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The study aimed to determine the concentration of energy-related hormones in cow’s milk and to consider them from a public health perspective. Fourteen Holstein cows were subjected to milk and blood sampling on the following days in lactation (DIL): 10, 30, 60, 90, 150, 180, 210, 250 and 280 to determine milk hormones, fat and protein content and blood biochemical parameters. For the same purpose, bulk-tank milk was sampled and samples of retail m ilk with 1.5% (CM1.5) and 3.2% (CM3.2) fat was purchased. Milk insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) values were signifi cantly lower at 90, 150, 180, 210 and 250 and signifi cantly higher at 10, 30 and 60 DIL than lactation average (LA). Milk insulin concentrations were signifi cantly lower at 30, 60 and 90 and higher at 210, 250 and 280 DIL than LA. Free thyroxine (fT4) level in the milk was higher at 250 DIL, while milk free triiodothyronine (fT3) concentrations were lower at 30, 60, 90 and 280 DIL, and signifi cantly higher at 10 and 180 DIL than respective LA. Milk cortisol levels were lower at 60 and 280 DIL than LA. All measured milk hormones were signifi cantly lower in CM1.5 compared to CM3.2, bulk-tank milk and LA. An exception was the LA of IGF-1, which was signifi cantly lower than the IGF1 content in CM1.5. Blood biochemical parameters fl uctuated evenly during lactation and were within the reference range. Hormone concentrations in cow’s milk fl uctuate during lactation, giving milk an important role in the context of public health., Istraživanje je imalo za cilj određivanje koncentracije hormona u mleku krava u različitim fazama laktacije, mleku iz laktofriza i maloprodajnom mleku. Uzorci mleka i krvi prikupljeni su 10., 30., 60., 90., 150., 180., 210., 250. i 280 dana laktacije od četrnaest krava holštajn rase radi određivanja koncentracije hormona, masti i proteina u mleku i biohemijskih parametara krvi. U iste svrhe uzorkovano je mleko iz laktofriza i nabavljeno je komercijalno mleko sa 1,5% (CM1,5) i 3,2% (CM3,2) mlečne masti. Koncentracije insulinu-sličnog faktora rasta-1 (IGF-1) u mleku bile su značajno niže 90., 150., 180., 210. i 250. dana i značajno više 10., 30. i 60. dana laktacije poredeći sa laktacionim prosekom (LP). Insulin je imao značajno niže koncentracije u mleku 30., 60. i 90. dana i značajno više koncentracije 210., 250. i 280. dana laktacije poredeći sa LP. Koncentracija slobodnog tiroksina (fT4) je bila viša 250. dana, dok je nivo slobodnog trijodotironina (fT3) bio značajno niži 30., 60., 90. i 280. dana i značajno viši 10. i 180. dana u poređenju sa odgovarajućim LP. Nivo kortizola u mleku je bio niži 60. i 280. dana laktacije poredeći sa LP. Svi hormoni su imali značajno niže koncentracije u CM1,5 nego u CM3,2, mleku iz laktofriza i LP. Izuzetak je LP za IGF-1, koji je bio značajno niži nego nivo IGF-1 u CM1,5. Biohemijski parametri krvi su blago fl uktuirali tokom laktacije, ali su ostali u referentnom opsegu. Koncentracije hormona u kravljem mleku fl uktuiraju tokom laktacije, što daje značaj mleku u kontekstu javnog zdravlja.

In the modern economy, the market values of the most successful companies are based primarily on the value of their intangible assets, which assume absolute dominance over tangible assets. There has been a dramatic increase in the share of intangible assets in the market value of the company (over 90%). The research paper focuses on the challenges of financial reporting in the field of recognition and measuring intangible assets as dominant determinants of value creation and competitive advantages of the company. In addition to analyzing the causes of differences in accounting treatment of purchased intangible assets and internally generated intangible assets, the paper outlined potential negative implications for reporting as a result of the existence of discretionary management rights in the field of measurement of purchased intangible assets, critically are analyzed the requirements of the new international regulation regarding measuring the fair value of non-financial assets, as well as elaborated limitations of the current model of financial reporting in the area of internally generated intangible assets.

