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Kluwek seeds (Pangium edule Reinw.) have a low germination percentage caused by dormancy due to hard seed coat. Kluwek seed germination takes about 1 month. The purpose of this study was to obtain a combination of treatments that were effective in increasing the percentage of kluwek seed germination and reducing the intensity of kluwek seed dormancy. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) factorial design. The first factor was immersion time (H) consisting of five levels, namely H0: Control (0 hour), H1: 6 hours, H2: 12 hours, H3: 18 hours, and H4: 24 hours and the second factor was giberellin concentration (G) with five levels namely G0: 0 ppm, G1: 25 ppm, G2: 50 ppm, G3: 75 ppm and G4: 100 ppm. Data analysis used Analysis of Variance (Anava) and further tested with Duncans' Multiple Range test (DMRT) at a significant level of 5%. The results obtained showed that the percentage of seed germination without immersion is 6.67%. Soaking using aquades produces an average germination percentage of 28.33%. The most effective treatment was GA3 75 ppm for 24 hours with seed germination of 60%, while the value of dormant intensity is 40%.Keywords: dormancy, germination, gibberellin, kluwek.

Malang city as a travel destination in East Java has various regional culinary such as rawon. Rawon was a dark soup made from beef broth, kluwak (Pangium edule) paste, sliced beef and various spices, served with rice and often topped with bean sprout. Spices are obtained from natural plants that have a strong aroma and are often used as food mixtures or preservatives. Different ingredients, cooking methods and the heating process will produce different quality of rawon. The quality of rawon in Malang city was still unknown. By knowing the quality of rawon in Malang, parts used in the manufacture of rawon include ribs, brisket, samcan meat and each rawon merchant shop uses a different type. Consumers can choose rawon with the best quality in terms of nutritional value. The purpose of this research was to know the pH, moisture content, fat content, total calories and fatty acid profile of rawon in Malang City. This research used a descriptive quantitative research method. Rawon samples were obtained from several districts in Malang city. The data were analyzed statistically using excel to get the standard deviation based on the method. The results showed that the quality of rawon in Malang city has a pH of 4.80 ± 0.22 to 6.31 ± 0.16, moisture content 44.07 ± 0.15 to 74.81 ± 0.16, fat content 9.86 ± 0.18 to 17.62 ± 0.19, total calories 88.38 ± 0.24 to 201.06 ± 0.14, rawon consists of 19 saturated fatty acids and 18 unsaturated fatty acids saturated. It can be concluded that rawon beef in Malang was a nutrient dense food and its nutritional content varies depending on the beef used, the recipe and the cooking process.

Pado is a unique fermented fish product of West Sumatera Indonesia, prepared using dried Pangium edule Reinw seed in combination with grated coconut, with or without salt. Changing of microflora during fermentation has not been extensively reported. This study observed the changes of microflora, especially lactic acid bacteria, during fermentation for 7 days at room temperature (25-30 °C) of pado without the addition of salt. No microorganisms were found on dried P. edule seed. Enterobacteriaceae and spore-forming bacteria decreased and were not found at the end of the fermentation, while the yeast and mold counts were relatively constant at a low level. Instead, lactic acid bacteria increased along with the fermentation process, in line with the decreasing of pH, water contents, and water activity of the fish product. Apparently, few species of lactic acid bacteria are involved during fermentation, most likely due to the use of P. edule seed (as no salt was used). Partial sequencing based on the 16S rRNA gene showed that Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus pentosus were consistently identified at the various fermentation steps. This study reports that although lactic acid bacteria predominate, only a few species are involved in pado fermentation.

During 2015, two drift endocarps of Pangium edule were found stranded in southern British waters, the first from Dungeness, Kent (25/09/2015) and the second from Loe Bay Beach, Cornwall (13/11/2015). The specimens represent the first records of P. edule drift endocarps from British waters. Four specimens have previously been recorded from Dutch (3) and Danish (1) waters. A first record of P. edule from Bermuda (NW Atlantic) in mid-December 2015 is also reported.

