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Pt-Based drugs play a very important role in current cancer treatments; yet, their cellular and mechanistic aspects are not fully understood. NMR metabolomics provides a powerful tool to investigate the metabolic perturbations induced by Pt drugs in cancer cells and decipher their meaning in relation to the presumed molecular mechanisms. We have carried out a systematic and comparative

Human ferritin platforms containing Ru(ii)-polypyridyl-based photosensitizers effectively target cancer cells and provide cytotoxic effects upon light-activation.

PDF file - 99K, Supplementary Methods and Supplementary Tables S1-S3.

The aim of this chapter is to highlight the various aspects of metabolomics in relation to health and diseases, starting from the definition of metabolic space and of how individuals tend to maintain their own position in this space. Physio-pathological stimuli may cause individuals to lose their position and then regain it, or move irreversibly to other positions. By way of examples, mostly selected from our own work using

Microbial communities experience continuous environmental changes, among which temperature fluctuations are arguably the most impacting. This is particularly important considering the ongoing global warming but also in the “simpler” context of seasonal variability of sea-surface temperature. Understanding how microorganisms react at the cellular level can improve our understanding of possible adaptations of microbial communities to a changing environment. In this work, we investigated which are the mechanisms through which metabolic homeostasis is maintained in a cold-adapted bacterium during growth at temperatures that differ widely (15 and 0°C). We have quantified its intracellular and extracellular central metabolomes together with changes occurring at the transcriptomic level in the same growth conditions. This information was then used to contextualize a genome-scale metabolic reconstruction and to provide a systemic understanding of cellular adaptation to growth at two different temperatures. Our findings indicate a strong metabolic robustness at the level of the main central metabolites, counteracted by a relatively deep transcriptomic reprogramming that includes changes in gene expression of hundreds of metabolic genes. We interpret this as a transcriptomic buffering of cellular metabolism, able to produce overlapping metabolic phenotypes despite the wide temperature gap. Moreover, we show that metabolic adaptation seems to be mostly played at the level of few key intermediates (e.g. phosphoenolpyruvate) and in the cross-talk between the main central metabolic pathways. Overall, our findings reveal a complex interplay at gene expression level that contributes to the robustness/resilience of core metabolism, also promoting the leveraging of state-of-the-art multi-disciplinary approaches to fully comprehend molecular adaptations to environmental fluctuations.

Ferritins are nanocage proteins that store iron ions in their central cavity as hydrated ferric oxide biominerals. In mammals, further the L (light) and H (heavy) chains constituting cytoplasmic maxi-ferritins, an additional type of ferritin has been identified, the mitochondrial ferritin (MTF). Human MTF (hMTF) is a functional homopolymeric H-like ferritin performing the ferroxidase activity in its ferroxidase site (FS), in which Fe(II) is oxidized to Fe(III) in the presence of dioxygen. To better investigate its ferroxidase properties, here we performed time-lapse X-ray crystallography analysis of hMTF, providing structural evidence of how iron ions interact with hMTF and of their binding to the FS. Transient iron binding sites, populating the pathway along the cage from the iron entry channel to the catalytic center, were also identified. Furthermore, our kinetic data at variable iron loads indicate that the catalytic iron oxidation reaction occurs via a diferric peroxo intermediate followed by the formation of ferric-oxo species, with significant differences with respect to human H-type ferritin.

