and development of antibiotics. There is no panacea for the antibacterial resistance crisis; instead, a multi-faceted approach is called for. In this perspective we make the case that, in the face of evolving clinical needs and enabling technologies, numerous validated antibacterial targets and associated lead molecules deserve a second look. At the same time, many worthy targets lack good leads despite harboring druggable active sites. Creative and inspired techniques buoy discovery efforts; while soil screening efforts frequently lead to antibiotic rediscovery, researchers have found success searching for new antibiotic leads by studying underexplored ecological niches or by leveraging the abundance of available data from genome mining efforts. The judicious use of “polypharmacology” (i.e., the ability of a drug to alter the activities of multiple targets) can also provide new opportunities, as can the continued search for inhibitors of resistance enzymes with the capacity to breathe new life into old antibiotics. We conclude by highlighting available pharmacoeconomic models for antibacterial discovery and development while making the case for new ones.

Background: E learning is a formalized teaching with the aid of electronic resources wherein education can be delivered to large number of students (the target audience) at same or different time. The synchronized e-learning was the panacea at the time of the covid- 19 pandemic. However, it negatively influenced the learners’ performance, attitude and learning outcomes. Aim: To assess the effect of obstacles faced nursing students related applying e-learning during COVID-19 pandemic on their attitudes. A descriptive correlational study design was used. The research was carried out at Benha University's Faculty of Nursing in Egypt. Subjects: During the academic year 2020/2021, a stratified random sampling technique was used to choose 25% of students from each of the four academic years enrolled in the Faculty of Nursing at Benha University. Tools: Interviewing questionnaire, attitude towards e-learning scale, and obstacles of e-learning questionnaires. Results: 55.5 % of students expressed negative attitudes regarding e-learning, according to the findings. The highest level of total obstacles presented among academic students in the first year (66.8%) and the lowest level of total obstacles presented among academic students in the fourth year (57%) were encountered by nursing students when using e-learning. The most common dimensions of obstacles to e-learning were infrastructure and technological advancements, technical and managerial assistance and instructors' characteristics (88.2%, 86.3% and 83.3% respectively). Conclusions: There was a highly statistically significant negative correlation between obstacles facing nursing students and their attitudes towards e-learning. Recommendations: In light of the uniqueness of learning programs, the study proposes that higher education institutions improve their e-learning strategy in order to encourage students' academic achievement.

There has been a gradual shift in the delivery of physiology laboratory classes over the last 30 years. For many, wet-lab demonstrations using animal tissues have been reduced or replaced with student-led investigations where students are both subjects and researchers. Despite these changes, expectations remain that physiology courses should include a practical component to encourage deeper and higher-order learning. Wet-lab tissue experiments and student-based group research formats can be expensive to run, associated with various ethical constraints, and, as discovered in these times of COVID-19, difficult to operate while adhering to physical distancing. We address the proposition that online and/or remote delivery of laboratory classes using digital technologies may provide a solution to both financial and ethical constraints of on-campus laboratory classes. Our discussions, as an international group of 10 physiologists from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, revealed that although some of the financial and ethical constraints of using animal tissues and student-led investigations were addressed by the introduction of online alternatives, the construction and maintenance of online delivery modes could also be expensive and ethical issues, not previously considered, included digital equity and student data security. There was also a collective perception that if face-to-face laboratory classes were changed to an entirely virtual mode there was a risk that some intended learning outcomes would not be met. It was concluded that the “ideal” approach is likely a hybrid model whereby student attendance in face-to-face, on-campus classes is supported with interactive digital content either developed in house or obtained through third-party providers.

This research paper explains the neurology and psychology of the mechanism of learning process and fetal programming. It elaborates the further technicalities of The Unimind Metamodel and The Unibrain theory. This research paper also provides a panacea for all types of learning disorders.

The debate of the finance-growth nexus can be classified into three dimensions. First, a critical factor innovation that is interacted with financial institutions and thereby should have impact on economic growth is highly ignored. Second, most studies do not differentiate the effect of finance–growth nexus at different stages of economic development. Third, in relationship to the long-run finance-growth nexus, the short-run association has received less attention. This paper synthesizes the above three aspects and explores the long- and short-run effects of innovation and financial development on real economic sectors considering different levels of income. By analyzing a panel of data for 48 countries from 1971 to 2015, this study contends that the finance–growth and innovation–growth relationships vary with the time horizons and income levels. This paper highlights the critical role that innovation can play in the growth process and states that financial development is no longer a panacea for real economic growth.

A good syllabus contributes to achieving better learning outcomes. Academic institutions often invest huge amounts in preparing the so-called 'panacea' of a syllabus hoping they could meet the demand of the highly competitive world. Now, however, educationists often get divided on what is instrumental to gaining a higher level of learning outcomes: Is it the quality of syllabus, or the kind of teaching approaches, or quality of teachers and learners, or good academic environment with a proper support system or a combination of all the above? While the academic process around the globe continues amidst these unresolved questions, teaching and learning English in Bangladeshi tertiary institutions for undergraduate students is no exception. Although almost all the students at undergraduate level take some sort of English language course like general English Language (GEL), or foundation English (FE) course, they fail to function when it comes to using the language in a real-life situation. This paper strives to trace out why the students cannot communicate in English properly even after 10 plus years of exposure to the language – 1/2 years at the tertiary level and 8 to 10 years at the primary and secondary levels. The research has adopted both quantitative and qualitative research methods and used two different questionnaires to collect data for the study. Delving into a thorough analysis of the existing syllabuses, the study contends that the syllabus cannot quite prepare the students to be able to function in English in a real-world scenario and, therefore, recommends a revamping of the syllabuses is necessary to produce pragmatic and pedagogical efficacy.