A medicine named as Love herbal (LH) fabricated using zingiberaceae fruit (Golobe halmahera) with a very high concentration ofIC50 = 6.54 ng/ml [1-6] had been compared with pangileaf (Pangium edule Reinw) as well as the combination of pangi-LH herbal medicine especially in their functions of stopping the growth of HIV virus inside T Cell with CD 4 in its surface. By using optical spectroscopy techniques of fast Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), photo cells, and gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GCMS), we found their significant differences. Based on our former finding, the inhibition of pangi leaf was 2.19 times larger than that in love herbal medicine [7]. Such pangi leaf medicine has advantages of optical uniqueness behaviors due to CC at 2260 cm-1 which might be closely in conjunction with very strong alkaline function associated with at least 4 compounds ofoctadecanoic acid (24.6 %), squalene (21.22 %), hexadecanoic acid (15.08 %), and phytol (10.33 %) to kill HIV virus more effectively and safely in human body. The results of our observation under real time photo cells with pure pangileaf medicine at concentration of 400 to 800 ppm were superior to LH medicine. Such output suggests that pangi leaf medicine is very promising for healing HIV patients in the future applications.

Oxidation is one of the important factors that affect the quality of meat products including sausages. To inhibit oxidation, ingredients need to be added in the process of making sausages which act as antioxidants. One plant that functions as a natural antioxidant is kluwak. Kluwak can be used to extend the shelf life. Kluwak 0 days and 40 days fermentation. Aside from being a preservative, kluwak seeds also contain antioxidant compounds and flavonoid groups. Antioxidant compounds that function as anti-cancer in kluwak seeds include vitamin C, iron ions, and Beta carotene which are the work of fermented kluwak seeds for 40 days. This study aimed to determine the effect of different types and levels of kluwak and their interactions on the physical characteristics and antioxidant activity of beef sausages during storage. This study uses two types of kluwak (0 days and fermentation 40 days), different levels and length of storage. Results of this study can increase antioxidant activity and reduce oxidation of lipid.

One of the herbs that can be used as a source of natural dye is the kluwek which is brown. This study aims to determine the type of secondary metabolite compounds producing color, and to determine the stability of tannin in various conditions such as pH, oxidizing, UV rays, heating temperature, and storage using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. This research includes preparation of kluwek, extraction with acetone:water (7:3) with maceration method, phytochemical test (tannin, flavonoid, carotenoid, and anthocyanin) and total tannins, and tannin stability test on various pH, oxidizing, UV rays, temperature and duration of heating, and storage using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The results obtained are kluwek extract containing tannin, flavonoid, carotenoid, and anthocyanin compounds, and total tannins 2.80%. Based on the tannin content, kluwek extract stable at pH 6-7, heating 60-80 oC, and storage up to 9 days at temperature 27 C, and kluwek extract unstable when contact with 1% H2O2, UV light, and if kept at cold temperature (10 ?C).

The egg’s quality that are easily declined requires preservation methods, one of them is salting. Banyuwangi’s people have known kepayang or kluwak nuts (Pangium edule Reinw) as local wisdom that can be used as food processed material. Cyanide acid, flavonoid, and tannin compounds inside it capable of preserving foodstuffs. This study aimed to analyze the effect of kluwak nuts natural preservative to sensory quality and storability of salted eggs. This research used experimental method by testing sensory quality and storability on three replications, organoleptic test by asking 30 panelists to test color, odor, taste, and hedonic. Storability test is done by storing salted eggs at room temperature. The data analyzed using statistical calculation using SPSS software. The result showed that: (1) The higher concentration of kluwak nuts essence, aroma, taste, sandy level, customer preferences, and egg weight’s change during storage decreased, while yolk color increased; (2) The longer storage time, yolk color, aroma, taste, and customer preferences decreased, whereas sandy level and egg weight’s change during storage increased; (3) There was interaction between kluwak nuts essence adding with storability of all parameters.  Keywords: kluwak nuts essence, local wisdom, salted eggs, sensory quality, storability

Pangium edule seeds are widely used as spices in Southeast Asia in a fresh and fermented form and are reported to have active compounds for food preservation. However, scientific data on the active compounds of P. edule seed that can prevent the growth of toxigenic Aspergillus flavus have not been widely reported. This research subjected to determine the antifungal activity and identify the active compounds of water extract of old and fermented seed of P. edule against A. flavus. The water extract was compared to the extracts obtained by multilevel maceration using 50% ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane as solvents. Alkaloid, saponin, phenolic compound, flavonoid, triterpenoid, and glycoside were detected qualitatively in the crude extracts. The water extract showed the best activity to suppress the growth of A. flavus, determined by the agar dilution method, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5 and 25 mg/mL for old and fermented seed, respectively. The water extracts showed a moderate toxicity with LC50 of 100-500 μg/mL, determined by the brine-shrimp toxicity test. After fractionation using 3 kDa molecular-weight (MW) cut-off ultrafiltration membrane, two fractions, i.e., fraction with MW < 3 kDa and >3 kDa, were obtained. The fraction with MW < 3 kDa showed the best antifungal activity with the MIC of 6.25 and 12.5 mg/mL for old and fermented seed, respectively. LC-MS/MS profile showed that different compounds belong to fatty acid, amino acid, glycoside, and peptide were found as major active compounds in the fractionated water extract. The principal compounds and partial least-square analysis, however, suggested that fatty acid and glycoside are responsible for the antifungal activity. Hence, this study concluded that the water extract of P. edule seed had promising antifungal activity against A. flavus which was due to presence of particular compounds belong to fatty acid and glycoside.