Mammographic breast density (MBD) is a strong independent risk factor for breast cancer (BC). We designed a matched case–case study in the EPIC Florence cohort, to evaluate possible associations between the pre-diagnostic metabolomic profile and the risk of BC in high- versus low-MBD women who developed BC during the follow-up. A case–case design with 100 low-MBD (MBD ≤ 25%) and 100 high-MDB BC cases (MBD > 50%) was performed. Matching variables included age, year and type of mammographic examination. 1H NMR metabolomic spectra were available for 87 complete case–case sets. The conditional logistic analyses showed an inverse association between serum levels of alanine, leucine, tyrosine, valine, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, triglycerides lipid main fraction and 11 VLDL lipid subfractions and high-MBD cases. Acetic acid was directly associated with high-MBD cases. In models adjusted for confounding variables, tyrosine remained inversely associated with high-MBD cases while 3 VLDL subfractions of free cholesterol emerged as directly associated with high-MBD cases. A pathway analysis showed that the “phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan pathway” emerged and persisted after applying the FDR procedure. The supervised OPLS-DA analysis revealed a slight but significant separation between high- and low-MBD cases. This case–case study suggested a possible role for pre-diagnostic levels of tyrosine in modulating the risk of BC in high- versus low-MBD women. Moreover, some differences emerged in the pre-diagnostic concentration of other metabolites as well in the metabolomic fingerprints among the two groups of patients.

NMR metabolomics represents a powerful tool to characterize the cellular effects of drugs and gain detailed insight into their mode of action. Here, we have exploited NMR metabolomics to illustrate the changes in the metabolic profile of A2780 ovarian cancer cells elicited by auranofin (AF), a clinically approved gold drug now repurposed as an anticancer agent. An early and large increase in intracellular glutathione is highlighted as the main effect of the treatment accompanied by small but significant changes in the levels of a few additional metabolites; the general implications of these findings are discussed in the frame of the current mechanistic knowledge of AF.

It is commonly thought that when multiple carbon sources are available, bacteria metabolize them either sequentially (diauxic growth) or simultaneously (co-utilization). However, this view is mainly based on analyses in relatively simple laboratory settings. Here we show that a heterotrophic marine bacterium, Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis, can use both strategies simultaneously when multiple possible nutrients are provided in the same growth experiment. The order of nutrient uptake is partially determined by the biomass yield that can be achieved when the same compounds are provided as single carbon sources. Using transcriptomics and time-resolved intracellular 1H-13C NMR, we reveal specific pathways for utilization of various amino acids. Finally, theoretical modelling indicates that this metabolic phenotype, combining diauxie and co-utilization of substrates, is compatible with a tight regulation that allows the modulation of assimilatory pathways., It is thought that when multiple carbon sources are available, bacteria metabolize them either sequentially or simultaneously. Here, the authors show that a marine bacterium can use a mixed strategy when multiple possible nutrients are provided, and analyse the metabolic pathways involved.

In this study, we sought for a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolomic fingerprint in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients characterized, according to the clinical picture and CSF AD core biomarkers (Aβ42, p-tau, and t-tau), both at pre-dementia (mild cognitive impairment due to AD, MCI-AD) and dementia stages (ADdem) and in a group of patients with a normal CSF biomarker profile (non-AD) using untargeted 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomics. This is a retrospective study based on two independent cohorts: a Dutch cohort, which comprises 20 ADdem, 20 MCI-AD, and 20 non-AD patients, and an Italian cohort, constituted by 14 ADdem and 12 non-AD patients. 1H NMR CSF spectra were analyzed using OPLS-DA. Metabolomic fingerprinting in the Dutch cohort provides a significant discrimination (86.1% accuracy) between ADdem and non-AD. MCI-AD patients show a good discrimination with respect to ADdem (70.0% accuracy) but only slight differences when compared with non-AD (59.6% accuracy). Acetate, valine, and 3-hydroxyisovalerate result to be altered in ADdem patients. Valine correlates with cognitive decline at follow-up (R = 0.53, P = 0.0011). The discrimination between ADdem and non-AD was confirmed in the Italian cohort. The CSF metabolomic fingerprinting shows a signature characteristic of ADdem patients with respect to MCI-AD and non-AD patients.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the neurological disorder showing the greatest rise in prevalence from 1990 to 2016. Despite clinical definition criteria and a tremendous effort to develop objective biomarkers, precise diagnosis of PD is still unavailable at early stage. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have used omic methods to unveil the molecular basis of PD, providing a detailed characterization of potentially pathological alterations in various biological specimens. Metabolomics could provide useful insights to deepen our knowledge of PD aetiopathogenesis, to identify signatures that distinguish groups of patients and uncover responsive biomarkers of PD that may be significant in early detection and in tracking the disease progression and drug treatment efficacy. The present work is the first large metabolomic study based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with an independent validation cohort aiming at the serum characterization of de novo drug-naive PD patients. Here, NMR is applied to sera from large training and independent validation cohorts of German subjects. Multivariate and univariate approaches are used to infer metabolic differences that characterize the metabolite and the lipoprotein profiles of newly diagnosed de novo drug-naive PD patients also in relation to the biological sex of the subjects in the study, evidencing a more pronounced fingerprint of the pathology in male patients. The presence of a validation cohort allowed us to confirm altered levels of acetone and cholesterol in male PD patients. By comparing the metabolites and lipoproteins levels among de novo drug-naive PD patients, age- and sex-matched healthy controls, and a group of advanced PD patients, we detected several descriptors of stronger oxidative stress., This work was supported by the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (grant number 634821, PROPAG-AGEING).