Hedging is one of the more commonly used but least studied concepts in international relations. This essay conceptualizes hedging and operationalizes it to the alignment choices of Southeast Asian smaller states. I define hedging as insurance-seeking behavior under situations of high uncertainty and high stakes, where a rational state avoids taking sides and pursues opposite measures vis-a-vis competing powers to have a fallback position. I argue that while Washington and Beijing understandably dislike small-state hedging, they both overlook that it is the uncertainties stemming from their actions that push the weak to hedge. As uncertainties deepen, the non-great powers in Southeast Asia—as elsewhere—are compelled to hedge one way or another, even as the space to hedge is shrinking. Hedging is not a panacea and it entails its own problems. But acting out of their survival instincts, smaller states opt to hedge for as long as conditions compel. Unless US–China rivalry escalates into a direct conflict, or unless strategic certainty prevails, e.g., if Washington retreats or reduces its long-term commitment to Asia—raising certainty about the absence of a reliable aligned support—then states will stop hedging and start bandwagoning with China; or if Beijing’s actions directly threaten most actors on all major fronts—heightening certainty about an imminent, across-the-board danger—then hedging will be replaced by balancing against China. Short of that, hedging is likely to persist, making ambiguities a defining theme of our time.

Among committed readers of romantic fiction in Malaysia, constructed ideals of intimacy are mobilised as a matter of personal moral enterprise and a panacea for emotional asymmetry between the sexe...

Governments across the globe have expressed their interest in forms of codesign and coproduction as a useful tool for crafting policy solutions. Genuine relationships between partners are seen as a...

The study examined the adoption behaviour of the rural farming household in South-West Nigeria. A cross-sectional sample survey of 200 farmers were randomly chosen for the study. Descriptive statistics and Tobit regression were used to calculate the probability of adoption. The study showed the magnitude of change in the level of adoption of agroforestry-based technologies by performing simulated analysis on some identified variables that could influence government policies. The simulation is done with an increase in the values of the variables by 5%, 10% and 20%. The results of this simulation of policy variables revealed that adoption will decrease with increase in age and credit facility. Also, any policy that will improve the quality and/or coverage of extension education is likely to increase adoption of agroforestry-based technologies. Landowners are likely to adopt agroforestry based technologies than tenants. Any policy that provides land to prospective farmers is likely to increase adoption of agroforestry-based technologies. Some of the general conclusion which have emerged from this investigation are that: Only availability of credit to farmers has significant effect on adoption of agroforestry-based technology at 0.05 level. However, at 0.10 level of significance, distance of input source from farm, membership of cooperative society and farmers’ educational status are significant in explaining adoption decision of farmers in the area. It is therefore recommended that there is need for provision of regular and better extension services to keep farmers abreast of the latest agroforestry-based technologies.

This paper presents a gamification framework for higher education, especially for programming language courses to increase user motivation, pleasure and satisfaction so that learning objectives can be achieved. Although student and lecturer motivation, pleasure, and satisfaction tend to increase compared to conventional techniques, gamification is not a panacea. The success of its application depends on the skill of the lecturer in choosing a game mechanic to give a sense of playing to the learning process in a more interesting way. The technique is done by dividing the class into two parts where one class uses the conventional method and one class uses the gamification method and the results will be evaluated through the assessment results before using the gamification method and after using the gamification method. The framework in this paper adds to the existing framework activities, namely adding in the field of baseline analysis, learning materials and tools used in gamification, where previous papers from three activities have not been discussed in detail. The results obtained turned out that using the gamification technique of student learning outcomes on average 15 to 25 better than using conventional techniques.

Plants have been use for the treatment, mitigation and cure of the disease since time immemorial. The natural recourses are considered as safe for human use. Ayurveda advocates the Jatamansi in various human ailments. In the present review article we tried to establish the morphological, ehno-pharmacological and therapeutic aspect of the Jatamansi. The various search engines like, Google scholar, EMBASE, pub med, pub med central are used to search the literary information and published article. We tried to put the facts that are demand of this article and explore the proficiency of the Jatamansi as panacea for various ailments.

This study constructs a simple model to demonstrate that life insurance and financial development simultaneously affect economic growth. We provide empirical evidence on the model’s critical prediction. By analysing panel data for 17 advanced European countries from 1980 to 2015, the results show that the effect of private credit on real economic growth is negative in both the long and short run. The negative finance–growth nexus may be due to excessive financing in European countries. The financial crises that occurred during the study period may also have contributed to the negative effects. We find that an increase in the consumption of life insurance is a viable and long-term policy since life insurance penetration promotes long-term economic growth but is not obvious in the short term. Finally, life insurance development is a panacea in the finance–growth nexus since it not only helps moderate long-term real growth volatility but also absorbs the side effect of private credit on real economic growth.

Changes in the legality of marijuana for medicinal use and the further legalization for recreational use have brought about renewed interest in the properties of the cannabis plant. Cannabidiol (CBD), a derivative of the cannabis plant, has emerged as a widely available panacea. The purpose of this review is to discuss the differences in the active ingredients of the cannabis plant as well as the mechanisms by which CBD may provide benefit. In addition, the evidence for pain management and anxiety are evaluated. Finally, safety, tolerability, and legal issues surrounding CBD are examined.

