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Recent studies show that hospitalized COVID-19 patients have an increased incidence of arrhythmia, especially atrial fibrillation (AF). This single-center study included 383 hospitalized patients with positive polymerase chain reaction tests for COVID-19 from March 2020 to April 2021. Patient characteristics were documented, and data were analyzed for episodes of AF on admission or during the hospital stay, intrahospital mortality, need for intensive care and/or invasive ventilation, inflammatory parameters (hs-CRP, IL-6, and procalcitonin), and differential blood count. We demonstrated that in the setting of hospitalized cases of COVID-19 infection, there is an incidence of 9.8% ( n = 36) for the occurrence of new-onset AF. Furthermore, it was shown that a total of 21% ( n = 77) had a history of episodes of paroxysmal/persistent AF. However, only about one-third of patients with pre-existing AF had relevant documented tachycardic episodes during the hospital stay. Patients with new-onset AF had a significantly increased intrahospital mortality compared to the control and the pre-existing AF without rapid ventricular rate (RVR) group. Patients with new-onset AF required intensive care and invasive ventilation more frequently. Further analysis examined patients with episodes of RVR and demonstrated that they had significantly elevated CRP ( p < 0.05) and PCT ( p < 0.05) levels on the day of hospital admission compared to patients without RVR.

Heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) are two major life-threatening diseases worldwide. Causes and mechanisms are incompletely understood, yet current therapies are unable to stop disease progression. In this review, we focus on the contribution of the transcriptional modulator, Jun dimerization protein 2 (JDP2), and on HF and AF development. In recent years, JDP2 has been identified as a potential prognostic marker for HF development after myocardial infarction. This close correlation to the disease development suggests that JDP2 may be involved in initiation and progression of HF as well as in cardiac dysfunction. Although no studies have been done in humans yet, studies on genetically modified mice impressively show involvement of JDP2 in HF and AF, making it an interesting therapeutic target.

Endometrial cancer (EC) has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including atrial fibrillation (AF). We performed a prospective, case-controlled analysis among 310 Bulgarian women with new-onset, histologically confirmed EC, free of AF at the baseline survey, and women with normal (senile) endometrium/endometrial hyperplasia as a control group ( n = 205). The risk of AF as well as relationship of adiponectin (APN) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels with AF in women with EC were calculated by Cox proportional hazards models. During the mean follow-up of 2.5 ± 0.5 years, new-onset AF had occurred in 11.7% of women with EC vs. 5.8% in the control group ( p < 0.01). The risk of AF was highest in the first 6 months after new-onset EC, with an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 1.19 (95% CI 1.10-1.29; p = 0.01). Women with EC, who were obese (body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m 2 ) and younger (age < 60) were found to be more likely to develop AF (HR 1.95; 95% CI 1.18-3.32; p = 0.05). APN levels were not significantly associated with new-onset AF (95% CI 0.87-1.21; p = 0.063). However, the secondary analysis showed evidence of APN-AF association when adjusted for BMI (2.05; 95% CI 1.04-4.04; p = 0.037). We conclude that EC was significantly associated with the incidence of AF.

Background: Cardiac-specific JDP2 overexpression provokes ventricular dysfunction and atrial dilatation in mice. We performed in vivo studies on JDP2-overexpressing mice to investigate the impact of JDP2 on the predisposition to spontaneous atrial fibrillation (AF)., Methods: JDP2-overexpression was started by withdrawal of a doxycycline diet in 4-week-old mice. The spontaneous onset of AF was documented by ECG within 4 to 5 weeks of JDP2 overexpression. Gene expression was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and Western blots., Results: In atrial tissue of JDP2 mice, besides the 3.6-fold increase of JDP2 mRNA, no changes could be detected within one week of JDP2 overexpression. Atrial dilatation and hypertrophy, combined with elongated cardiomyocytes and fibrosis, became evident after 5 weeks of JDP2 overexpression. Electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings revealed prolonged PQ-intervals and broadened P-waves and QRS-complexes, as well as AV-blocks and paroxysmal AF. Furthermore, reductions were found in the atrial mRNA and protein level of the calcium-handling proteins NCX, Cav1.2 and RyR2, as well as of connexin40 mRNA. mRNA of the hypertrophic marker gene ANP, pro-inflammatory MCP1, as well as markers of immune cell infiltration (CD68, CD20) were increased in JDP2 mice., Conclusion: JDP2 is an important regulator of atrial calcium and immune homeostasis and is involved in the development of atrial conduction defects and arrhythmogenic substrates preceding paroxysmal AF.