Blood derivatives are the biofluids of choice for metabolomic clinical studies since blood can be collected with low invasiveness and is rich in biological information. However, the choice of the blood collection tubes has an undeniable impact on the plasma and serum metabolic content. Here, we compared the metabolomic and lipoprotein profiles of blood samples collected at the same time and place from six healthy volunteers but using different collection tubes (each enrolled volunteer provided multiple blood samples at a distance of a few weeks/months): citrate plasma, EDTA plasma, and serum tubes. All samples were analyzed via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Several metabolites showed statistically significant alterations among the three blood matrices, and also metabolites' correlations were shown to be affected. The effects of blood collection tubes on the lipoproteins' profiles are relevant too, but less marked. Overcoming the issue associated with different blood collection tubes is pivotal to scale metabolomics and lipoprotein analysis at the level of epidemiological studies based on samples from multicenter cohorts. We propose a statistical solution, based on regression, that is shown to be efficient in reducing the alterations induced by the different collection tubes for both the metabolomic and lipoprotein profiles.

The development of metabolomics in clinical applications has been limited by the lack of validation in large multicenter studies. Large population cohorts and their biobanks are a valuable resource for acquiring insights into molecular disease mechanisms. Nevertheless, most of their collections are not tailored for metabolomics and have been created without specific attention to the pre-analytical requirements for high-quality metabolome assessment. Thus, comparing samples obtained by different pre-analytical procedures remains a major challenge. Here, H-1 NMR-based analyses are used to demonstrate how human serum and plasma samples collected with different operating procedures within several large European cohort studies from the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Infrastructure - Large Prospective Cohorts (BBMRI-LPC) consortium can be easily revealed by supervised multivariate statistical analyses at the initial stages of the process, to avoid biases in the downstream analysis. The inter-biobank differences are discussed in terms of deviations from the validated CEN/TS 16945:2016 / ISO 23118:2021 norms. It clearly emerges that biobanks must adhere to the evidence-based guidelines in order to support wider-scale application of metabolomics in biomedicine, and that NMR spectroscopy is informative in comparing the quality of different sample sources in multi cohort/center studies.

Human cytoplasmic ferritins are heteropolymers of H and L subunits containing a catalytic ferroxidase center and a nucleation site for iron biomineralization, respectively. Here, ESI-MS successfully detected labile metal–protein interactions revealing the formation of tetra- and octa-iron clusters bound to L subunits, as previously underscored by X-ray crystallography.