The study examined corporate social responsibility and management of Oil-related conflicts in South-South Nigeria. The CSR was seen as rooted in the relationship between employee, business and State-social relationship. The aim of the study is to examine the level of relationship between the oil companies and the host communities. Objectives to Investigate the CRS programs carried out by IOC’s in the host communities, Ascertain the significance of CSR as conflict management strategy by IOC’s to the host communities, Evaluate the factors affecting the implementation of the CSR by some IOC’s in the region. The population of the study area was 2,358,000. The Taro Yamene formula for sample size determination was used to arrive at 400 for the study of the 27 host Communities. Three core oil producing States were selected. Out of these three State, three Local Government areas and three communities each based on their oil producing capacity. Data collection was semi-structured: questionnaire interviews, focused group discussion. Secondary data was by reports, books, and journals. Descriptive tool such as frequency, mean, standard deviation, tables and maps was used to answer research questions. The statistical tool for hypothesis testing was independent T test. The study revealed that frequent conflicts in the study area have been characterized by the relationship between Oil prospecting Companies and their host communities; a close look at the conflicts shows that most of such have direct or indirect link with IOC’s, as a result of inadequate CSR management. Some recalcitrant cash-in by way of vandalism, etc., others through legitimate agitations. The impacts of a supposed sustainable development of oil and gas exploration in the area is hitherto environmental degradations, e.g. effluents, unemployment, lack of social amenities, non-inclusion. The study recommended a practicable participatory paradigm shift, where planning with the Community will be mainstreamed.&nbsp

The aim of the study is to examine the effect of tourism management as a panacea for sustainability of hospitality industry in Nigeria. The study applied a quantitative method involving a survey design. A questionnaire measurement instrument was constructed and deployed on a sample of 455 respondents in the hotels, packs, tourism destinations and attraction sites included in the study. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to validate the constructs in the measurement instrument. Structural Equation Model (SEM) was used to estimate structural relationship between tourism management dimensions and sustainability of hospitality industry. The analysis was aided by AMOS software version 23. The results showed that destinations management, management of attraction sites, management of tourist transportation system, management of tourism intermediaries and management of security system has significant positive effect on the sustainability of hospitality industry. Therefore, the study concluded that effective tourism management and adoption of workable strategies is vital for the development and growth of the tourism sector and significant towards enhancing the tourism ecosystem and sustainability of hospitality industry.

Religious and ethnic identity clashes laid the structure of the Nigerian state in 1914, which transmogrified into and characterized the struggle for control of power and distribution of national resources. This paper explores the nature and manifestation of these conflicts since 1999. It seeks to find out if ethno-religious struggles led to the emergence of major conflicts in Nigeria since 1999, their impact on human insecurity, and the influence of politics on the conflicts. This inquiry is designed in line with a one-shot case study, while literature survey and ex post facto methods were adopted as methods of data collection. Trend analysis is adopted for data analysis. Analysis reveals that ethno-religious struggles were the primary progenitor of conflicts in Nigeria since 1999, and have debilitating consequences while politics exacerbated ethno-religious conflicts. Upholding Nigeria's circular state and implementing the National Political Reforms Conference Report is the panacea for ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria.

It is a known fact that the religion of Islam is a religion, which covers all man’s aspects of life, be it social, political or economic. Thus, over fourteen hundred years ago Islam was able to play a vital role in eradication of poverty, unifying human race and salvaging human divinity. Thus, this paper attempt to highlights the role played by Islam in eradication of poverty so as to salvage human dignity and unifying its race. There upon, the paper recommends among other things that eradication of poverty and hunger can only be achieved by following the injunctions given by the Glorious Qur’an and Sunnah of the Prophet (S.A.W).

The COVID-19 has put higher education institutions in a new situation and identified bottlenecks in the financial structure of institutions and education systems in general. However, for Ukrainian universities, this situation can be seen as an opportunity to achieve financial autonomy. This study is devoted to the consideration of a possible tool for the financial autonomy of Ukrainian classical universities, most of which are state-funded. The paper considers the methodology of a possible tool for the accumulation of external financing – the endowment fund. The case analysis and analytical consideration of world practice are applied. As a result, a model for financing the university in its transition to the innovation and entrepreneurship model is proposed as the chain “endowment fund – development of start-ups”. This example can become the basis of the road map for other national HEIs, as well as the practice of wider use in the field of higher education. However, despite most of the national classical universities have declared a course to an innovative development, which further raised the necessity of external funding, top management and general economic situation require more attention. As this transition to a new model of the university is taking place along with the financial stabilization and under economic and social upheavals, the formation of a new culture of online communication is necessary. Thus, the proposed model is the practical guideline of possible decisions but mostly the start-point for further discussion and research. AcknowledgmentThis paper is done in the framework of the grant project “Financial stabilization of classical universities in the context of the global consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic” funded by the National Research Foundation of Ukraine “Science for Human Security and Society” (2020-2021).

This study examined the effectiveness of regulatory capital in enhancing efficiency and credit growth and reducing bad loans in commercial banks listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) from 2010 to 2019. Precisely, the impact of capital adequacy ratio (CAR) was studied on net interest margin (NIM), credit growth (CR) and non-performing loans (NPLs). The impact of capital adequacy regulations was assessed by retrieving data from financial statements analysis (FSA), Bank Financial statements and the World Bank website. Panel regression models including ordinary least squares (OLS), fixed and random effects under robust title were applied in this study. Results revealed that the implementation of stringent CAR plays the role of panacea and increases interest margin & credit growth and a reduction of NPL in Pakistani commercial banks. The study provides practical results for regulators to customize regulations on credit growth to reduce non-performing loans and maintain healthy growth of loans by not compromising on interest margins as well as maintenance of minimum capital adequacy ratios. With the high significance of stringent minimum capital adequacy for banks, the findings of the study are valuable for regulators, banks, auditors and investors, as capital adequacy ratio commonly plays the role of Panacea in terms of efficiency, credit growth and reduction in non-performing loans. Keywords: capital adequacy ratio, efficiency, credit growth, non-performing loans

The issue of increased renewable energy consumption has been widely debated, and this has become a central energy policy concern for developing and developed countries. The existing literature prov...

