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Abstract Background Paracetamol and ibuprofen are the most commonly used drugs for pain treatment in children and their combination has shown improved analgesic effect compared to treatment with either drug alone. Current literature lacks specific guidelines regarding the settings in which this combination should be adopted. Methods The survey, conducted with Delphi methodology, involved 75 hospital and outpatient pediatricians with clinical experience in the management of pain in children. Pediatricians involved were asked to validate or not the results of the previous NominalGroup Tecnique (NGT) consensus and thus specify the optimal clinical settings in which the paracetamol/ibuprofen fixed-dose combination could be adopted. Results The results confirm the importance of the fixed-dose paracetamol and ibuprofen combination for the control of mild-to-moderate acute pain in children. Particularly, this association seems to be appropriate in case of headache, earache, odontalgia and musculoskeletal pain, and in specific settings such as post-operative and post-procedural pain. The broadening of the panel brought to slight variations in clinical management practices between hospital and outpatient specialists. Nonetheless, overall consensus supports the notion that the fixed dose combination is more efficacious than monotherapies and it is well tolerated. Moreover, experts unanimously agree on the usefulness of the combination for caregivers, leading to improved adherence and effectiveness. Conclusions Both the NGT consensus and the broader Delphi consensus confirm the usefulness of the paracetamol-ibuprofen fixed-dose combination in pediatric pain. This is attributed to its superior effectiveness compared to monotherapies, a good tolerability profile, and improved compliance and ease of use. Some pain settings related to chronic, inflammatory and rheumatological pathologies remain to be investigated to evaluate the use of this combination.

Background: Paracetamol and ibuprofen are the most commonly used drugs for pain treatment in children and their combination has shown improved analgesic effect compared to treatment with either drug alone. Current literature lacks specific guidelines regarding the settings in which this combination should be adopted. Methods: The survey, conducted with Delphi methodology, involved 75 hospital and outpatient pediatricians with clinical experience in the management of pain in children. Pediatricians involved were asked to validate or not the results of the previous NominalGroup Tecnique (NGT) consensus and thus specify the optimal clinical settings in which the paracetamol/ibuprofen fixed-dose combination could be adopted. Results: The results confirm the importance of the fixed-dose paracetamol and ibuprofen combination for the control of mild-to-moderate acute pain in children. Particularly, this association seems to be appropriate in case of headache, earache, odontalgia and musculoskeletal pain, and in specific settings such as post-operative and post-procedural pain. The broadening of the panel brought to slight variations in clinical management practices between hospital and outpatient specialists. Nonetheless, overall consensus supports the notion that the fixed dose combination is more efficacious than monotherapies and it is well tolerated. Moreover, experts unanimously agree on the usefulness of the combination for caregivers, leading to improved adherence and effectiveness. Conclusions: Both the NGT consensus and the broader Delphi consensus confirm the usefulness of the paracetamol-ibuprofen fixed-dose combination in pediatric pain. This is attributed to its superior effectiveness compared to monotherapies, a good tolerability profile, and improved compliance and ease of use. Some pain settings related to chronic, inflammatory and rheumatological pathologies remain to be investigated to evaluate the use of this combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]