A prodromal phase of Parkinson’s disease (PD) may precede motor manifestations by decades. PD patients’ siblings are at higher risk for PD, but the prevalence and distribution of prodromal symptoms are unknown. The study objectives were (1) to assess motor and non-motor features estimating prodromal PD probability in PD siblings recruited within the European PROPAG-AGEING project; (2) to compare motor and non-motor symptoms to the well-established DeNoPa cohort. 340 PD siblings from three sites (Bologna, Seville, Kassel/Goettingen) underwent clinical and neurological evaluations of PD markers. The German part of the cohort was compared with German de novo PD patients (dnPDs) and healthy controls (CTRs) from DeNoPa. Fifteen (4.4%) siblings presented with subtle signs of motor impairment, with MDS-UPDRS-III scores not clinically different from CTRs. Symptoms of orthostatic hypotension were present in 47 siblings (13.8%), no different to CTRs (p = 0.072). No differences were found for olfaction and overall cognition; German-siblings performed worse than CTRs in visuospatial-executive and language tasks. 3/147 siblings had video-polysomnography-confirmed REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), none was positive on the RBD Screening Questionnaire. 173/300 siblings had

hCDKL5 refers to the human cyclin-dependent kinase that is primarily expressed in the brain where it exerts its function in several neuron districts. Mutations in its coding sequence are often causative of hCDKL5 deficiency disorder. The large-scale recombinant production of hCDKL5 is desirable to boost the translation of current therapeutic approaches into the clinic. However, this is hampered by the following features: i) almost two-thirds of hCDKL5 sequence are predicted to be intrinsically disordered, making this region more susceptible to proteolytic attack; ii) the cytoplasmic accumulation of the enzyme in eukaryotic host cells is associated to toxicity. The bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125 (PhTAC125) is the only prokaryotic host in which the full-length production of hCDKL5 has been demonstrated. To date, a system-level understanding of the metabolic burden imposed by hCDKL5 production is missing, although it would be crucial for the upscaling of the production process. Here, we have combined experimental data on protein production and nutrients assimilation with metabolic modelling to infer the global consequences of hCDKL5 production in PhTAC125 and to identify potential overproduction targets. Our analyses showed a remarkable accuracy of the model in simulating the recombinant strain phenotype and also identified priority targets for optimized protein production.

Advanced age is the major risk factor for idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), but to date the biological relationship between PD and ageing remains elusive. Here we describe the rationale and the design of the H2020 funded project "PROPAG-AGEING", whose aim is to characterize the contribution of the ageing process to PD development. We summarize current evidences that support the existence of a continuum between ageing and PD and justify the use of a Geroscience approach to study PD. We focus in particular on the role of inflammaging, the chronic, low-grade inflammation characteristic of elderly physiology, which can propagate and transmit both locally and systemically. We then describe PROPAG-AGEING design, which is based on the multi-omic characterization of peripheral samples from clinically characterized drug-naive and advanced PD, PD discordant twins, healthy controls and "super-controls", i.e. centenarians, who never showed clinical signs of motor disability, and their offspring. Omic results are then validated in a large number of samples, including in vitro models of dopaminergic neurons and healthy siblings of PD patients, who are at higher risk of developing PD, with the final aim of identifying the molecular perturbations that can deviate the trajectories of healthy ageing towards PD development.

Metabolomics deals with the whole ensemble of metabolites (the metabolome). As one of the ‐omic sciences, it relates to biology, physiology, pathology and medicine; but metabolites are chemical entities, small organic molecules or inorganic ions. Therefore, their proper identification and quantitation in complex biological matrices requires a solid chemical ground. With respect to for example, DNA, metabolites are much more prone to oxidation or enzymatic degradation: we can reconstruct large parts of a mammoth's genome from a small specimen, but we are unable to do the same with its metabolome, which was probably largely degraded a few hours after the animal's death. Thus, we need standard operating procedures, good chemical skills in sample preparation for storage and subsequent analysis, accurate analytical procedures, a broad knowledge of chemometrics and advanced statistical tools, and a good knowledge of at least one of the two metabolomic techniques, MS or NMR. All these skills are traditionally cultivated by chemists. Here we focus on metabolomics from the chemical standpoint and restrict ourselves to NMR. From the analytical point of view, NMR has pros and cons but does provide a peculiar holistic perspective that may speak for its future adoption as a population‐wide health screening technique.