In conditions of general uncertainty caused by events such as pandemics, natural disasters, war conflicts, certain parts of the accounting regulation gain more importance than they have under normal circumstances. The latest Russian-Ukrainian conflict had a significant impact on the development of the world economy. Destruction of property, restrictions on imports and exports, disruption of supply chains, rising prices of raw materials, fluctuations in exchange rates, inactivity of certain markets will have a direct impact on companies operating in the territories of Ukraine and Russia or whose business is focused on these entities and an indirect impact on many companies in the global economy. Beacuse of these new circumstances companies, which are directly or indirectly affected by the war conflict, are required to pay attention to specific financial reporting issues that are actualized in conditions of uncertainty and geopolitical changes. One of the ideas of the paper is to show that no new accounting rules appear in conditions of uncertainty, but that some, which are paid less attention in peacetime conditions, now become more important. Some of them that will be dealt with in this paper refer to the review of the fulfillment of the assumption of going concern principle, then to the additional testing of assets for impairment, to the recognition of certain types of provisions that are characteristic for a decline in economic activity and to the analysis of events after the reporting period that could or could not be taken into account on the balance sheet date.

The transport of cations in the cardiomyocytes, crucial for the functioning of the heart, can be affected by walnut diet due to the high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Healthy and metabolically compromised rats (drinking 10% fructose solution) were subjected to a diet supplemented with 2.4 g of walnuts for 6 weeks to investigate the effect on proteins involved in cation transport in the heart cells. Fructose increased the level of the a1 subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in the heart of control and walnut-eating rats, while elevated L-type calcium channel a (LTCCa), sodium–calcium exchanger 1 (NCX1), and Maxi Ka level were observed only in rats that did not consume walnuts. However, walnuts significantly increased the cardiac content of LTCC, NCX1, and Maxi Ka, as well as Kir6.1 and SUR2B subunits of KATP channel, but only in fructose-naive rats. In animals that drank fructose, a significant increasing effect of walnuts was observed only in Akt kinase phosphorylation, which may be a part of the antiarrhythmic mechanism of decreasing cation currents in cardiomyocytes. The walnut diet-induced increase in LTCC and NCX1 expression in healthy rats may indicate intense cardiac calcium turnover, whereas the effect on Kir6.1 and SUR2B subunits suggests stimulation of KATP channel transport in the cardiac vasculature. The effects of walnuts on the cation-handling proteins in the heart, mostly limited to healthy animals, suggest the possible use of a walnut-supplemented diet in the prevention rather than the treatment of cardiological channelopathies.

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the end product of lipid peroxidation and biomarker of free radicals. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of honey on concentrations of MDA in plasma exposed to a therapeutic dose of radiation. In this experiment animals were divided into two groups: in CONTROL group the animals were given distilled water orally for 28 days, and HONEY group consisted of animals given 1,5 ml/kg honey orally for 28 days. Blood samples of both groups were collected from a rat's tail. All blood samples were exposed to radiation of 2 Gy. Malondialdehyde concentration in plasma was determined using spectrophotometric method. Honey treatment in the blood plasma exposed to a therapeutic dose of 2 Gy significantly decreased MDA level by 30 % compared with control group. The present results indicated that honey had an effect on the levels of MDA in plasma exposed to radiation., Malondialdehid (MDA) je krajnji proizvod peroksidacije lipida i biomarker slobodnih radikala. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se ispita uticaj meda na koncentraciju MDA u krvnoj plazmi izloženoj terapijskoj dozi zračenja. U ovom eksperimentu životinje su podeljene u dve grupe: u kontrolnoj grupi životinje su dobijale destilovanu vodu oralno tokom 28 dana, a drugu grupu činile su životinje koje su tokom 28 dana dobijale oralno 1.5 ml/kg meda. Uzorci krvi obe grupe su sakupljeni iz repa pacova. Svi uzorci krvi bili su izloženi zračenju od 2 Gy. Koncentracija MDA u plazmi određena je spektrofotometrijskom metodom. Tretman medom u krvnoj plazmi izložen terapijskoj dozi od 2 Gy značajno je smanjio nivo MDA (30 %) u poređenju sa kontrolnom grupom.