Consumer demand for live fish commodities has increased, especially for the type of fish that have high economic value, one of which is tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Good handling transportation system is needed to make fish still alive until destination. The purpose of this research is to determine the concentration of Pangium edule leaves extract best as the fainting of tilapia in fish transportation. This research method was an experiment with two replications with each concentration 0, 600, 800, 1000, 1300, 1700 and 2500 ppm. The research consists of a preliminary research to determine the limited concentration extract of Pangium edule leaves that can make mortality to the fish and primary research to determine effective concentration as anesthetic material and application during dry transportation system. The results showed that the effective concentration of Pangium edule leaves was 2500 ppm with faint average 35 minutes and recovery time was 5 minutes. Application of Pangium edule leaves extract for the dry transportation system with a concentration of 2500 ppm reached an optimum level of survival rate was 100% for 2 hours.

There are two important things that farmers consider in selecting and developing plant species in their agroforestry system, namely productivity and suitability to the site. This study aims to determine the productivity of the pangi crop and the biodiversity of the agroforestry system at different altitudes. This research was conducted from June to November 2018 at three different altitudes, namely in Lembang Palesan (Rembon District) which represents an altitude of 1000 m above sea level. The research method used is a survey method with the placement of sample plots by Purposive Sampling. The sample plot size is 20m x 50m or 0.1 ha. At each different altitude, 10 sample plots were made, so the number of sample plots was 30. The parameters measured were pangi fruit production, tree diameter and height and recorded all plant species in the sample plot. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively and descriptively, while agroforestry system plant species diversity was identified using vegetation analysis methods. The results showed that the fruit production of the pangi plant, density, LBDS and diameter of the pangi tree were significantly different at each different altitude and the largest was at an altitude of 800-850 m above sea level, but the number of plant species and the diversity of plant species at each altitude were relatively the same in the medium category, as well as the density of all types of plants, and the average height of pangi trees were not significantly different at each different altitude. Thus, it is not recommended that pangi crop be developed at an altitude above 850 m above sea level.

The research purposed was compared of two extracts as molluscicidal activities from root of Derris elliptica Wallich. and Pangium edule Reinw seed, that assessed to 3-month old snails Pomacea canaliculata L. The Golden apple snails is widely regarded as worst invasive pest species in the rice growing area. It normally destroys the young stems and leaves paddy and could consume 7 – 24 rice seedlings per day. The experiment research started with the mortality test of the golden apple snail, meanwhile hexane extract fraction and etanol extract fraction have completely jumble mode; using the lethal concentration (LC) have mean to describe short term potency of poisonous (toxicity) from materials and can gave little effect or impact for environment; processing phytochemical test from n-hexane extract and etanol extract of root D.elliptica and P.edule showed positive to contain tanin, saponin and fenol. The data of LC 50 from n-hexane fraction measure with probit analyze (9,905 mg L -1 ) by D.elliptica L . with high toxic category, and n-hexane fraction (11,574 mg L -1 ) by P.edule Reinw. with toxic category are more effective for golden apple snail control. The golden apple snail mortality was highest using 5000 ppm n-hexane fraction showed 93,3% from D.elliptica and using 5000 ppm n-hexane fraction from P.edule showed 63,3%. In conclusion, both of extracts from D.elliptica roots and P.edule seeds was showed potency as botanical mollusicicides and it can be apply in the field