Ovarian cancer represents the first cause of death for gynaecological malignancies in the western countries. Since specific and sensitive methods for early detection are missing, the large majority of patients are diagnosed at advanced stages (1). Aggressive chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel following surgery is initially efficacious, although most of the patients acquire chemoresistance and the clinical outcome in advanced ovarian cancer is very poor (1).

Two murine models for colitis were used to study multi-level changes and derive molecular signatures of colitis onset and development. By combining metabolomics data on tissues and fecal extracts with proteomics data on tissues, we provide a comprehensive picture of the metabolic profile of acute and chronic states of the disease, and most importantly, of two early pre-symptomatic states. We show that, increased anaerobic glycolysis, accompanied by altered TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, associates with inflammation-induced hypoxia taking place in colon tissues. We also demonstrate significant changes in the metabolomic profiles of fecal extracts in different colitis states, most likely associated with the dysbiosis characteristic of colitis, as well as the dysregulated tissue metabolism. Most remarkably, strong and distinctive tissue and fecal metabolomic signatures can be detected before onset of symptoms. These results highlight the diagnostic potential of global metabolomics for inflammatory diseases.

In this study, we sought for a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolomic fingerprint in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients characterized, according to the clinical picture and CSF AD core biomarkers (Aβ

It is well known that axial coordination of heme iron in mitochondrial cytochrome c has redox-dependent stability. The Met80 heme iron axial ligand in the ferric form of the protein is relatively labile and can be easily replaced by alternative amino acid side chains under non-native conditions induced by alkaline pH, high temperature, or denaturing agents. Here, we showed a redox-dependent destabilization induced in human cytochrome c by substituting Phe82&mdash, conserved amino acid and a key actor in cytochrome c intermolecular interactions&mdash, with a Lys residue. Introducing a positive charge at position 82 did not significantly affect the structure of ferrous cytochrome c but caused localized unfolding of the distal site in the ferric state. As revealed by 1H NMR fingerprint, the ferric form of the F82K variant had axial coordination resembling the renowned alkaline species, where the detachment of the native Met80 ligand favored the formation of multiple conformations involving distal Lys residues binding to iron, but with more limited overall structural destabilization.

X-ray structures of homopolymeric human L-ferritin and horse spleen ferritin were solved by freezing protein crystals at different time intervals after exposure to a ferric salt and revealed the growth of an octa-nuclear iron cluster on the inner surface of the protein cage with a key role played by some glutamate residues. An atomic resolution view of how the cluster formation develops starting from a (μ3 -oxo)tris[(μ2 -glutamato-κO:κO')](glutamato-κO)(diaquo)triiron(III) seed is provided. The results support the idea that iron biomineralization in ferritin is a process initiating at the level of the protein surface, capable of contributing coordination bonds and electrostatic guidance.

Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome, DS) is the main human genetic cause of intellectual disability (ID). Lejeune hypothesized that DS could be considered a metabolic disease, and we found that subjects with DS have a specific plasma and urinary metabolomic profile. In this work we confirmed the alteration of mitochondrial metabolism in DS and also investigated if metabolite levels are related to cognitive aspects of DS. We analyzed the metabolomic profiles of plasma samples from 129 subjects with DS and 46 healthy control (CTRL) subjects by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Multivariate analysis of the NMR metabolomic profiles showed a clear discrimination (up to 94% accuracy) between the two groups. The univariate analysis revealed a significant alteration in 7 metabolites out of 28 assigned unambiguously. Correlations among the metabolite levels in DS and CTRL groups were separately investigated and statistically significant relationships appeared. On the contrary, statistically significant correlations among the NMR-detectable part of DS plasma metabolome and the different intelligence quotient ranges obtained by Griffiths-III or WPPSI-III tests were not found. Even if metabolic imbalance provides a clear discrimination between DS and CTRL groups, it appears that the investigated metabolomic profiles cannot be associated with the degree of ID.