Predmet disertacije su transakcije poslovnih kombinacija koje su realizovane u Republici Srbiji, u periodu 2006 – 2018. godina, prilikom čijeg računovodstvenog obuhvatanja je korišćen MSFI 3. Rezultati su pokazali da je kvalitet finansijskog izveštavanja o poslovnim kombinacijama u Srbiji na niskom nivou, budući da je samo 10% analiziranih transakcija obuhvaćeno u skladu sa propisanom regulativom. Kroz teorijsku analizu i zasebna empirijska istraživanja u disertaciji su obrađena tri ključna pitanja koja su povezana sa ekonomskim i računovodstvenim aspektima gudvila i dobitaka od povoljne kupovine: (1) struktura i determinante gudvila; (2) faktori obezvređenja gudvila i (3) razlozi nastanka dobitaka od povoljne kupovine. U prvom delu disertacije analizirane su determinante stečenog gudvila kako bi se ispitalo da li, i u kojoj meri, gudvil iskazan u finansijskim izveštajima domaćih preduzeća odražava svoju ekonomsku suštinu. Rezultati su pokazali da se vrednost gudvila nalazi pod uticajem interno generisanog gudvila i sinergetskih efekata koji su povezani sa poslovnim i investicionim sinergijama. Rezultati su takođe pokazali da relativna veličina preduzeća učesnika, iskustvo preduzeća sticaoca i računovodstvena politika koju stečeni entitet primenjuje prilikom vrednovanja stalne imovine dovode do odstupanja računovodstvene od ekonomske vrednosti gudvila. U drugom delu disertacije fokus je stavljen na naknadno vrednovanje gudvila i analizu determinanti obezvređenja gudvila. Dobijeni rezultati se nalaze pod uticajem primene regulative. Kod preduzeća koja su primenila MRS 36 se pokazalo da, za razliku od diskrecionog prostora menadžmenta, finansijske performanse stečenog entiteta i karakteristike poslovnih kombinacija imaju visoku prediktivnu moć u pogledu verovatnoće i visine obezvređenja gudvila. Kada su u pitanju preduzeća koja nisu primenila MRS 36, rezultati su pokazali da se odluka o obezvređenju gudvila i procenat njegovog obezvređenja ne mogu predvideti na osnovu, The research subject are business combinations realized in the Republic of Serbia during the period 2006 - 2018, that are accounted for in accordance with IFRS 3. The results show that the quality of financial reporting on business combinations in Serbia is quite low, since only 10% of the transactions are accounted for in accordance with the current regulations. Through separate theoretical analysis and empirical research, the dissertation addresses three key issues related to the economic and accounting aspects of goodwill and bargain purchase gain stated as follows: (1) the structure and determinants of acquired goodwill; (2) indicators of goodwill impairment and (3) factors that cause bargain purchase gains. In the first chapter of the dissertation, the determinants of acquired goodwill are analyzed to examine whether, and to what extent, goodwill stated in the financial statements of domestic companies reflects its economic substance. The results show that the value of goodwill is influenced by internally generated goodwill and synergies related to revenue, cost, and investment synergies. The results also show that the relative size of companies, the experience of the acquiring company in mergers and acquisitions and the accounting policies applied by the acquired entity in measurement of fixed assets lead to a discrepancy between the accounting and economic value of goodwill. In the second chapter of the dissertation, the focus is on the subsequent measurement of acquired goodwill and the determinants of goodwill impairment. The obtained results are influenced by the application of regulations. In the case of companies that apply IAS 36, it is showed that, in contrast to the managerial discretion, the financial performance of the acquired entity and the characteristics of business combinations have high predictive power in terms of probability and amount of goodwill impairment. In the case of companies that do not apply IAS 36, the results show that the decisi