Background Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is of interest as a marker for vascular inflammation and plaque destabilization. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression profile of FSAP in endarterectomy specimens that were taken from patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaques and to compare them with circulating FSAP levels. Methods and Results Plasma FSAP concentration, activity, and mRNA expression were measured in endarterectomy specimens and in monocytes and platelets. Plaque and plasma FSAP levels were higher in symptomatic patients (n=10) than in asymptomatic patients (n=14). Stronger FSAP immunostaining was observed in advanced symptomatic lesions, in intraplaque hemorrhage-related structures, and in lipid-rich areas within the necrotic core. FSAP was also colocalized with monocytes and macrophages (CD11b/CD68-positive cells) and platelets (CD41-positive cells) of the plaques. Moreover, human platelets expressed FSAP in vitro, at both the mRNA and protein levels. Expression is stimulated by thrombin receptor-activating peptide and ADP and reduced by acetylsalicylic acid. Conclusions Plasma FSAP levels were significantly increased in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis and thus may be involved in plaque development This plaque-associated FSAP may be produced by platelets or macrophages or may be taken up from the circulation. To establish FSAP's utility as a circulating or plaque biomarker in patients with symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaques, further studies are needed.

BACKGROUND Factor VII-activating protease (FSAP) has a role in vascular inflammation and may have a role coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to investigate the association between two naturally occurring single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FSAP gene and the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). MATERIAL AND METHODS Of 733 patients, 173 patients had symptoms of angina, and 560 patients had CAD confirmed by coronary angiography. All patients were genotyped for SNPs of the FSAP gene, Marburg I (MI-SNP) and Marburg II (MII-SNP), using 5' exonuclease TaqMan assays. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between two gene polymorphisms, metabolic and other cardiovascular risk factors in patients with CAD. RESULTS The presence of MI-SNP and MII-SNP FSAP gene polymorphisms were not associated with the presence of CAD. However, the MII-SNP polymorphism was significantly associated with a reduced risk of developing CAD (OR=0.422; 95% CI, 0.194-0.920; P=0.035); the MI-SNP polymorphism was associated with absence of hyperlipoproteinemia (OR=0.601; 95% CI, 0.344-1.051; P=0.074). There was no significant association between expression of the MI-SNP and MII-SNP FSAP gene polymorphisms and the incidence of myocardial infarction, or of a history of diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, obesity, or smoking. CONCLUSIONS The MI-SNP and MII-SNP FSAP gene polymorphisms were not predictive or prognostic biomarkers for CAD or its main risk factors. However, the presence of the MII-SNP polymorphism was associated with a reduced risk of developing CAD.

MicroRNA (miR) is reported to be involved in vascular inflammation and may represent a novel class of diagnostic biomarkers in cardiovascular disease. We aimed to identify the miR expression profile in human advanced coronary atherosclerotic plaques (CAP) and to connect this expression to the processes in atherosclerosis. Microarray techniques and TaqMan polymerase chain reaction were used to analyse the global expression of 352 miRs in CAP obtained during ACS MULTI-LINK study. 11 miRs were selected on the basis of their implication in atherosclerosis, endothelial activation, and inflammation. 6 miRs were found to be differently expressed in CAP when compared to non-atherosclerotic internal mammary arteries (IMA, p < 0.05). The expression of miR-21, -92a, and -99a was verified and found to be significantly up-regulated in CAP versus IMA (p < 0.001). We also performed bioinformatic analysis and found several potential target genes of miR-92a and -99a as well as several pathways with impact on atherosclerosis which could be differently expressed due to this miRNA profile. The most up-regulated miRs are involved in processes known to be connected to atherosclerosis. Interfering with the miR expression in the artery wall is a potential way to affect atherosclerotic plaque and cardiovascular disease development.