The classic view of microbial growth strategy when multiple carbon sources are available states that they either metabolize them sequentially (diauxic growth) or simultaneously (co-utilization). This perspective is biased by the fact that this process has been mainly analysed in over-simplified laboratory settings, i.e. using a few model microorganisms and growth media containing only two alternative compounds. Models concerning the mechanisms and the dynamics regulating nutrients assimilation strategies in conditions that are closer to the ones found in natural settings (i.e. with many alternative carbon/energy sources) are missing. Here, we show that bacterial co-utilization and sequential uptake of multiple substrates can coexist when multiple possible nutrients are provided in the same growth experiment, leading to an efficient exploitation of nutritionally complex settings. The order of nutrient uptake is determined by the actual biomass yield (and growth rate) that can be achieved when the same compounds are provided as single carbon sources. Finally, using two alternative theoretical models we show that this complex metabolic phenotype can be explained by a tight regulation process that allows microbes to actively modulate the different assimilatory pathways involved.

Identification of early processes leading to complex tissue pathologies, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, poses a major scientific and clinical challenge that is imperative for improved diagnosis and treatment. Most studies of inflammation onset focus on cellular processes and signaling molecules, while overlooking the environment in which they take place, the continuously remodeled extracellular matrix. In this study, we used colitis models for investigating extracellular-matrix dynamics during disease onset, while treating the matrix as a complete and defined entity. Through the analysis of matrix structure, stiffness and composition, we unexpectedly revealed that even prior to the first clinical symptoms, the colon displays its own unique extracellular-matrix signature and found specific markers of clinical potential, which were also validated in human subjects. We also show that the emergence of this pre-symptomatic matrix is mediated by sub-clinical infiltration of neutrophils and monocytes bearing remodeling enzymes. Remarkably, whether the inflammation is chronic or acute, its matrix signature converges at pre-symptomatic states. We suggest that the existence of a pre-symptomatic extracellular-matrix is general and relevant to a wide range of diseases.

Herein we present examples of the application of the 13C-13C Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy (NOESY) experiment to the study of metalloproteins and we critically discuss the advantages and drawbacks of the method as a function of the molecular size of the investigated systems. The contribution is focused on a few case studies among the systems analyzed in the group of the corresponding author. The 13C-13C NOESY experiment represents the gold standard for the observation of NMR signals in the 480 kDa ferritin nanocage and for monitoring its interaction with iron. By decreasing the protein size, the experiment progressively loses its importance as a tool for the detection of the complete spin pattern of the amino acid side chains, as exemplified by nickel-dependent regulatory protein, NikR (molecular mass of the homo-tetramer ~80 kDa). In very small proteins, such as mitochondrial cytochrome c (12.3 kDa), we are only able to detect cross peaks between adjacent 13C nuclei; this feature turned out to be useful for the assignment of the 13C core resonances of the porphyrin in a uniformly enriched heme.

In May 2017, the European In Vitro Diagnostic Regulation (IVDR) entered into force and will apply to in vitro diagnostics from May 26th, 2022. This will have a major impact on the in vitro diagnostics (IVD) industry as all devices falling under the scope of the IVDR will require new or re-certification. It will also affect health institutions developing and using in-house devices. The IVDR also has implications with respect to product performance validation and verification including the pre-analytics of biological samples used by IVD developers and diagnostic service providers. In parallel to the IVDR, a series of standards on pre-analytical sample processing has been published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). These standards describe pre-analytical requirements for various types of analyses in various types of biospecimens. They are of relevance for IVD product developers in the context of (re)certification under the IVDR and to some extent also to devices manufactured and used only within health institutions. This review highlights the background and the rational for the pre-analytical standards. It describes the procedure that leads to these standards, the major implications of the standards and the requirements on pre-analytical workflows. In addition, it discusses the relationship between the standards and the IVDR.