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Drought is one of the most catastrophic abiotic stresses that affects global food production severely. The present work investigates the metabolic and physiological adaptation mechanisms in the xero-halophyte Haloxylon salicornicum to counter the effects of drought. This xero-halophyte can withstand a prolonged drought period of 14 days and recovered within 7 days of irrigation with minimal effects of drought on growth and physiological parameters. Photosynthetic parameters such as PN, gs, and E decreased significantly, whereas WUE increased under drought condition. Drought induces a significant decline in the Fv/Fm ratio. However, the value of Fv/Fm ratio successfully recovered within 7 days of the recovery period. Differential regulations of various antioxidative enzymes increase the drought tolerance potential of H. salicornicum. The metabolomic analysis of H. salicornicum shoot identified 63 metabolites: 43 significantly increased and 20 significantly decreased under drought conditions. These metabolites mainly include amino acids, organic acids, amines, sugar alcohols, sugars, fatty acids, alkaloids, and phytohormones. The metabolites that have a significant contribution towards drought tolerance include citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, D-erythrose, glyceric acid, sucrose, pentanoic acid, Dmannitol, ABA, and palmitic acid. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the vital drought-responsive metabolic pathways mainly include galactose metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism. This study offers comprehensive information on physiological, antioxidative and metabolic adaptations and overall drought tolerance mechanisms in H. salicornicum. The information gained from this study will provide guidance to plant breeders and molecular biologists to develop drought-tolerant crop varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haloxylon salicornicum is a xero-halophyte growing in saline and arid regions of the world. Metabolite profiling was carried out in shoot of both control and salinity treated (400 mM NaCl) samples by GC-QTOF–MS and HPLC-DAD analysis to decipher the salinity tolerance mechanism in this xero-halophyte. The present study investigates the alteration in metabolite profile of H. salicornicum that support the salinity tolerance of the plant. The metabolomic analysis of H. salicornicum shoot identified 56 metabolites, of which 47 metabolites were significantly changed in response to salinity. These metabolites were mainly included in the category of amino acids, organic acids, amines, sugar alcohols, sugars, fatty acids, alkaloids, and phytohormones. In response to salinity, most of the amino acids were down-regulated except alanine, phenylalanine, lysine, and tyramine, which were up-regulated in H. salicornicum. In contrast to amino acids, most sugars and organic acids were up-regulated in response to salinity. Correlation and pathway enrichment analysis identified important biological pathways playing significant roles in conferring salt tolerance of H. salicornicum. These biological pathways include amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), starch and sucrose metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, cysteine, methionine, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, etc. The data presented here suggest that the modulations of various metabolic pathways facilitate H. salicornicum to survive and grow optimally even under high salinity condition. This study offers comprehensive information on metabolic adaptations and overall salt tolerance mechanisms in H. salicornicum. The information gained through this study will provide guidance to plant breeders and molecular biologists to develop salinity tolerant crop varieties. Image 1 • Metabolomic responses triggered by salinity was studied in xero-halophyte H. salicornicum. • Higher TCA cycle activity suggest uninterrupted energy supply for optimum growth. • Elevated level of sugars suggests its role as osmo-regulators, instead of amino acids. • Increased β-oxidation provides sufficient energy to maintain optimum growth under salinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First report on proteomic changes of H. salicornicum in response to salinity. • A total of 723 proteins were identified in shoot by Nano-ESI-LC–MS and MS/MS. • 188 proteins are significantly changed and 66 proteins are highly significant. • Major proteins involved in salt tolerance are Rubisco, Cytochrome b559, SOD etc. • Major Pathways are TCA cycle, photosynthesis, and antioxidative defense systems. Haloxylon salicornicum is a xero-halophyte which grow predominantly in dry saline areas. However, the proteomic approach for revealing the regulatory network involved in salt adaptation of this important xerohalophyte has not been studied so far. In the present investigation, the label-free quantitative proteomic analysis was carried out in shoot of H. salicornicum to get an insight into the functional network of proteins involved