MicroRNA has been increasingly suggested to be involved in vascular inflammation. The aim of this study was to assess the expression profile of miRs as possible novel cellular biomarkers in circulating monocytes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Microarray techniques and TaqMan polymerase chain reaction were used to analyse the global expression of 352 miRNAs in peripheral blood monocytes from healthy donors (n = 20) and patients (n = 24) with acute STEMI. The expression level of miR-143 in monocytes from STEMI patients compared to healthy controls was increased, whereas the expression of miR-1, -92a, -99a, and -223 was reduced significantly. During 3.5 ± 1.5 months of follow-up miR-1 and -223 were back to baseline, whereas miR-92a and -99a return to normal levels over 3 months, but remained lower than healthy controls. Furthermore, monocytic expression of miR-143 was positively correlated with hs-CRP (R 2  = 0.338; P < 0.031), but not with cTnT. Importantly, treatment of monocytes isolated from healthy individuals with INFγ, but not LPS or TNFα caused an upregulation of miR-143 and downregulation of miR-1. Our findings identify circulating monocytes as putative biomarkers and as novel carriers for the cell-specific transfer of miRs in the early phase of myocardial infarction.

Background: The Home Monitoring (HM) system of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) permits early detection of arrhythmias or device system failures. The aim of this pilot study was to examine how the safety and efficacy of the HM system in patients after ambulatory implanted primary CIEDs compare to patients with a standard procedure and hospitalization., Hypothesis: We hypothesized that HM and their modifications would be a useful extension of the present concepts for ambulatory implanted CIEDs., Methods: This retrospective analysis evaluates telemetric data obtained from 364 patients in an ambulatory single center over 6 years. Patients were assigned to an active group (n = 217), consisting of those who were discharged early on the day of implantation of the primary CIED, or to a control group (n = 147), consisting of those discharged and followed up with the HM system according to usual medical practices., Results: The mean duration of hospitalization was 73.2% shorter in the active group than in the control group, corresponding to 20.5 ± 13 fewer hours (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.3-29.5; P < 0.01) spent in the hospital (7.5 ± 1.5 vs 28 ± 4.5 h). This shorter mean hospital stay was attributable to a 78.8% shorter postoperative period in the active group. The proportion of patients with treatment-related adverse events was 11% (n = 23) in the active group and 17% (n = 25) in the control group (95% CI: 5.5-8.3; P = 0.061). This 6% absolute risk reduction (95% CI: 3.3-9.1; P = 0.789) confirmed the noninferiority of the ambulatory implanted CIED when compared with standard management of these patients., Conclusions: Early discharge with the HM system after ambulatory CIED implantation was safe and not inferior to the classic medical procedure. Thus, together with lower costs, HM and its modifications would be a useful extension of the present concepts for ambulatory implanted CIEDs., (© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

BACKGROUND The original Task Force Criteria from 1994 for the clinical diagnosis of ARVC were highly specific and based on structural, histological, EKG, and familial features of disease. However, recommendations for clinical diagnosis and management of ARVC are sparse and lacked sensitivity for early disease. CASE REPORT Ventricular electrical instability and sudden cardiac death are the hallmarks of ARVC, and are often present before structural abnormalities. In this case report, we describe a patient who had detectable electrical abnormalities and structural changes that remained unchanged for over 10 years. CONCLUSIONS The disease progression in this case was defined as the development of a new 2010 TFC, which was absent at enrolment in 1994 and in 2008.

Objective: Stroke and transient ischemic attacks are considered as clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic disease due to on-going vascular inflammation and finally atherothrombosis of the carotid arteries. MicroRNAs (miRNA/miR) are known to be involved in vascular inflammation and plaque destabilization. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression profile of selected miRNAs in endarterectomy specimen from carotid arteries that were taken from patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic atherosclerotic plaques., Methods and Results: 11 miRNAs were selected and their expression was analyzed using real-time RT-PCR. Therefore, samples were divided into three different groups. On the one hand we investigated the expression patterns from patients in asymptomatic (n = 14) and symptomatic (n = 10) plaques; on the other hand we took samples from normal configurated internal mammary arteries (n = 15). Out of these 11 targets we identified some miRNAs, which were up- or down-regulated in either one of the two groups. Interestingly, the expression of two miRNAs was significantly different between asymptomatic and symptomatic samples, namely miR-21 (P<0.01) and miR-143 (P<0.05)., Conclusion: In the present study, we identified miRNA subtypes which showed different expression in endarterectomy specimen from patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic plaques, suggesting that these miRNAs correlated with advanced vascular inflammation and plaque stability. They may represent new therapeutic targets for vascular proliferative diseases such as atherosclerosis., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

We report an interesting case of a man with a persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) with left azygos vein who underwent electrophysiological evaluation. Further evaluation revealed congenital dilated azygos vein, while a segment connecting the inferior vena cava (IVC) to the hepatic vein and right atrium was missing. The azygos vein drained into the superior vena cava, and the hepatic veins drained directly into the right atrium. The patient did not have congenital anomalies of the remaining thoracoabdominal vasculature.