Invasion of Botryodiplodia theobromae as a dieback fungus on jabon merah (Anthocephalus macrophyllus) seedlings is a crucial issues. This pathogenic fungus needs to be controlled precisely. Phytochemical compounds of plant material is one alternative fungicides. Crude extracts of picung (Pangium edule) leaf in water and methanol solvent known to have antifungal potential. However, its activity against B. theobromae need to be revealed. In vitro assay aimed to measuring antifungal activity of water and methanol extracts of picung leaf on controlling growth of B. theobromae pathogenic fungus. Hot water extraction and maceration in methanol was conducted to obtain crude extract materials. In-vitro antifungal assay of water and methanol extracts of picung leaf was conducted by food poisoning method on Potato Dextrose Agar media. The results showed that water and methanol extracts of pangi leaf be able to suppress the growth of B. theobromae on the first day of observation, with the highest antifungal index reached 100% at concentration of 25mg/mL and 50mg/mL, respectively. This indicates that water and methanol extracts of picung leaf have antifungal activity. Generally, there was a trend of decrease in antifungal index over time.Key words: antifungal activity, Botryodiplodia theobromae, jabon merah, picung

Silver nanoparticles have been synthesized using kluwak leaf extract (Pangium edule Reinw) as bioreductor and antioxidant activity assay. The nanoparticles formed were monitored by observing UV-Vis absorption and characterized by using FTIR, PSA, XRD and SEM instruments. The result of functional group characterization with FTIR show that the functional groups OH, C = O, C-O and CH2 act as Ag+ reducing agent. The size of silver nanoparticles was determined by using Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and the result show average particle size distribution of 93.2 nm. Morphology of AgNp were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Difraction (XRD) analysis show result of 51,78 nm. The antioxidant activity was shown by in kluwak leaf extract and silver nanoparticles with IC50 values respectively 831,33 ppm dan 1493,09 ppm.

Mujair fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) is a freshwater fish that is commonly consumed. This is due that they are easily found and obtrained and with a price in fresh markets that are relatively cheap. Unfortunately, this fish happens to be a very perishable commodity, due to it’s sensitiveness to spoilage because of its high protein content and moisture content. Pangi seeds (Pangium edule) is known to contain tanines, natural polyphenols that inhibits microorganisms through their cell wall permeability. The purpose of this research was to test the potential of pangi seeds crude extract as natural pangi seed toxiti preservatives on mujair fish, shelf life potential on mujair fish. This was achieved by marinating the fish in crude pangi seed extracts at concentrations of 0% (control), 5% and 10% and then store for 4 days at room temperature. Parameters tested on this research includes cyanide identification BSLT toxicity testing and fish spoilage (degradation) through protein changes and pH. Results of this research indicated that pangi seeds crude extract does not contain any cyanide of whatsoever, pangi seed crude extract toxicity testing indicated thatit was not toxic to a concentration of 128233mg/L, meanwhile protein analysis indicated that the optimum concentration of pangi seed crude extract to inhibit fish spoilage is 10% while in terms of pH degradation, the optimum concentration was 5%.

In rural forest areas, plants and animals provide communities’ daily needs as well as marketable products that generate income for local communities. Healthy forests not only provide important ecological functions but also contribute to an indigenous population’s economy and culture. Papua is an important region in the world to study the social importance of tropical rainforests, as this vast region contains over 250 ethnic groups, most of whom depend on forest ecology for their livelihood. This research was aims to understand the process and utilization technique of Raja’s seeds (Pangium edule) as a traditional food source according to the indigenous knowledge of the Aifat people in Kumurkek, Aifat sub-District, Maybrat Regency. The study uses descriptive methods, field observations, and semi-structured interviews. Results indicate that there are six stages of Raja’s seeds processing, including seed harvesting, poaching, slicing, soaking in a river, and culminating in consumption. Tools and materials used in processing the seeds include machetes, wood, stone, and metal pans. As of now, there is no conservation scheme to preserve the Raja plant. However, the knowledge of Raja plant production is still bequeathed among relatives according to local tradition. Further research is needed in order to find other benefits of this species, such as use as a natural pesticide and other potential products that can provide additional income for the Aifat sub-District.