in salt tolerance. Comparative proteomic analysis in control and salt treated plants of H. salicornicum by nano-ESI-LC–MS and MS/MS, and data base searching led to the identification of 723 proteins. Pathway enrichment analysis by KEGG uncovered various biological pathways to which salinity induced differentially regulated proteins are involved. In H. salicornicum , out of 723 identified proteins, 187 proteins were differentially regulated in response to salinity. In addition to significant up-regulation of stress responsive proteins, other proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism, TCA cycle, protein synthesis, antioxidative defense systems, energy transfer, ion transport, nucleotide binding, and proteosomal proteins also significantly up-regulated under salinity in H. salicornicum. The major photosynthetic proteins up-regulated were RuBisCo, D1 protein, photosystem II-CP47, and cytochrome b599. TCA cycle component proteins such as citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase upregulated indicating their significant roles in providing vital energy for salinity tolerance. Salinity induced higher expressions of ion transporters in H. salicornicum suggest efficient compartmentalization of toxic sodium ions. In addition, up-regulation of antioxidative defense system can be correlated with effective scavenging of salinity induced ROS, hence imparting salt tolerance. In H. salicornicum, protein synthesis was boosted under salinity as confirmed from the salinity-induced up-regulation of the ribosome associated proteins. Salinity induced significantly changed proteins of the ribosomal pathway include ribosomal protein components such as elongation factor-Tu (EF-Tu), initiation factor 1 and 2 (IF1, 2), Rpo cluster C and B, etc. Functional integrity of protein synthesis machinery in H. salicornicum is maintained under high salinity by higher abundance of ribosomal subunit proteins in NaCl-treated plants. We assume that consistent energy supply by the up-regulation of TCA cycle along with uninterrupted protein synthesis and maintenance of structural integrity of the photosynthetic machinery are the primary mechanism of salinity tolerance of H. salicornicum. In the present study, we comprehensively elucidated possible mechanisms associated with systematic salt tolerance of H. salicornicum employing proteomic approach. The information from this study will contribute to the genetic improvement of crop plants that can be grown in saline marginal lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water deficit severely limits productivity of plants, and pose a major threat to modern agriculture system. Therefore, understanding drought adaptive mechanisms in drought-tolerant plants is imperative to formulate strategies for development of desiccation tolerance in crop plants. In present investigation, metabolic profiling employing GC-QTOF-MS/MS and HPLC-DAD was carried out to evaluate metabolic adjustments under drought stress in the xero-halophyte Salvadora persica. The metabolite profiling identified a total of 68 metabolites in S. persica leaf, including organic acids, amino acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, hormones, and polyphenols. The results showed that higher cellular osmolality under drought stress was accompanied by accumulations of several osmoprotectants like sugars and polyols (sucrose, glucose, mannose, galactose, erythrose, sorbose, glycerol, and myoinositol), organic acids (galactaric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, and citric acid), and amino acids (alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine). Upregulation of ABA and JA support to achieve early drought tolerance in S. persica. Moreover, accumulation of coumarin, gallic acid, and chlorogenic acid provide antioxidative defense to S. persica. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that altered metabolites were associated with starch and sucrose metabolism, galactose metabolism, inositol phosphate metabolism, and phenylalanine metabolism. While during recovery, metabolites associated with lysine biosynthesis and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism were significantly altered. The results of the present study imply that coordinated regulations between various metabolites, metabolic processes, and pathways empower the xerohalophyte S. persica to adapt under drought environment. The knowledge from this study will enable the development of drought tolerance in crops using genetic engineering and breeding approaches. Image 1 • Metabolite profiling identified 68 metabolites in the xero-halophytic plant Salvadora persica. • Functional classes of drought-inducible metabolites are amino acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, organic acids, and polyphenols. • Sugars provide osmotic homeostasis, antioxidant defense and stress signals under drought stress. • Upregularions of ABA, JA, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and coumarin aids to achive drought tolerence. • Metabolome was not completely returned to