Accounting principles are incorporated into legal and professional regulation, but they also have the function of supplementing accounting standards whenever some issues are not explicitly regulated by standards or / and there is a high degree of judgment. Incorporating fair value accounting into the normative basis of financial reporting violates the principle of conservatism and the historical cost principle, the realization principle is suspended and the matching principle is fundamentally changed. Namely, due to the change in the main purpose of financial reporting, the principles of traditional accounting, whose respect enabled to determine as accurately as possible and comparable periodic results, become ineligible to meet the objectives of modern financial reporting. The fact that high-quality financial reporting is the information base for investors and other stakeholders and the accounting ideal has stimulated accounting practices to further development accounting principles, and accounting theory to examine existing and develop modern valuation principles that are in function to achieve the goals of financial reporting. In regard to this, the paper focuses on the principles of fair value accounting that stand out in the professional literature and whose content is incorporated into the financial reporting standards. In addition to analyzing the substance and content of the principles of fair value accounting, the paper examines the possibilities and limitations as well as the preconditions for their successful application in modern financial reporting.

Predmet istraţivanja u ovom radu je sistem finansijskog izveštavanja o performansama grupa, kao informaciona podrška odluĉivanju postojećih i potencijalnih investitora i poverilaca matice. U radu se ispituju razlike u kvalitativnim svojstvima rezultata grupe i matiĉne kompanije, tj. njihovom korisnom potencijalu za procenu iznosa, dinamike i neizvesnosti oĉekivanih budućih neto priliva gotovine u matiĉno društvo. Empirijskim istraţivanjem obuhvaćena su matiĉna društva listirana na nedovoljno razvijenim trţištima kapitala, u drţavama nastalim raspadom Jugoslavije. Istraţivanje ima za cilj da pruţi odgovor na pitanje da li, u analiziranom izveštajnom okruţenju, konsolidovani finansijski izveštaji zaista poseduju superiorna informaciona svojstva za zainteresovane korisnike, u odnosu na pojedinaĉne izveštaje matice, kao i da li pojedinaĉni izveštaji matice unapreĊuju odluĉivanje zainteresovanih korisnika kada se koriste zajedno sa konsolidovanim izveštajima. U cilju ispitivanja specifiĉnih kvalitativnih svojstava rezultata analiziranih matiĉnih kompanija i njihovih grupa, primenjena je ekonometrijska analiza podataka panela. Empirijski je dokazano da su rezultati grupe više perzistentni u odnosu na rezultate matice, kao i da rezultati matice obezbeĊuju znaĉajan inkrementalni doprinos ukupnoj vrednosnoj relevantnosti i perzistentnosti. Osim toga, utvrĊeno je da rezultati grupe i matiĉne kompanije nisu pravovremeni u obuhvatanju stvarnih promena u ekonomskim performansama matice, kao i da ne postoji izraţena superiornost vrednosne relevantnosti konsolidovanih rezultata. Primenom odgovarajućih indikatora upravljanja rezultatom, dokazano je da su rezultati matiĉne kompanije više podloţni ciljanom uobliĉavanju od strane rukovodstva, u odnosu na rezultate grupe kao celine., The subject of this paper is the system of financial reporting on group performance, as an informational decision-making support for existing and potential investors and creditors of the parent company. The paper examines the differences between the group’s and the parent company’s earnings quality attributes i.e. their useful potential for the assessment of the amount, timing and uncertainty of the expected future net cash inflows to the parent company. The empirical analysis was conducted on the sample of parent companies listed on underdeveloped capital markets, in countries formed after the breakup of Yugoslavia. The aim of the research was to answer the question whether, in the analyzed reporting environment, consolidated financial statements truly posses superior informational qualities for interested users, compared to separate financial statements of the parent company, as well as whether separate financial statements of the parent company improve the decision-making of interested users, when they are used together with consolidated statements. Specific quality attributes of the analyzed parent companies’ and their groups’ earnings were examined using the econometric analysis of panel data. Empirically, it has been proved that group’s earnings are more persistent than earnings of the parent company, and that parent company’s earnings provide significant incremental contribution to the overall value relevance and persistence. Additionally, it has been determined that earnings of the group and the parent company lack timeliness when it comes to recognition of the real changes in the economic performance of the parent company, and that there is no significant superiority in value relevance of consolidated earnings. Using the appropriate earnings management indicators, it has been proved that parent company’s earnings are more susceptible to management’s smoothing and target beating techniques, comparing to earnings of the group as a whole.