Objective: Although vitamin C is a strong antioxidant, the epidemiologic evidence to support its role in lowering risk of cardiovascular disease is inconsistent. In order to define the role of vitamin C in vascular pathophysiology, we have investigated the effect of vitamin C on the tissue factor (TF) and Factor VII Activating Protease (FSAP) expression induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in human monocyte-derived macrophages., Materials and Methods: Vitamin C at clinically relevant doses was tested to its ability to influence the LPS- and reactive oxygen species (ROS) - generating system of xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO) NF-kB activity in human monocyte-derived macrophages., Results: Vitamin C-treatment prevents LPS- and ROS-induced DNA-binding activity of NF-kB in a concentration-dependent fashion. Vitamin C also inhibited the phosphorylation and proteolytic degradation of the inhibitor protein IkBa. In parallel to regulate NF-kB activity, vitamin C reduced the expression of TF and FSAP, genes known to be induced by bacterial LPS and triggered the extrinsic coagulation cascade and linked thrombosis with inflammation., Conclusions: Vitamin C alters pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulatory processes via inhibition of NF-kB activation and exerts beneficial antiatherogenic effects on human monocyte-derived macrophages in addition to its anti-oxidant properties.

Objective: Atherosclerosis, as an inflammatory disease, is characterized by pathologically altered levels of cytokines. We investigated whether smoking and/or oral contraceptives (OCs) affect the CD40/CD40L plasma levels and expression in young females without other risk factors for atherosclerosis., Patients and Methods: A case-control single-center design was used. Expression levels of CD40/CD40L were analyzed in healthy non-pregnant, pre-menopausal, non-smoking women who did not take OCs (n=49), women who currently smoke and take OCs (n=40), and women who are only smokers (n=40) or currently take OCs (n=42)., Results: In OC users, there was a significant increase in CD40 mRNA expression in circulating monocytes as compared with smokers and control group. However, there were no significant differences in CD40 mRNA expression in monocytes between smokers and non-smokers. Interestingly, CD40 mRNA expression in women taking OCs and currently smoking was significantly decreased compared to only OC users (p<0.001). With regard to plasma CD40 levels there were significant differences between OC-users and control group. However, contrary to our expectations, there were no significant differences in expression levels of CD40L between four groups. In vitro experiments demonstrated enhanced CD40 mRNA and surface expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages stimulated with estrogens. Furthermore, nicotine pretreatment led to a suppression of estrogens stimulated CD40 induction., Conclusions: In young healthy females without additional risk factors for atherosclerosis, OCs, but not smoking, are associated with dramatic changes in CD40 gene and plasma levels. These findings may be providing an important link between OCs and enhancement of pro-inflammatory and atherothrombotic conditions in healthy women., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Factor VII Activating Protease (FSAP) activates factor VII (FVII) as well as pro-urokinase (uPA). Our goal was to evaluate the relation between plasma levels of FSAP and clinical instability in atrial fibrillation (AF) and possible effects of oral omega-3 fatty acids (FA) supplements. 101 patients with persistent AF were analyzed in the OMEGA-AF Study. Plasma FSAP levels were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment with omega-3 FA. The median FSAP antigen concentration, in contrast to FSAP activity, was higher in patients with persistent AF. The maintenance of SR after successful cardioversion (CV) did not lead to a normalization of FSAP concentration. Supplementation with omega-3 FA but not placebo significantly reduced elevated FSAP concentration. Furthermore, elevated FSAP levels did not indicate a significantly increased risk of recurrence of AF after electrical CV or cardiovascular clinical events during 1 year of follow-up. Plasma FSAP concentration was increased in patients with AF and may be involved in the pathogenesis of this condition. The possible effects of omega-3 FA on clinical AF potential could be linked with modulation of circulating FSAP levels.