control levels suggesting stress imprint for future stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The facultative halophyte Salvadora persica L. grow in arid, semiarid and saline areas. In present study, drought induced alterations in growth, ion homeostasis, photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, ROS regulation and antioxidative defense components were analyzed in S. persica with an aim to elucidate the drought tolerance mechanisms. In response to drought, significant reductions in growth, photosynthesis, and photosynthetic pigments were observed in S. persica. However, leaf relative water content (RWC %) did not change significantly. In S. persica seedlings, the growth, photosynthetic pigment contents and photosynthesis were resumed to control level within 7 d, when the drought treated plants were re-irrigated. However, quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII), rate of electron transport (ETR), maximum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), and photochemical quenching (qP) remained unaffected under water deficit stress. The results suggest that both non-stomatal as well as stomatal limitations can account for photosynthetic reduction. The ionomics studies revealed no significant alterations in levels of Na+, K+, Ca2+, B, Cu2+, Fe2+, Mo, and Zn2+ in leaf tissue during drought. However, there was increase in levels of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in root tissue in response to drought. The activity of different enzymatic antioxidants like SOD, APX, and GR remained unaffected during drought, whereas POX activity increased and CAT activity declined under drought stress in comparison to control. This result proposes that vital ROS scavenging enzymes like SOD, APX and GR are at threshold levels to maintain the appropriate concentration of ROS. In S. persica , the ratio of AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG (which are the indicators of redox potential of cell) remained steady or increased under drought which indicates that cellular redox level is maintained in this halophyte. Although ROS levels (H 2 O 2 and O 2 •−) increased significantly under drought stress, electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation level remained unchanged in response to water deficit condition which indicates that minimal increase in ROS level under drought stress act in signaling for activation of ROS scavenging enzymes. Our results propose that decline in growth and photosynthesis is a vital energy conservation strategy of S. persica under drought condition. The rapid recovery of growth, photosynthesis and water relations in S. persica following drought seems to be a critical mechanism permitting this plant to withstand and survive under drought environment. In addition, our results implicate that efficient regulations of antioxidative enzymes in leaf tissue contribute in regulating the ROS level and cellular redox status, thereby protecting the plant from drought induced oxidative damage in S. persica. Consequently ion homeostasis, plant water status, and integrity of photosynthetic apparatus is maintained in S. persica subjected to drought. The results of present study propose that S. persica is a drought tolerant halophyte and it can be a potential candidate for restoration of degraded saline lands of coastal ecosystem. Graphical Abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Reduced growth and photosynthesis are key strategies of S. persica drought survival. • Efficient ion homeostasis contributes to the drought tolerance of S. persica. • ROS regulation by efficient modulation of antioxidative defense system. • Redox status maintained by higher AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG ratio. • Structural and functional integrity of photosystems maintained under drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lymphatic filariasis, a major global health problem, is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease, encountered mainly in the tropics and subtropics. The disease is endemic in Southeast Asia, including the Indian subcontinent. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and is caused by the filarial nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. Usually, the infected person remains asymptomatic for years together and later manifests with features and consequences of lymphatic obstruction. The adult forms of the nematodes live in human lymphatics, whereas the infective larval form, the microfilaria circulates in the peripheral blood. The nocturnal periodicity of the microfilaria makes it challenging to detect in routine peripheral blood smear examinations. Also, it is quite unusual to find the microfilaria in fine needle aspirations. However, rare cases have been reported in certain unusual sites, like lymph nodes, cutaneous swellings, bone marrow, bronchial aspirate, breast, nipple discharge, cervicovaginal smears, pleural, pericardial, ascitic fluids, ovarian cyst fluids or even thyroid. Very few cases of microfilaria in thyroid aspirates have been reported till date. Also, it is unusual to find microfilaria in lymph node and breast aspirations. Herewith, three cases of microfilariasis are reported at three uncommon sites like thyroid, lymph node and breast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity and heavy metal contaminations of the soil are the major environmental factors deleteriously affecting the agricultural yield. Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort is a halophytic species that grows proficiently in high saline coastal areas. In the present study, individual effects of various levels of salinity (0, 200 and 600 mM NaCl) and arsenic (0, 200 and 400 μM As), as well as combined effects of As and salinity (200 μM As + 200 mM NaCl and 400 μM As + 200 mM NaCl) on growth, water status, mineral ion homeostasis, photosynthetic pigments, lipid peroxidation, phytochelatin levels and antioxidative components were investigated in the halophyte S. maritima to get an insight into salinity and arsenic tolerance mechanisms. The seedlings of S. maritima survived under prolonged exposure to high dosage of As (400 μM As). The oxidative stress indicators such as H 2 O 2, O 2 − and MDA remained at a low level in both NaCl and As treated seedlings. The levels of GSSG, GSH, total glutathione and TAST increased in seedlings treated with As alone whereas it declined under combined treatments of As with NaCl. The antioxidative response showed a decreased activity of SOD and increased activity of CAT both in NaCl and As treated seedlings as compared to control. In contrasts, the activities of other antioxidative enzymes such as APX, POX, and GR consistently decreased in NaCl-treated seedlings and increased in As-treated seedlings. The ratios of AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG (indicators of cellular redox potential) were either elevated or remained unchanged in S. maritima seedlings subjected to salinity and As treatments. Our results suggest that the halophyte, S. maritima can withstand high salinity and As by regulating antioxidative enzymes and maintaining cellular redox level. Moreover, the salinity and arsenic tolerance index (T i ) of S. maritima was at par to the control or more than the control value in all the treatments. The arsenic bio-concentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (T f ) values of S. maritima were all greater than 1.0 which clearly indicates that this plant has the basic characteristics of As-hyperaccumulator. Taken together, our results suggest that S. maritima plants can be utilized for phytoremediation/phytostabilization of saline soils contaminated with high arsenic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Laminin expression is supposed to be associated with a number of invasive carcinomas, particularly squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and uterine cervix. Overexpression of laminin is seen in a high proportion of triple negative breast carcinomas, which is associated with an unfavourable clinicopathological state and poor prognosis. Aim: To evaluate the role of laminin 332 expression as a prognostic marker in triple negative breast carcinomas. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India, during the period from January 2018 to December 2020. Total number of histologically diagnosed breast carcinoma cases reported was 322, over a span of two years. Out of which, 59 cases showed Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR) and Human Epidermal growth Receptor 2 neu (HER2neu) negativity. These triple negative breast carcinoma cases were further subjected to laminin immunostaining, excluding three due to lack of sufficient tissue. The results were interpreted and represented in a tabular manner taking into account the clinicopathological manifestation, tumour grading and correlation with laminin expression. Results: Only the 56 triple negative breast carcinomas were subjected to laminin immunostaining. Majority 50 (89.28%) were elderly patients above 50 years of age. Also, a higher proportion of cases i.e. 36 (64.29%) were grade 3 tumours. Histopathologically, 55 (98.21%) cases were Infiltrating Duct Carcinomas (IDC). Lymph node metastasis and lymphovascular invasion were found in 32 (57.14%) and in 36 (64.29%) cases respectively. Laminin was strongly positive in those with higher grade (grade-3) tumours 24 (66.67%), those with lymph node involvement 17 (53.12%) and those showing lymphovascular invasions 28 (77.78%). Conclusion: Laminin immunostaining is an important prognostic marker in a number of epithelial malignancies. This study was intended to predict the role of laminin as a prognostic biomarker in the triple negative breast carcinoma cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Growth reduction under high salinity is an energy conservation strategy in H. salicornicum. • Downregulation of stomata is a water conservation strategy in H. salicornicum. • Na+, total soluble sugars, and total free amino acids are major contributors for osmotic adjustment. • Coordination of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative components play vital role in salt tolerance of H. salicornicum. • Structural integrity of photosystems is maintained by efficient sequestration of ROS. Salinity is a foremost environmental threat that challenges agriculture and food security worldwide. In the present work, physiological, biochemical and anatomical strategies adopted by the xero-halophyte Haloxylon salicornicum in response to salinity was investigated. H. salicornicum plant withstands a prolong treatment of salinity, even under high dose of NaCl (400 mM). Our results showed that both fresh and dry biomass of shoot, plant height, and shoot area increased under low salinity (100–200 mM NaCl), whereas these parameters remained unaffected under high salinity (300–400 mM NaCl). In H. salicornicum , shoot water content (SWC%) was maintained at all levels of salinity. Salt tolerance index of H. salicornicum did not decline with increasing doses of salinity indicating salt tolerance capability of the plant. Although, salinity caused an increase in Na+ content of shoot, but K+ content of shoot remained steady at all levels of salinity. The rate of photosynthesis (P N), stomatal conductance (g s), rate of transpiration (E), water use efficiency (WUE), quantum yield of PSII (Φ PSII), photochemical quenching (qP), and electron transport rate (ETR) remained at par to the control level under low salinity (100–200 mM NaCl) and then reduced significantly under high salinity (300–400 mM NaCl). Salinity had no significant impacts on maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (F v /F m) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) which implies that PS II remained unaffected by sanity-induced oxidative damage. The levels of H 2 O 2 and NO increased significantly under salinity, whereas the level of O 2 •− remained unaffected under various levels of salinity. Higher level of H 2 O 2 and NO indicates the signaling role of these molecules. Lipid peroxidation level remained unchanged under low salinity (0–300 mM NaCl), but increased significantly under extreme salinity (400 mM NaCl). Ratio of AsA/DHA (indicator of cellular redox potential) elevated under high salinity (300–400 mM NaCl). The activities of various enzymatic antioxidants like SOD, APX, POX, GR and CAT showed differential responses under salinity. The results propose that coordination between enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative components regulates ROS levels in H. salicornicum and contribute in salt tolerance by maintaining water status, ion homeostasis, redox status of the cells, and efficient protection of PSII form salinity induced oxidative damage. Higher tolerance index, optimal growth and competent antioxidative system make this xero-halophyte a suitable candidate for reclamation of salt degraded agricultural lands and can be a potent genetic resource for the development of salinity tolerant crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aeromonas spp. are normal inhabitants of aquatic environments and are emerging foodborne bacterial pathogens. Aeromonas spp. contamination is frequent in ready-to-eat (RTE) seafood and can also occur in products prepared from milk or meat. The study determined the enterotoxin and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Aeromonas spp. isolates recovered from RTE milk products (n = 105), RTE meat/fish products (n = 40) and drinking water (n = 60) samples collected from tourist places in Himachal Pradesh, India, in northwestern Himalayas. 7.3 % (16/220) samples were found contaminated with Aeromonas spp. These isolates were identified as A. hydrophila (31.3 %), A. schubertii (25.0 %), A. sobria (25.0 %) and A. veronii (18.8 %). Aeromonas spp. contamination was significantly higher (14.3 %, 15/105, p = 0.0001) in RTE milk products. The contamination levels for water samples were 1.7 % whereas none of the tested RTE meat or fish products yielded Aeromonas spp. Among RTE milk products, contamination was significantly higher in paneer (South Asian soft cheese) (26.1 %, p = 0.0027) and cream (25.0 %, p = 0.046) based RTE foods. All isolates carried alt (361 bp), encoding a cytotonic heat-labile enterotoxin. Ampicillin resistance was 100 % and high levels (>30 %) of resistance were recorded for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, amikacin, cefotaxime and ceftazidime. Six (37.5 %) isolates were multi drug resistant (MDR), showing resistance to aminoglycosides, cephams and penicillins. Isolation of alt carrying MDR isolates from RTE foods indicates that Aeromonas spp. can be potential foodborne public health threat in northwestern Himalayas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure of C6 and CHO-K1 cells to different concentrations of the antineoplastic drug paclitaxel resulted in a loss of cellular viability. The percentage of surviving cells fell significantly after 48 hours of treatment and IC50 values observed were between 0.5 to 0.75 and 0.25 to 0.75 µg/ml in C6 and CHO-K1 cells, respectively. No significant cytotoxicity was observed after 24 hours of treatment