Climate services are intended to improve climate-sensitive decisions by making climate information ‘useful, useable and used’. Here, we analyse 27 expert interviews to evaluate whether this user-driven model of climate science has been successfully implemented in the public sector. We show that, although climate services promise better decision-making, they mainly focus on delivering better data. The norms and institutions of climate science produce three key tensions in operationalizing climate services: a focus on products rather than processes, services based on broad assumptions about demand rather than being demand-driven, and the narrow economic valuation of products rather than evaluation of improvements in decision-making. These tensions help explain why climate services often generate nominal changes in climate science where transformations are promised. Transformational change requires that climate services account for diverse social structures, behaviours and contexts. Integrating social science is no panacea for demand-driven climate services, but it is certainly a prerequisite. Climate services aim to make climate data and information accessible for climate-sensitive decision-making. However, the grounding of climate services in the norms and institutions of climate science creates tensions that reduce the impact of climate services.

This paper examined hate speech as a threat to Nigeria’s national unity and national integration. It is designed to x-ray people’s understanding of what constitute hate and the role of Media and Information Literacy (MIL) in promoting national unity and integration in Nigeria. Qualitative research method was adopted in conducting the research. Data was collected using interview and descriptive method was used in the analysis. A total of 72 participants were purposively selected for the interview from the six geo-political zones in Nigeria. The findings show that majority of the respondents were not familiar with the concept of MIL; the study also showed that effective implementation of MIL competencies will not only curb the spread of hate speech in Nigeria but also ensure national unity and national integration. The paper concludes by recommending that there is need for sensitisation among Nigerians on the dangers of hate speech and the remedy provided by MIL in order to produce citizens who will harmoniously work together to build the country.

Health coaching aims to empower patients to self-manage their long-term health conditions. Catherine Best explores the effect health coaching can have on patients and the shifts that are required to deliver it Non-communicable diseases now account for the vast majority of deaths globally. It is recognised that personalised care is key to managing non-communicable disease and health coaching is considered an essential element. Health coaching is a developing field of practice that encourages patients to adopt healthy lifestyle behaviours that can avert the impact of chronic disease. This article explores the effect health coaching can have on patients and the shifts that are required to deliver it.

Shilajit is being widely used to cure a number of diseases across the world. It has wide medicinal values in various traditional systems of medicine worldwide. Shilajit has an important place in the Ayurvedic classic texts and being used as like a panacea, as Acharya Charaka cited in their popular verse that there is no curable decease on the earth, which could not be treated with the proper administration of Shilajit Rasayana. In modern days a number of research have been conducted across the world on parameters as defined and established on modern paradigms, and it has been concluded that Shilajit may play an important Roles in curing various life style deceases or infectious deceases. The aim and objective of current study to summarize the modern findings available online or offline on resources like Pub-Med, Google Scholar, and Science direct and another database, and cross relate the same with the establishment and verses of classical Ayurvedic Texts. The physical and chemical properties of Shilajit has also been discussed and summarized with special reference to modern findings. After going through a number of literature it may be concluded that Shilajit obviously have miraculous property as described in classical text and folk lore, but there is a limitation when reviewed on modern parameters, and that limitations is definitely lack of appropriate numbers of double blinded clinical trials and efficacy evaluation. Maximum studies available now a days are either in-vivo or in-vitro study, only a few human clinical trials are present.

No organisation is ever static. For several reasons, each organisation reviews its aims and objectives from time to time. These reasons may be internally or externally driven. They could also be politically, economically and or socially motivated. Research has established that most of the attempts at bringing about change are based on the needs of employees and customers. Essentially, for the purposes of better management of employees and customers, human resource information systems (HRIS) are touted as the panacea for effective and efficient health sector service delivery. Focusing on South Africa, this paper used the descriptive literature review method to determine HRIS adoption issues within the health sector of South Africa. As an important sector in any growing economy, the health sector in our view benefits from a constant review of its mission. Within the context of South Africa, substantial emphasis is yet to be placed on health sector effectiveness. Elsewhere, in other regions and continents, research on HRIS adoption within the health sector suggests that its adoption is problematic but useful. The South African health sector is yet to fully embrace this technology and as a result is suffering from employee dissatisfaction, brain drain, and general maladministration. Investment in HRIS research is therefore instructive especially within the context of South Africa. What we have found through this review is that investing in HRIS is crucial; however, it requires thorough consideration for its funding, infrastructural support, and skilled manpower among others.

This article brings a research whose method is based on historical materialism and dialectic and aims to exhaust the determinations of the object of analysis revealing its pseudo-concreticity until reaching its essence. The proposal of the New Fundeb, promulgated in the National Congress (EC 108/20), presents itself as a panacea for the ills of financing basic education in the country. However, the problems of Fundeb created by EC 53/06 are accentuated with the new EC 108/20. The capitalization of public basic education has found fertile ground in the new permanent funding mechanism. Among the most questionable elements are: the mercantile logic in the distribution of the ICMS (municipal tax) and the complementation of Fundeb (2.5%); the centrality in the elevation of the learning indexes – that can generate unfair dispute between networks with greater availability of resources and those with less; the consolidation of the meritocracy and of possible frauds in the indicators; the impracticability of the CAQ in face of the not generous complementation of the entity that collects more taxes in the country. Although filled with progressive terms, from a practical point of view, the New Fundeb will probably not universalize with quality the Brazilian basic education, as it happened with its predecessor.