Data about the dynamics of noradrenaline (NA) transmission, storage and degradation may be very important for understanding the reduction of functional deficiency of NA and maintaining the stability of NA levels in animals with depressive-like behavior treated with lithium. This study aimed to investigate the effects of mood stabilizer lithium on concentrations of NA in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), as well as behavior rats exposed to chronic restraint stress (CRS). In addition, this study examined the effects of lithium on protein levels of noradrenaline transporter (NET), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), as well as the enzyme activity of monoamine oxidase A (MOA) in the PFC of chronically stressed rats. METHODS: The investigated parameters were quantified by Western blot analysis, CAT Research ELISA kits, and an assay of enzyme activity. Also, the forced swim test (FST) was used to assess the behavior of animals. RESULTS: We found that lithium treatment decreased high protein levels of NET and VMAT2, as well as the enzyme activity of MOA in chronically stressed rats to the levels found in unstressed animals. In addition, lithium treatment decreased the concentration of NA (24%) and immobility in animals exposed to CRS. CONCLUSION: Our data confirm that lithium-induced modulation of prefrontal noradrenergic turnover and stabilized the behavior of chronically stressed rats.

The paper deals with specific issues and problems of the matching of revenues and expenses that are present in the field of financial reporting on intangible assets - elements of intellectual capital. The circumstance that in the modern economy, i.e. "Knowledge economy" tangible assets are losing importance, and that the success of a companies is highly dependent on their ability to use and manage intangible assets that become the dominant determinant of value creation and competitive advantage, impose the need for consideration to be directed to this current reporting field. In this regard, in this paper we deal with the constraints of the modern financial reporting model, we point to the reasons for non-recognition of most elements of intellectual capital in the balance sheet, identifying and discussing three classes of intellectual capital, and, in relation to each of them, we elaborate the problems of the matching of revenues and expenses.