The purpose of this research is to know the effect of addition durian rind ash as a catalyst for biodiesel production. Waste of Durian rind ash containing potassium oxide compound can be used as a novel heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification process. Potassium oxide in durian rind ash catalyst has been synthesized by the simple burning method. In this research, durian rind ash catalyst was potentially for biodiesel production from Pangi (Pangium Edule Reinw) oil. The optimum biodiesel yield of 96.24% can be achieved over durian rind ash catalyst of 5 wt.% of catalyst, reaction temperature 65°C at 1 hour, and a methanol-to-Pangi oil ratio of 8:1. The characterization was also conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Fermented seed of the tropical tree Pangium edule Reinw., locally known as Keluwak, have been used as spices in Asian and especially Indonesia cuisine. For further processing and postharvest handling, physical and mechanical properties of the seed are needed. Some physical properties, i.e. length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, unit mass and 100-mass of seeds, fraction by weight, true volume, true density, bulk density, porosity, and coefficient of static friction at five different surface (cardboard, stainless steel, iron plate, glass, and plywood) of Keluwak seeds were evaluated at the market moisture content. Also, some mechanical properties, i.e. rupture force, strain, stress and Young modulus at three dimensions axis have been measured. The average length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, unit mass and per 100 seeds were 44.94±5.6 mm, 43.35±5.2 mm, 27.40±3.4 mm, 37.36±3.2 mm, 11.47±3.7 g and 1693.39±483.85 g. In the market moisture content, the results indicated 0.87±0.07, 4413.99±733.22 mm2, 1.01±0.01 g/cm3, 0.42±0.03 g/cm3, 58.21±3.37% and 69.10±13.84% for average sphericity, surface area, true density, bulk density, porosity and peel ratio of the seed, respectively. Angle of friction for respective cardboard, stainless steel, iron plate, glass, and plywood were 25.52±6.9 deg, 17.40±3.92 deg, 21.40±5.2 deg, 12.27±42 deg, and 24.8±7.45 deg. The average compressive force needed to break the seed at length, width, and thick axis were 295.34±87.95 N, 283.87±83.90 N, and 215.71±65.53 N. The strain, stress, and Young modulus were 0.095±0.03, 2.10±0.71 N/mm2, and 23.16±7.20 N/mm2 at length axis; 0.069±0.03, 2.66±0.88 N/mm2, and 45.44±20.95 N/mm2 at width axis; 0.05±0.02, 2.05±0.63 N/mm2, and 48.12±22.61 N/mm2 at thick axis, respectively.

Pangium edule or by other names, kluwak, kluwek, picung, or kepayang are traditional spices used for cooking. Pangium edule (kluwak) contains antimicrobial compounds, flavonoids, antioxidants, and tannins that function as anti-bacteria so that it inhibits bacterial pathogens that cause a decrease in the quality of meat. This study aims to determine the effect of Pangium edule extract at different storage times on the quality of lamb meat. The method used in this study was a Factorial Complete Randomized Design with three replications. The material used was Pangium edule (kluwak) and lamb meat soaked at the level of Pangium edule extract 0%, 3%, 6% 9%, then stored for 12, 24, and 36 hours at room temperature 27˚C to 30˚C. Parameters in this study are pH, cooking loss, and water holding capacity. The results of this study showed that the level of Pangium edule extract and storage time had a significant effect on pH, Cooking loss and water holding capacity (PPangium edule level 3% to 9% effectively maintains the quality of meat during storage for up to 36 hours.

Coffee pests known as coffe berry borer (CBB, Hypothenemus hampei) were main pests which decreasing the productivity of Indonesian coffee. One of pests controlling was done by insecticides. Generally, plant uses for insecticide show high security level, because the breaking molecule was easy as not dangerous compound. Pangium edule contains of flavanoide, cyanide acid and saponin had potential as an botanical insecticide. The purpose of this research was to prove the potential extract of seed and leaves of picung (Pangium edule) as an botanical insecticide for CBB. This research used a complete random design. There were 8 treatments with the concentration of the extract from leaves and seed of picung, one positive control treatment (Carbaril 0,02% formulation) and one negative control treatment (aquades). The treatment was repeated four times and carried out observation on every day until six days. The concentrations leaf and seed extracts were 1.0%, 2.5% and 5.0%. The result of the research show that between concentration applied the were no significant different and at observation six days after application the mortality of CBB only around 35 -40% on both extracts (ewater and methanol). The result of the research also show that there were no real differentiation between leaves and seed of picung. LT-50 values were 1.25% and 0.96%, for leaves and seed extract in water for six day observation. From this observation could be concluded that picung tree (Pangium edule) is not effective in the controlling CBB in the interval concentration applied and extraction method used. Key words: Botanical pesticide, picung tree, Pangium edule, mortality, Hypothenemus hampei, water extraction, methanol extraction.