The study of hatred that emerges as human nature can provide an analytical picture of how hatred arises, develops, and turns into humanitarian incidents. With an in-depth, systematic, and genealogical study, it can come up with a panacea for this hatred. The elixir can turn hatred into compassion, violence into nonviolence, and find creative ways to turn conflict into peace; thus, creating a new, better reality. This qualitative research uses a literature study from Risale-i Nur by Bediüzzaman Said Nursi (1877-1960). In this study, Nursi's religious and psychological explanations are compared with religious theories and studies of peace and conflict that are already popular in the Western world. The data in Risale-i Nur were analysed using the Mimesis theoretical framework of the philosophical approach. With this analysis there is the prefiguration stage (Mimesis I) about the background of Said Nursi's life, the configuration stage (Mimesis II) about the story of Said Nursi's traumatic experience, and the transfiguration stage about the emergence of the capacity to handle conflict independently with others using nonviolent ideas creatively, thus creating a new reality (Mimesis III). This new reality is "nonviolent Islam," which transforms conflict nonviolently, overcoming hatred with compassion and forgiveness. This statement is based on the argument that hatred is the root of violence, and Said Nursi can escape the trap of hatred through compassion and forgiveness. This study can contribute ideas to the study of moral philosophy and can also be used as a reference for training modules and sharing experiences to reduce conflict in society or between communities.

Popular music scholarship has tended towards romance, wealth accumulation. Adequate attention has not been paid to the contributions of popular music to fight against socio-economic inequalities of various forms in Nigeria. Inequalities of various forms are part of the realities of life across climes. However, challenges of socio-economic inequalities in Nigeria and other developing countries are particularly more problematic considering the ever-widening gap between the haves and have nots in these countries. While many of the advanced countries of the world have introduced several efforts to mitigate the effects of inequalities on their citizens through the introduction of social safety nets in the area of conditional cash transfer, housing and educational system, the same could not be said about Nigeria and other sub-Sahara countries. The introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programmes of 1986 and the concomitant retrenchment of welfare services in Nigeria has since, exacerbated socio-economic challenges in the country. In addition to the efforts of the constituted governments at various levels in Nigeria, several attempts are also being made between the country and the developed countries of the world both at multilateral and bilateral levels to combat the problem of socio-economic inequalities. This study, therefore, employed archival and library methods of data collection to thematically analyzed the roles of music in combating the ever-increasing socio-economic inequalities in Nigeria, using Sẹ́gun Akinlolú’s music, ‘Small Peoples’ Anthem’ as a point of reference. The study concludes that awareness of the populace about the menace of socio-economic inequalities and their various forms remains inadequate among Nigerians. Improved advocacy and deliberate government actions are viewed as a panacea to the problem of inequality in the country.

Strychnos nux-vomicais a homoeopathic remedy that has long been considered a panacea. This review collected the clinical trials and/or experimental studies on the pharmacological effects ofNux vomica. An electronic database search was run on Google Scholar and PubMed from 1980 to 2018. Data from homoeopathic texts available on paper and electronically were also included. Conventionally,Nux vomicais a medicine for alcoholism, anger effects of, colic, constipation, dyspepsia, gastrodynia, haemorrhoids, tea and tobacco habit, insomnia, nightmares, lumbago and many more diseases. Various pharmacological studies have proved its anti-alcoholic effect. Studies also showed its effect on sleep quality, anxiety-related behavioural patterns and epilepsy survival time. It also inhibitedHelicobacter pylori-induced gene expression.Nux vomicawas found to be beneficial in treating baker’s yeast-induced acute high-grade fever, pock-like lesions and Reiter’s disease. However, further research studies are required to explore its traditional uses for other diseases.

Economic development practitioners often chase the next great idea to grow their economy, especially their downtowns. A project that many large cities have looked to as a panacea is the sports stad...

The opioid epidemic in the United States has accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic. As of 2021, roughly a third of Americans now live in a state with a recreational cannabis law (RCL). Recent evidence indicates RCLs could be a harm reduction tool to address the opioid epidemic. Individuals may use cannabis to manage pain, as well as to relieve opioid withdrawal symptoms, though it does not directly treat opioid use disorder. It is thus unclear whether RCLs are an effective policy tool to reduce adverse opioid-related health outcomes. In this study, we examine the impact of RCLs on a key opioid-related adverse health outcome: opioid-related emergency department visit rates. We estimate event study models using nearly comprehensive emergency department data from 29 states from 2011 through 2017. We find that RCLs reduce opioid-related emergency department visit rates by roughly 7.6% for two quarters after implementation. These effects are driven by men and adults aged 25–44. These effects dissipate after six months. Our estimates indicate RCLs did not increase opioid-related emergency department visits. We conclude that, while cannabis liberalization may offer some help in curbing the opioid epidemic, it is likely not a panacea.