Objective: Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is a novel regulator of vascular inflammation and hemostasis. However, the molecular mechanism by which circulating FSAP influences inflammatory events and progression of atherosclerosis is not yet entirely understood. Here we have investigated the influence of FSAP on monocyte/macrophage functions., Methods: We stimulated human monocyte-derived macrophages with FSAP and analyzed their cellular responses., Results: FSAP induced IκB-dependent NF-κB activation in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion. FSAP also activated the phosphorylation and proteolytic degradation of the inhibitor protein IκBα. The phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB was induced by FSAP, which is known to contribute to the enhancement of DNA-binding activity of NF-κB. Concomitantly, FSAP up-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, cell adhesion molecules and tissue factor. In the presence of FSAP there was increased monocytes adhesion and transendothelial migration in a beta2 integrin dependent manner., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that FSAP activates the NF-κB pathway and the associated downstream pro-inflammatory factors in monocytic cells. This adds to a spectrum of FSAP effects on the vascular system that may explain its association with cardiovascular diseases., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Factor seven activating protease (FSAP) is a plasma serine protease known to play a critical role in hemostasis and remodeling processes: FSAP levels increase markedly during normal pregnancy. In order to define the role of FSAP in vascular pathophysiology in pregnant women and particularly in the placenta, we performed this study (i) to evaluate the FSAP expression in human placenta and (ii) to identify the role of FSAP in human trophoblast migration., Study Design: FSAP expression in placental tissues was analyzed by using immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). To determine whether FSAP plays any role in trophoblast migration, we used human trophoblast cells in transwell migration assays., Results: Immunohistochemistry showed that FSAP protein was expressed by syncytiotrophoblast and in the cytoplasma of invasive extravillous trophoblasts (EVT) within the maternal decidua (DC) in implantation sites of human first trimester placenta. Furthermore, FSAP mRNA and protein decreased with gestational age (p<0.05, 1st vs 3rd trimester). FSAP (10μg/ml) had a significant stimulatory effect on the migration of human trophoblast cells. This effect was abolished by addition of aprotinin to block the enzymatic activity of FSAP., Conclusions: The high expression level of FSAP in the placenta supports a relevant role of this protease in trophoblast migration and vascular remodeling, identifies a new concept of coagulation/fibrinolysis at the feto-maternal interface and may be essential for the maintenance of pregnancy., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aim: Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is a plasma serine protease involved in hemostasis and remodeling processes. Increased levels of circulating FSAP during pregnancy and in women using oral contraceptives (OCs) indicate that the hormonal status critically influences FSAP expression. In this respect, the aim of this study was to quantify nicotine modulation of FSAP expression in human monocytes/macrophages isolated from healthy female smokers and non-smokers, and from women who use OCs and smoke., Methods: FSAP concentration and activity were measured in plasma samples obtained from healthy non-pregnant, pre-menopausal, non-smoking women who did not use OCs (n=69), non-pregnant, pre-menopausal women who currently smoke and use OCs (n=43), and women who are only smokers (n=40) or currently use OCs (n=48). Expressions of FSAP mRNA and protein in monocytes isolated from healthy non-pregnant female or healthy male donors were analyzed., Results: Strongest circulating FSAP concentration and activity occurred in women with combined smoking and use of OCs compared to the control group. Enhanced FSAP levels were also observed in smoking women when compared to non-smokers. Ex vivo experiments demonstrated enhanced FSAP expression in monocytes isolated from women using OCs and currently smoking. Nicotine enhanced FSAP mRNA and protein levels in monocytes., Conclusions: Monocytes from healthy female smokers show a constitutively enhanced FSAP expression and this effect could be replicated in vitro by stimulating monocytes with nicotine. The upregulation of FSAP due to nicotine and OC usage may be linked to a higher incidence of arteriothromboembolic diseases related to their usage.