and cells incubated at higher concentrations of paclitaxel showed increased survivability. Paclitaxel induced apoptosis by caspase 3/7 activation and caused accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Upon fluorescent microscopy, both the cell lines lost the morphology, confluence and adherence at 24 hours but effects were much more pronounced at 48 hours of treatment. The in vitro data suggested that paclitaxel is highly effective when there is prolonged exposure of tumor to the drug rather than increasing the intratumoral or biophasic concentration of the drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed extracts (SWE) possess great potential as bio-stimulants for improving agricultural yield. They also reduce the use of chemicals that have detrimental effects on the environment. The bactericidal, antiviral and fungicidal functional properties of SWE are due to the presence of biologically active components that stimulate plant stress signalling pathways and promote growth and productivity. In the present study, the efficacy of a brown algal, Sargassum tenerrimum extract (S-extract), towards managing Macrophomina phaseolina resistance in tomato was analysed. The application of S-extract (10%) alone and in combination with the fungus M. phaseolina significantly enhanced shoot and root length. Stress-inducible salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) showed maximum accumulation with combination treatment (Macrophomina and S-extract) and Macrophomina treatment, respectively, during both vegetative and reproductive stages. The growth-related kinetin and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) hormones showed maximum accumulation with Macrophomina during the vegetative stage and during reproductive stage; control plants had maximum accumulation. Superoxide radical (O2●-) showed significant differential regulation during both vegetative and reproductive stages, whereas H2O2 was significantly regulated only during the reproductive stage. Antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, GR, APX and POX) showed maximum accumulation with the combination treatment during the vegetative stage. During the reproductive stage SOD, CAT, APX and POX showed maximum accumulation with S-extract treatment. The S-extract can serve as a bio-stimulant as it provides Macrophomina resistance in tomato by modulating phytohormones and antioxidative enzymes and improves yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zoonotic diseases are an important public health problem. Keeping this in way, a panel reviewed the discussion around "one health" strategy of the WHO in combating zoonotic diseases during Seventh annual conference of Consortium Against Rabies (CAR) with the theme of "Zoonoses: Thinking beyond Rabies" held on 14th and 15th June 2019. The panel came out a manuscript discussing the need, background, and rationale for basic framework of possible roadmap for one health. Background —About CAR: CAR has been established with the aim to serve as a platform for the control of the rabies menace in India. It will evolve into a full fledged struggle against rabies in the country. The association comprises of medical professionals, veterinary doctors, and public health persons. The idea behind CAR is to bring the best minds in the country for research and information dissemination in the field of rabies. About Academy of Family Physicians of India (AFPI): AFPI is the official association of family physicians in India. Dedicated to provide professional leadership, conduct healthcare advocacy, policy development and a change in health system within the domain of family medicine, and larger public health system in the country, the academy is the recipient of the Healthcare Leadership Award 2012 in the category of Healthcare Governance and Public Administration. The white paper development Process: More than 100 medical experts, veterinary doctors, and public health persons from across the country and belonging to the fields of internal medicine, family medicine, public health, veterinary sciences, nursing science and environmental science and representing reputed medical institutions, government funded research institutions, and policy making bodies participated in discussions on topic of "one health" made during 7th Annual national conference of CAR with the theme of "Zoonoses: Thinking beyond Rabies" held on 14th and 15th June 2019. The panel steering the discussion included leading expert from ICMR, medical colleges, veterinary college, family medicine, private practitioners, and health program managers. The panel committee had prepared a draft document well in advance of the conference, which was communicated to all participants for feedback and comments. The panel was steered by ICMR expert. The discussion of the panellist was presented to the consensus group and unanimously adopted. A writing group worked on the manuscript, which was again circulated by email to all for any comments and suggestions before final publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]