Regional development management involves the use of development institutions, which are designed to enhance the functionality in solving the problems of the regions. For Russian regions, it is quite often proposed to borrow such institutions, for example, in the form of agencies and corporations for regional development, which looks very unreasonable. The task of distributing resources between regions, which cannot be considered solved in Russia, involves assessing the effectiveness of regional management, executive authorities, for which a system of indicators (of 20 parameters) and corresponding methods have been developed and approved, which are currently being improved and processed. The unresolved nature of these problems makes us once again turn to the validity of the decisions made and the argumentation of the position on the use of development agencies as institutions. This study provides a critical analysis of the borrowing of development institutions for the regions, demonstrating the importance of the project management method, which involves a comprehensive assessment of the feasibility of new functions, which is difficult to implement without a reliable assessment of the reasons for the negative work of existing functions and institutions at the regional level. Using a comparative survey method of analysis, measurement principles suitable for assessing the effectiveness of management, an alternative methodology for measuring the effectiveness of regional authorities in Russia is proposed. It allows you to assess the economic, social, administrative, budgetary and environmental aspects of the development of the region and the solution to breakdown in these areas by the executive bodies of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. The advantage of the proposed alternative methodology is the smaller number of indicators, as well as the use of an already established accounting and measurement system, with minimal costs for the creation of new methods and their testing. Like any approach of this type, the assessment is conditional, but the convenience of the methodology, flexibility and simplicity, allow us to give a generalized assessment of both the development of the region and the management of its development. At the same time, the use of private indicators characterizing individual spheres of the region’s functioning can occur within the framework of each of the areas of work of a government body. Thus, the analysis performed casts doubt on the need for regional agencies and corporations as an institutional panacea for development. In addition, it allows us to propose a different institution for assessing the effectiveness of management, on which the procedures for allocating resources between regions will depend, which is especially important in connection with the goals of restructuring regional debts and the implementation of infrastructure loans declared by the Federal government.

Purpose: Forensic accounting reflects the application of investigative and analytical techniques for the purpose of resolving fraudulent practices. The purpose of the research was to examine the extent at which Forensic Accounting Techniques serves as a panacea for preventing Revenue Leakages in Federal Universities in Nigeria. Methodology: Primary data were collected with the aid of research questionnaire and used in this study. The sample size of 238 respondents was determined from a census of targeted EFCC, internal audit staff of selected Nigerian Federal Universities. This study applied a statistical tool, which described and evaluated the relationships between Forensic accounting techniques and revenue leakages. Findings: The methodology shows that Forensic accounting data analysis techniques have positive effects on revenue leakages in Nigerian Federal Universities. This implies that a forensic data analysis technique can help in uncovering leakages of revenue in Nigerian Federal Universities. The implication is that when these technologies are applied, there would be drastic reduction in revenue leakages. From the findings, it was concluded that the application of forensic accounting techniques will help in preventing revenue leakages in Nigerian Federal Universities. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: On the basis of these findings and conclusion, it was recommended that forensic accounting data analysis and technology techniques should be employed in Nigerian Federal Universities to help them curb revenue leakages in the system. That will help to discover and analyse patterns of fraudulent activities and develop sorts of digital tools that would be found helpful in fighting economic and financial crimes within the system. Keywords: Forensic Accounting, Revenue Leakages, Frauds, Forensic Accounting Technologies

As businesses reopen, the practice of asking customers to sign COVID-19 liability waivers is increasing throughout the United States. Although the courts have not yet decided the enforceability of COVID-19-related liability waivers, existing case law, as well as new executive and legislative actions, suggests that such waivers may offer some protection to businesses from liability. Nevertheless, we believe that the legal and ethical rationales underlying liability waivers are not applicable to a pandemic. We further argue that the challenging nature of and the substantial unknowns about the novel coronavirus make waivers contrary to public policy. Fears over floods of litigation appear thus far unfounded, and businesses should not be relieved from their obligation of taking reasonable safety precautions. Waivers are not a panacea to reopen businesses in an ongoing pandemic, and the ultimate protection against liability is to operate in a manner that minimizes the spread of the virus consistent with evidence-based guidelines.

Small and Medium-scaled Enterprises (SMEs) are regarded as the engine of growth globally, as they play the critical role of economic diversification, job creation, entrepreneurial and technological development as well as revenue generation. Despite their significance, the survival rate of SMEs is shallow, especially in Less Developed Countries (LDCs), which posed a severe threat to macroeconomic stability, and significantly affect their sustainability. The study examines the relationship between Intellectual Capital and the sustainability of small and SMEs in Nigeria. Intellectual Capital (IC) was proxied by knowledge management (KM) and financial literacy (FL), while sustainability was proxied by the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) goals. A critical review of the available literature revealed that both knowledge management and financial literacy are crucial to the sustainability (SUS) of SMEs. The study further revealed that SMEs operators do not have adequate financial literacy, especially as it relates to risk exposure, which creates a threat to their long-term sustainability. The study recommends, therefore, that SMEs operators should double their efforts on knowledge acquisition and training, especially on financial concepts. Finally, the research proposed a framework that could be used by SMEs to gain sustainability.

Green infrastructure (GI) has become a panacea for cities working to enhance sustainability and resilience. While the rationale for GI primarily focuses on its multifunctionality (e.g. delivering m ...

The article examined kolanut curing, storage and trade. Kolanut thrives well in Africa, the Americas, Brazil and the West Indies. It is the fruit of the kola tree originating from the Cola genus. A desk research was employed using various published literatures on kolanut. It was unveiled that most farmers use chemical insecticides such as gammalin 20 and phostoxin in preventing kolanut from insect pests attack before storage, which is hazardous to the human body. Also, the methods used in extracting kolanuts from the pod, the methods used in curing and storage significantly determine the quality of the nuts. Furthermore, kolanut farmers can make more profits through exportation of the nuts rather than through domestic sales. Hence, efforts should be geared towards provision of better kolanut curing and storage methods and more awareness should be created about the benefits of exporting kolanuts to other countries.