Background: Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is a circulating serine protease strongly expressed in unstable plaques and may serve as a marker of plaque destabilization. The aim of this study was to examine the relation between plasma concentrations of FSAP and clinical instability and outcome in coronary artery disease (CAD)., Methods and Results: Circulating FSAP concentration and activity, as well as FSAP mRNA expression in monocytes, were measured in 231 sequential patients who underwent coronary angiography because of stable angina pectoris (n=50), unstable angina pectoris (n=43), or acute myocardial infarction (n=87). FSAP activity, but not FSAP antigen concentration, was elevated in patients with CAD compared with a control group. Elevated FSAP activity (≥1.035 plasma equivalent units [PEU]/ml) indicated a significantly increased risk of death or non-fatal myocardial infarction during 1 year of follow-up as compared with patients with low activity of FSAP (odds ratio 1.895 [95% confidence interval 1.093-3.283]; P=0.023). Furthermore, there were no significant changes in the FSAP expression in monocytes from CAD and control subjects in the basal state but there were differences after stimulation with proinflammatory factors., Conclusions: Plasma FSAP activity was significantly increased in patients with acute coronary syndrome and may be involved in the pathogenesis of these conditions. High levels of FSAP activity were predictive of adverse events during follow-up, suggesting its potential role in risk stratification and clinical management of CAD patients.

Effective cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) requires an accurate atrio-biventricular pacing system. The innovative Quartet lead is a quadripolar, over-the-wire left ventricular lead with four electrodes and has recently been designed to provide more options and greater control in pacing vector selection. A lead with multiple pacing electrodes is a potential alternative to physical adjustment of the lead and may help to overcome high thresholds and phrenic nerve stimulation (PNS).

Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is an acute reversible cause of segmental myocardial dysfunction that is poorly understood and cannot be explained by the occlusion of a single coronary vessel. Its clinical presentation is similar to that of acute coronary syndrome and is often precipitated by a severe psychological or physical stress.

Introduction: Factor seven activating protease (FSAP) is a plasma serine protease involved in haemostasis and remodeling processes. We have investigated whether pregnancy or the use of oral contraceptives (OCs) influences circulating FSAP levels. The effect of female sex hormones on FSAP expression in cultured cells was also determined., Materials and Methods: FSAP levels and activity was measured in plasma samples obtained at different gestation stages from healthy pregnant women (n=101), from non-pregnant women, pre-menopausal women who currently use OCs (n=48), and non-pregnant women who did not use OCs (n=69)., Results: In late pregnancy the plasma FSAP antigen (median 2.28 PEU/ml [range 1.11 to 2.62 PEU/ml]; p<0.001 vs control group) and activity (median 2.98 PEU/ml [range 1.05 to 4.24 PEU/ml]; p<0.001 vs control group) was significantly higher compared with levels in non-pregnant women and remained elevated after delivery. Plasma FSAP levels in women using OCs was also significantly elevated compared to the control group. Ex vivo experiments demonstrated enhanced FSAP expression in monocytes isolated from women using OCs. In vitro experiments showed that FSAP mRNA levels were strongly induced by estradiol in monocytes but not in hepatocytes., Conclusions: Increased levels of circulating FSAP in pregnancy and in women using OCs indicate that hormonal status critically influences FSAP expression. Hormonal influences could be observed in monocytes in vivo and ex-vivo but not in hepatocytes indicating cell-specific regulation. Future studies designed to investigate the role of FSAP in haemostasis and remodeling processes should consider the role of female sex hormones on FSAP expression., (Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The Factor Seven Activating Protease (FSAP) is known to influence fibrinolysis and to play a critical role in the inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration as well as neointima formation. In order to define the role of FSAP in vascular pathophysiology we have investigated the expression of FSAP protein and mRNA in human vascular cells and coronary atherosclerotic plaques with defined clinical features., Methods and Results: Directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) specimens from 40 lesions were analyzed for FSAP antigen and mRNA expression. Higher level of FSAP mRNA (p<0.001) as well as FSAP immunostaining (p<0.005) was observed in patients with acute coronary syndromes compared to patients with stable angina pectoris. FSAP antigen was found to be focally accumulated in hypocellular and lipid-rich areas within the necrotic core of atherosclerotic plaques. FSAP was also co-localized with CD11b/CD68 expressing cells in macrophage-rich shoulder regions of the plaques. Monocyte-derived macrophages expressed FSAP in vitro and this was further induced by pro-inflammatory mediators., Conclusions: FSAP accumulation in coronary atherosclerotic lesions is due to either local synthesis by monocytes/macrophages, or uptake from the plasma due to plaque hemorrhage. The higher expression of FSAP in unstable plaques suggests that it may destabilize plaque through reducing VSMC proliferation/migration and altering the hemostatic balance.