Biodiesel production from non-edible feedstocks is currently drawing much attention due to legitimate concerns about the effects of using edible oil for fuel. Pangium edule Reinw is a non-edible feedstock. Pangium is a tall tree native to the Micronesia, Melanesia and the mangrove swamps of South-East Asia. In this study, biodiesel production and characterization from P. edule oil was reported. The seeds were obtained from Bogor, Indonesia. The oil was found to have an acid value of 19.62 mg KOH/g oil. Therefore, a two-step acid-base-catalysed transesterification was used to produce biodiesel. This was followed by evaluating the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel and its blends with diesel. It has been found that the determined properties of P. edule methyl ester indicate that the oil can be considered as a future biodiesel source. The most remarkable feature of P. edule is its cloud, pour and cold filter plugging points. This biodiesel yielded cloud, pour and cold filter plugging points of -6, -4 and -8 A degrees C, respectively. This indicates the viability of using this biodiesel in cold countries. Therefore, it is suggested that more research should be conducted on P. edule for future biodiesel production., Biodiesel production from non-edible feedstocks is currently drawing much attention due to legitimate concerns about the effects of using edible oil for fuel. Pangium edule Reinw is a non-edible feedstock. Pangium is a tall tree native to the Micronesia, Melanesia and the mangrove swamps of South-East Asia. In this study, biodiesel production and characterization from P. edule oil was reported. The seeds were obtained from Bogor, Indonesia. The oil was found to have an acid value of 19.62mg KOH/g oil. Therefore, a two-step acid–base-catalysed transesterification was used to produce biodiesel. This was followed by evaluating the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel and its blends with diesel. It has been found that the determined properties of P. edule methyl ester indicate that the oil can be considered as a future biodiesel source. The most remarkable feature of P. edule is its cloud, pour and cold filter plugging points. This biodiesel yielded cloud, pour and cold filter plugging points of –6, –4 and –8°C, respectively. This indicates the viability of using this biodiesel in cold countries. Therefore, it is suggested that more research should be conducted on P. edule for future biodiesel production.

Pangi (Pangium edule Reinw) is a type of commodity of Non-Timber Forest Product group, which all parts of this plant can be utilized. Pangi crops grown on agroforestry land is one of the preservation of this plant in order to be utilized sustainably. To fulfill the necessities of life, the people of Desa Watu Toa manage their land by making it as an agroforestry land and planting seasonal crops, fruits and forestry crops. One type of forest crops planted is Pangi. This study aims to identify the utilization of pangi by the community in Watu Toa Village, Marioriwawo District, Soppeng District. Survey (direct observation and questioner) and interview are the methods used in this research. The data obtained are arranged in table form and described in descriptions to describe the utilization of pangi by farmers in Watu Toa Village, Marioriwawo Subdistrict, Soppeng Regency. There are four hamlets in the village of Watu Toa, but this research is only conducted on Dusun Masumpu and Dusun Jampu-jampu. In both villages, there is a pangi plant on agroforestry land managed by farmers. The area of agroforestry in both hamlets is on average between 0.25-0.50 ha. Watu Toa Village Farmers only utilizes six products produced from pangi plant, namely construction materials (stems); fish poison (skin); natural pesticides (leaves), antiseptics (leaves), vegetables (young leaves); as well as fruit / pangi as an ingredient that can be cake, tempeh, vegetable ise 'pangi, vegetable Lope' pangi, and cooking spice (kluwak).

Kluwek seeds contain antimicrobial compounds that can be categorized as preservative agents. Themain objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of polar extract of kluwek seeds againstmicrobiological quality and sensory quality and shelf life of tuna fish balls. This study used a factorialcompletely randomized design with various extract concentrations and storage duration treatments, eachof which conducted in three replications. The variables measured were total microbial and organolepticacceptance. In this study, the fishballs were immersed in 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% b/v extract for 60 minutes,then stored for three days at room temperature (28-30ºC). The results showed that the the highest inhibitoryactivity against microbial growth was exhibited by meatballs immersed in 8% concentration, in which totalmicrobial load up to the third day storage was 1,32 x 102 CFU/g which was still under INS quality for fishballs of 1 x 107. Fishballs from 0 day storage was more accepted by panelists compared to fishballs from 1,2, and 3 days storage in terms of organoleptic acceptability and fishballs were still accepted organolepticallyonly until one day storage, while fishballs stored for 2 and 3 days have deteriorated based on visualobservation of the color, odor, taste and texture.

