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In the day-to-day business life, rules of origin (RoO) are part of the cross-border routine and have to be administered in an efficient manner to facilitate customs clearance and not hinder trade. Toward this goal, addressing some of stigma over the cost of compliance with rules of origin can provide concrete support to trade policy makers and administrators for the introduction of reforms that could serve to stimulate world trade in the post Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) scenario. There is a real need to establish a public-private dialogue to simplify customs procedures related to rules of origin addressing the day-to-day hurdles that business is facing. It is hoped that the shock to world trade caused by the COVID 19 pandemic provides renewed energy to trade negotiations for drastic and pragmatic reforms towards convergence and simplification of rules of origin to support business, especially Small-Medium size enterprises (SMEs). Rules of origin, compliance costs, customs procedures, certificate of origin, supplier declaration, exporter declaration, Proof of origin, accounting segregation, Revised Kyoto Convention, Third country invoicing, direct consignment, Product specific rules of origin (PSRO).

The ongoing patent battle relating to Cefdinir polymorphism and crystalline forms is described from a scientific point of view. This case study illustrates some of the strategies adopted by generic bulk manufacturers to challenge originator's patents on polymorphic forms.

The development of a high-yield and low environmental impact synthesis able to deliver highly pure pergolide mesylate 1 is described. The process [seven chemical steps (four telescoped), three steps of isolation of intermediate, and only one drying] affords pergolide mesylate 1 in 75−81% overall yield from dihydrolysergic acid 4 with >99.8% purity.

A thermogravimetric method was used to study the behaviour of seven pulverized commercial coals during the first instants of their combustion and devolatilization and combustion of the corresponding chars. Their weight variations are related to the evolution of the surface characteristics of the carbonaceous materials. In particular, BET surface areas of the chars appear to be strictly related to the volatile matter of the parent coals and to the devolatilization conditions. A thermogravimetric reactivity parameter is suggested and related to the combustion efficiency obtained from pilot plant combustion data.

A new TGA method for evaluating the carbon residue of heavy fuel oil (TGCR) is proposed. Using a Netzsch STA 409 thermobalance it is possible to submit the sample to a high heating rate (> 750°Cmin−1) in nitrogen obtaining a rapid pyrolysis followed by the combustion of carbon residue in oxygen. The results obtained for eight samples of heavy fuel oil are compared with the asphaltene content and with the Conradson carbon residue (CCR). This method is easy and rapid to carry out; it is characterized by good repeatability and may be widely employed in routine laboratories for fuel oil control.

Laser-activated pyrolysis was applied to the synthesis of ultrafine TiO2, producing a non porous monocrystalline material in anatase phase with high specific surface area and uniform particle size. This powder was used as support for the preparation of vanadia catalysts with different compositions by wet impregnation. The pure TiO2 and the vanadia catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform IR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ammonia temperature-programmed desorption and were tested in the reaction of nitric oxide reduction by ammonia. It has been proposed that two different VOx species formed in the submonolayer region: a VIV containing species which prevails up to 6 wt.-% V2O5 and a VV containing species which develops from 6 wt.-% V2O5 up to monolayer completion. The structure of these species has been hypothesized. A reaction scheme has been proposed to interpret the catalytic activity for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx. The selectivity of catalysts for nitrogen is related to the prevalence of the VIV containing species.

This investigation shows how sodium chloride adsorbed on particles of limestone can influence certain surface characteristics of the calcium oxide obtained by the calcination process and its capability for flue-gas desulphurization. About 2 wt% of NaCl was found to favour the formation of CaO with a porous texture and also with a better size distribution, which is related both to a higher degree of conversion to CaSO 4 of the sorbent and to a higher rate of conversion. This effect reaches a maximum activity at a temperature of about 850 °C and markedly decreases with increase in the sorbent particle size. KCl behaves in a similar way, but other metallic chlorides examined led to a decrease of the sorption activity of the CaO.

Laser-activated pyrolysis was applied to the synthesis of ultrafine TiO2, producing a non porous monocrystalline material in anatase phase with high specific surface area and uniform particle size. This powder was used as support for the preparation of vanadia catalysts with different compositions by wet impregnation. The pure TiO2 and the vanadia catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform IR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ammonia temperature-programmed desorption and were tested in the reaction of nitric oxide reduction by ammonia. It has been proposed that two different VOx species formed in the submonolayer region: a VIV containing species which prevails up to 6 wt.-% V2O5 and a VV containing species which develops from 6 wt.-% V2O5 up to monolayer completion. The structure of these species has been hypothesized. A reaction scheme has been proposed to interpret the catalytic activity for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx. The selectivity of catalysts for nitrogen is related to the prevalence of the VIV containing species.

Physical and combustion properties of a pyrolytic bio-oil are determined both as-obtained and after catalytic hydrodeoxygenation. The tests demonstrate that the hydrogenation treatment improves the oil as regards combustibility, viscosity and acidity. Combustion properties of the oil have been characterized by evaporation and temperature programmed combustion profiles.

Three crystalline modifications of fluocinolone acetonide, A, B and C, were characterized by means of FTIR, DSC, TG-FTIR, MICRO-FTIR and X-ray diffractometry. They were easily differentiated by their IR absorption bands in the 3600-3400 cm-1 range. The thermal behavior was also elucidated using combined techniques; thermomicroscopy and thermogravimetry coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were found to be very useful tools for a better understanding of thermal events. On heating, form A and C were fully converted into form B. Polymorph A was found to be enantiotropically related to B, while form C was monotropically related to B. The existence of three polymorphs was confirmed by means of their different X-ray diffraction patterns. Detailed methods of preparation of the three modifications are also described.

The adsorption of SO 2 on a CaO surface derived from Ca(OH) 2 has been studied by X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy. It is shown that SO 2 adsorbs molecularly on the CaO surface forming SO 3 2− and SO 4 2− . The adsorbate SO 3 2− species shift the Ca2 p core levels about 2 eV toward higher binding energy. However, the formation of SO 4 2− species does not induce any further observable changes in the Ca core line spectra. These results are explained and discussed in terms of an electronic charge transfer from the substrate metal atoms to the adsorbed molecules and vice versa.

A series of coals of different rank has been characterized by surface area measurements performed by sorption of both nitrogen and carbon dioxide. While the data obtained with nitrogen do not discriminate among the different coal samples, those based on carbon dioxide sorption do give a significant distinction between the samples. This technique has also been applied to the determination of the surface area of coal samples quenched after stepwise combustion in air atmosphere. It has been possible to establish a useful correlation between the latter data and the burning profile measured by derivative thermogravimetry. The aim of the present study was to gain a better understanding of the coal combustion process on a laboratory scale which could reasonably be extended to combustion plants. The results presented are relevant to some of the multivalent aspects inherent in the coal combustion process and some valuable information has been gained in respect of characterization of solid fuels.

Solid fuel samples were characterized by their proximate and ultimate analyses and then subjected to heat in a thermobalance, both under air and nitrogen. Trends in weight loss were recorded by thermogravimetry (TG) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG). By examining the data obtained, it was possible to show the existence of good correlations between the VM FC , C H and (C + H) O ratios and both rate of weight loss data and the temperatures deduced from the burning and volatile release profiles. Methods for evaluating the reactivity of coal are reported showing that these substantially agree with the results obtained.

In this paper, data are reported for the behaviour of some charcoals during combustion and devolatilization in a thermal analyser.