Increased dietary, blood, and tissue n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratios are associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Due to Westernized dietary patterns, the increasing n-6/n-3 ratio is of growing concern worldwide, and dietary strategies aimed at its lowering are of public health importance. Walnuts are rich in dietary fats, and their consumption promotes cardiometabolic health. This study aimed to examine the effect of 6-week walnut consumption on tissue-specific n-6/n-3 ratio and fatty acid metabolic conversion in fructose-fed rats with a cluster of metabolic disorders. Male Wistar rats were fed a standard diet with or without 10% fructose in drinking water for 9 weeks. Diets of half of the animals were then supplemented with walnuts (2.4 g/day) for 6 weeks, upon which fatty acid profiles were determined in plasma, liver, adipose tissue, and kidney total lipids. Results showed that walnuts induced significant decreases in the n-6/n-3 content of total lipid pool in plasma and examined tissues, irrespective of metabolic burden. Walnut intervention decreased plasma and liver palmitoleic/palmitic, arachidonic/linoleic, and docosahexaenoic/alpha-linolenic acid ratios. It also modulated individual fatty acid levels by reducing arachidonic and palmitic acid and increasing alpha-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosapentaenoic acid in plasma and most tissues. Our study demonstrated that 6-week consumption of walnuts favorably modulated n-6/n-3 plasma and tissue ratio in male Wistar rats regardless of high-fructose feeding, underscoring the promising potential of walnuts in both prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of peroral administration of chromium-enriched yeast on glucose tolerance in Holstein calves, assessed by insulin signaling pathway molecule determination and intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). Twenty-four Holstein calves, aged 1 month, were chosen for the study and divided into two groups: the PoCr group (n = 12) that perorally received 0.04 mg of Cr/kg of body mass daily, for 70 days, and the NCr group (n = 12) that received no chromium supplementation. Skeletal tissue samples from each calf were obtained on day 0 and day 70 of the experiment. Chromium supplementation increased protein content of the insulin beta-subunit receptor, phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 at Tyrosine 632, phosphorylation of Akt at Serine 473, glucose transporter-4, and AMP-activated protein kinase in skeletal muscle tissue, while phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 at Serine 307 was not affected by chromium treatment. Results obtained during IVGTT, which was conducted on days 0, 30, 50, and 70, suggested an increased insulin sensitivity and, consequently, a better utilization of glucose in the PoCr group. Lower basal concentrations of glucose and insulin in the PoCr group on days 30 and 70 were also obtained. Our results indicate that chromium supplementation improves glucose utilization in calves by enhancing insulin intracellular signaling in the skeletal muscle tissue.

Cortisol levels were measured in hair, blood and milk in two different cattle breeds, kept under different breeding conditions and with different genetic merit for milk production. Cows and heifers of Holstein and Busha breeds were selected for the study. Cortisol concentration was determined by immunoassays. Cortisol accumulation was determined in proximal (close to the skin) and distal (far from the skin) segments of the hair shaft. The influence of hair colour and washing prior to extraction and analysis was also examined in order to establish additional factors that may have an impact on hair cortisol concentrations. Concentrations of cortisol determined in the proximal and distal segments of the shaft were significantly higher in Holstein than Busha cows and heifers (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). In Holstein cows, no significant difference was found between concentrations in black and white hair. In hair washed with isopropanol, cortisol concentration was significantly lower compared to unwashed hair (P<0.01). Thus, cortisol concentration in hair varies with the technique of hair processing (washing), but not with colour in Holstein cows. Blood serum cortisol concentrations in Holstein cows and heifers were significantly higher than in Busha cows and heifers, (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). Milk cortisol in Holstein cows was significantly higher than in Busha cows (P<0.05). The higher cortisol concentrations in Holstein cows are assumed to be the result of intensive breeding and physiological adaptation to high milk production.

Olanzapine, an antipsychotic drug, is used to treat depressive disorder, but its effects on the liver, the main site of drug metabolism, still remain elusive. We studied the effects of 3 weeks of olanzapine treatment (7.5 mg/kg per day) on the malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PCO) contents, protein expression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), and activity of total superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as catalase (CAT) protein expression and activity levels in the liver cytosol of rats exposed to 6 weeks of chronic social isolation (CSIS), which causes depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors. Increased cytosolic MDA in CSIS rats (vehicle-or olanzapine-treated) indicated hepatic oxidative stress. Increase in PCO and CAT activity associated with unchanged total SOD activity following CSIS also confirm the presence of oxidative stress. Chronic olanzapine treatment in CSIS prevented increase in PCO without an effect on MDA content. Increased SOD activity in olanzapine-treated (controls and CSIS) groups compared with corresponding vehicle-treated groups and decreased CAT activity in olanzapine-treated CSIS rats compared with vehicle-treated CSIS group was found. The data suggest that chronic olanzapine treatment has a protective effect on hepatic protein oxidation and improves antioxidant defense. The beneficial effects of olanzapine may be due to its free radical scavenging properties and antioxidant activity.