STEM teaching approach has attracted the attention of science educators as a panacea in addressing the deteriorating interest in STEM learning. However, the impact of STEM teaching approach on students’ achievement is scarcely discussed. Thus, this study aimed to explore the impact of integrating Science and Engineering teaching approach on the achievement of students. This meta-analysis was conducted systematically on articles published between January 2000 to January 2020 which were retrieved from five databases (EBSCOhost, Emerald, Scopus, Web of Science and ERIC). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were applied to ensure a rigorous selection of the desired research articles. The data were then assessed using two online statistical effect size calculators. A total of 14 effect sizes were calculated. The overall mean effect size obtained was of high effect (es=2.61). The Engineering Design Process (EDP)(es=3.26, high effect) was the most effective teaching approach in enhancing students’ understanding, as opposed to design-based learning. An implication of the study is that EDP should be the basis for other teaching approaches in SE. Solving and creating tasks encourage application of concepts that then lead to enhancement of achievement.

South Africa (SA) has a decentralised education system. It is generally assumed that decentralisation improves the effectiveness and efficiency of education by responding to the needs, values, and expectations of both local and rural communities. A large part of SA could be described as rural and a large number of learners attend rural schools. This makes rural education a significant part of the South African education context. With education being decentralised, and with decentralisation being heralded as the panacea to the problems faced by rural communities as well as rural education, the assumption is that rural education should be of a high quality. This desk-top paper assesses the potential of decentralisation to improve the quality and effectiveness of South African rural education. This it does by locating decentralisation within neoliberalism which this paper argues is the impetus behind the decentralisation of South African education, and the reason for the decline in the quality and effectiveness of rural education. The paper also highlights certain tensions between the various decentralised spheres of governance, namely the central and provincial Departments of Education and school-level governance structures. The paper further indicates how these tensions potentially hamper the effectiveness and efficiency of rural education.  The paper concludes with some recommendations aimed at improving rural education. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.6.11

Research questions: The objectives of this study are to identify the need for Social Enterprises (SEs) as an alternative form of working in the Finnish labour market, what alternative forms of co-operation between such types of SEs could be and how larger local companies can support the sustainable operation of these small SEs by employing immigrants and the long-term unemployed. Theory: This article draws on the corporate social responsibility CSR theory of traditional enterprises to better explain the factors that can facilitate co-operation between SEs and private enterprises, thereby reaching the sustainable operation of SEs that are run by socially disadvantaged groups of people in Lapland. Phenomenon studied: SE is a new phenomenon in Lapland. There are a few SEs in the region that are struggling to maintain their existence in a sustainable manner. It is harder for the members of such SEs to run businesses or to work and to become successful in Lapland; however, obtaining employment or running a proprietorship is not an alternative (Yeasmin, 2016) for these disadvantaged people. Case context: The article contributes to the studies on the economic integration and labour market sustainability of immigrants and long-term job seekers, and particularly to the socio-economic integration of the long-term unemployed by focusing on the necessity-driven social entrepreneurship networking model in a sparsely populated region, that being the region of Lapland in Northern Finland. Findings: The disadvantaged groups need access to the labour market in Lapland, and social alliances between various partners (e.g., private, public and SE) under different social circumstances (e.g., CSR) can generate alternative options for co-operation to sustain the existence of such SEs in Lapland. An analysis explores future recommendations for co-operation that might sustain SE’s existence and development and might also increase long-term prospects for targeted SEs. Discussion: Lapland-based SEs operated by immigrants or the long-term unemployed are issues and themes that do not fall within the responsibility of any single authority or any single sector. Successfully running SEs demands positive interaction and social innovation strategies among many social partners. Networking with a variety of public stakeholder groups alongside the private sector needs to see an investment of social resources for mapping the phenomena on the topic of social economy, which is a social innovation process that might enable such SEs to have successful outcomes in Lapland.

Corruption in public institutions is a significant problem that stifles economic, social and environmental development worldwide. This predominates when there is a lack of transparency, inadequate record-keeping, and low public accountability. Accordingly, the questions this paper intends to provide answers to are two-fold. Firstly, what are the recurring patterns of procurement corruption in the South Africa (SA) public sector? Secondly, how can digital technology deployment assist in checking this trend? The desktop method was adopted through literature examination of studies relating to corruption, procurement, blockchain and digitization. We conclude by proposing a model/framework for adopting and using blockchain technology in public institutions to minimise corruption and the time taken for contract document preparation and acceptance. This study contributed to knowledge by evaluating the issues associated with public procurement and how blockchain and digitization can be adopted to help stern the tide of corruption in public institutions.

The Mandatory Bid Rule (MBR) requires a bidder who acquires control over a firm to make a general offer to all remaining shareholders to purchase their residual shares. It is the most powerful institution that requires controlling shareholders to share the control premium with other shareholders in a control transaction. The MBR is considered to be a key method of protection for minority shareholders, but nevertheless faces strong criticism over high implementation costs and an ongoing debate over its effectiveness in practice. From a utilitarianism perspective, the paper shows the relevance between the MBR and the effectiveness of minority shareholder protection mechanisms in a jurisdiction of legal transplantation. Using Mainland China as the test sample where the MBR was adopted, removed and then reintroduced, the paper employs the empirical research methodology to highlight market reactions when the rule is removed. The paper analyzes the efficiency of the MBR and outlines the types of environments and jurisdictional specifications where the MBR can operate at an optimal level, and alternatively, where the MBR will not be value-maximizing. It offers ideal legislation suggestions for similar jurisdictions considering transplanting MBR.