Phenolic and alkaloid extracts of Pangium edule Reinw (Flacourtiaceae) seed were investigated for their antioxidative activities using DPPH radical scavenging and I²-carotene bleaching assays. The extracts were evaluated for antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes. The acetone extract with higher phenolic content (22.22±0.05 mg GAE g-1) showed the most potent antioxidative activity in both DPPH radical scavenging and I²-carotene bleaching assays as compared to other extracts. The phenolic extract seems to have stronger inhibitory against L. monocytogenes than S. typhimurium. The free phenolic acid extract was found to have the highest Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) among the seed extracts, indicates its weak antibacterial activity against both bacteria. Nevertheless, both tested pathogens were killed at the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of 30.3 and 55.5 mg mL-1, respectively, for the phenolic extracts. Significant correlation (p

An antibacterial test was conducted on fresh and fermented Pangium edule Reinw. Seed extracts against gram positive and negative spoilage bacteria associated with fish.

The proximate composition including mineral and vitamin contents of 16 fruits and 46 vegetables (leaves, fruits, palm hearts and shoots) of indigenous origin in Sarawak are provided. Fruits like dabai (Canarium odontophyllum), kembayau (Dacryodes rostrata f. cuspidata), durian nyekak (Durio kutejensis) and durian kuning (Durio graveolens) are very nutritious with high values for energy, protein and potassium. Among the vegetables, the protein content of letup (Passiflora foetida), kepayang (Pangium edule) and tubu (Pycnarrhena tumetacta) is high, ranging from 6 to 7%. The range of nutrients among foods of indigenous origin are generally comparable with those of many cultivated species except for vitamin C, which is lower. Teh Kampung (Leucosyke capitellata) leaves are particularly high in magnesium (626 mg/100 g). Some of the indigenous vegetables contain antinutritional factors. Kepayang has very high levels of hydrogen cyanide (1834 µg/g on dry basis) but this poison can be completely evaporated by boiling. Indigenous fruits and vegetables which are pesticide residue free are important food sources for rural populations. Nutritious indigenous fruits and vegetables have the potential to be promoted for wider use, domestication and commercialization.

Fermented seeds of the tropical tree Pangium edule Reinw. are a speciality in Indonesia and have been used as spices. The fermentation process of the seeds is a natural spontaneous process, which occurs 40 days following seed maturity and treatment. This study reports some biochemical changes, especially primary metabolites, and antioxidant activity associated with mobilization of lipids and phenolics during seed fermentation. The lipid content increased slightly (46.07–50.95% db) although the dominant fatty acid composition did not change. The dominant fatty acids were oleic acid (C 18:1 n-9) and linoleic acid (C 18:2 n-6). During fermentation, the decrease in fatty acid content in lipid coincided with the increasing acid value, which indicated that free fatty acids increased in seeds during fermentation. The dominant tocol in the seed, γ-tocotrienol, increased (69.8–123.3 μg g −1 freeze-dried seed) during fermentation. In general, overall protein content and amino acid composition did not change but non-soluble protein increased while soluble protein decreased. The changes in carbohydrate fraction showed that total crude carbobydrate, neutral detergent fibre (NDF, as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) decreased, but reducing sugar increased and starch content did not change. Enzyme assays showed that microorganisms may be involved in the fermentation process. β-glucosidase, an enzyme that can cleave glycosidic bonds of conjugated phenolics and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activities increased. The total phenolics content in seeds increased substantially corresponding to the increase in β-glucosidase but antioxidant activity of phenolic extracts did not change.

International audience

The diversity of plant in Indonesia is high, including variety of spices, which have been known by Indonesian society since long time ago. Several very popular plants are clove (Syzygium aromaticum), pepper (Piper nigrum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii), and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans). Variety of spices has connection with cultures. In each region and society, they have a special spices in their traditional food. The research was conducted in villages in Pujungan district and other places in East Kalimantan Province and commonly Dayak Kenyah society. The methods used for this study was by interviewing of local society and direct observation in the fields where plant spices occurred. The results indicated that traditional Dayak in East Kalimantan used bekai (Albertisia papuana Becc.), payang aka (Hodgsonia macrocarpa (Bl.) Cogn.), payang kurek (Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.), payang kayu (Pangium edule Reinw.), payang lengu (Ricinus communis L.), and payang salap (Sumbaviopsis albicans (Blume) J.J.Sm.) for preparing their food with certain method.Key words: traditional spices, Dayak Kenyah, East Kalimantan.