Summary A global society, including developed countries, continues to struggle with fatal diseases that are difficult to treat with Western medicine. A variety of infectious diseases have existed for ages, but in Africa they had been limited thanks to the Indigenous Knowledge System (IKS) prior to the introduction of cosmopolitan medicine. Influenza virus repression has been demonstrated by a number of herbal antivirals, yet the invaluable therapeutic potential of herbal medicine has been underestimated. Despite various reliable methods offered by Western medicine, the globally destructive COVID-19 pandemic requires a successful fight. The wisdom of African IKS used in tackling epidemics that have broken out in the past is brought to mind again. Pneumonia – a COVID-19 symptom, could be treated with polyherbal fomentation. Selected plants cultivated across Nigeria for hydrotherapy are under consideration to be used in proper doses. Given the potential associated with IKS, a multi-disciplinary approach involving experts in phytomedicine, ethnobotany, phytochemistry, plant physiology and ecology is necessary to unlock the therapeutic potential of traditional medicine.

Knowledge Management (KM) is often touted as a panacea for organisations aiming to be efficient and competitive. While the world today has undoubtedly entered an information era, how organisations convert information to usable knowledge has become of significant importance. Furthermore, the growing emphasis on managing and utilizing knowledge to improve organisational functioning, efficiency and competitiveness has reintroduced KM as a possible strategic asset for organisations. To explore this idea, empirical work was conducted on a contact centre making use of KM practices as a means to enhance the transmission of knowledge to their employees and in turn, to their clients. Further objectives of this research were to identify how KM was understood in this organisation, the benefits and challenges it presented, how it manifested in relation to the idea of leadership and ultimately, if it could be considered a strategic asset for organisations of this nature. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2021.13.013

In Australia, schools and faculties of education are mandated to abide by a policy requiring preservice teachers (pst s), to complete supervised professional placement (pe) in schools. The pe are drawn upon to meet the assessment criteria for degree completion. Two strategies are reported that supported individuals and education institutions to meet policy requirements while in lockdown. First, technology was used to overcome the challenge of providing pe for hundreds of pst s by supporting online learning experiences. In the second, visual technologies were used to support pst s to meet the needs of an assessment criterion. Findings indicate that innovative solutions to challenges with pe and related assessments at the university can be mobilized in a short time frame using visual technologies. Further findings indicate that, in unprecedented times, policies developed for use in different contexts can be met with innovative collaborative efforts with a focused goal that transcend seemingly insurmountable challenges.

Obserwując zachowania młodzieży szkolnej, chciałoby się zadać pytanie, dlaczego zjawisko przemocy jest tak powszechne i z jakiego powodu tak trudno jest je wyeliminować? Niektórzy badacze problemu twierdzą, że taka strategia jest korzystna ewolucyjnie. Osobniki nie giną w walce, nie toczą bojów, tylko są „pokojowo” eliminowane ze stada, natomiast osobnik alfa ustala zasady. Hierarchia jest jasna, wszyscy wiedzą, kogo słuchać, nie budzą się niepotrzebne emocje, oszczędzana jest energia stada. W szkole mamy do czynienia z agresywnymi zachowaniami nakierowanymi na osoby słabsze fizycznie i emocjonalnie. Z jakiego powodu tak się dzieje? Otóż w strukturach zhierarchizowanych, a taką jest szkoła, na stosunkowo niewielkiej przestrzeni przebywa dużo uczniów. Można zauważyć wyłanianie się typów silniejszych, bardziej agresywnych, dominujących. Mówimy o nich jako o typie alfa (prześladowca). Te same struktury wyznaczają również osobnika omega (ofiarę). Taki podział z góry naznacza, kto jest prześladowcą, a kto prześladowanym. Z sytuacjami takimi mamy do czynienia zarówno w szkole, w pracy, w więziennictwie i w wojsku. Obserwujemy podobne sytuacje w naszym środowisku. W nowej klasie dość szybko zarysowuje się podział na grupy: tych lepiej/gorzej ubranych, sytuowanych i całą resztę. Gdzieś na samym dole tej hierarchii odnajdziemy pojedyncze osoby, z którymi jakoś nikt nie spieszy się do rozmowy, które często siedzą w ławce same, są pomijane w wyborach szkolnych, do różnych grup zadaniowych. Bywa i tak, że osoba taka jest poszturchiwana, przezywana, wyśmiewana podczas odpowiedzi, niezależnie od tego, co powie. Oczywiście nie od razu jest to zauważalne, gdyż sprawa narasta stopniowo. Ofiary często nie skarżą się, tylko próbują sobie same poradzić. Niekiedy kończy się to dla nich tragicznie. Panaceum na takie sytuacje szkolne powinna być odpowiednia profilaktyka zakładająca przeciwdziałanie przemocy w szkole oraz pomoc ofiarom i prześladowcom.

This paper discusses how Nigeria as a nation can achieve national security through, not just education, but qualitative education. National security has been described in this paper, as freedom from or resilience against potential harm caused by others. For easy comprehension and assimilation, the paper was strategically broken down into six, (6) distinct sections, to wit; conceptualization of key words, causes of insecurity in Nigeria, effects of insecurity in Nigeria, role of education in checkmating insecurity, previous efforts by governments to address insecurity issues and; conclusion and recommendations. The paper was able to establish the fact that quality education can reduce incidences of insecurity, even if not totally eradicated. Education, this paper revealed is a major weapon of progressive social change. The paper concludes that sound education anchored on good educational policies and implementation can reduce, to a manageable extent, insecurity in Nigeria. Therefore some recommendations, such as declaring a state of emergency in the educational sector to reduce illiteracy, were proffered. This, the paper suggested, among others will provide a panacea for the problem of insecurity in Nigeria.