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Two specimens representing the first known adults of Lestidiops indopacificus (Ege, 1953) are reported and described from Taiwan, and the validity and generic assignment of this species are confirmed. The origin of the pelvic fin directly below the dorsal-fin base shows that L. indopacificus belongs to the L. mirabilis species complex. It can be separated from its congeners by the position of the nostrils above the posterior end of the maxilla, the light body color with unevenly distributed melanophores in adults, and a distinct combination of meristic values and other morphological characteristics. New geographic records are reported for the two other current members of this species complex, L. mirabilis (Ege, 1933) and L. extremus (Ege, 1953). The diagnostic features that separate these three very similar species are discussed.

The adult morphology of Lestidiops extremus (Ege, 1953), a barracudina originally described based on postlarvae from Indonesia, has long been a mystery. An adult specimen collected from off the Philippines represents the first confirmed record of an adult of this species. Observations on the holotype and a detailed description of the adult are provided. The location of the pelvic-fin origin in the adult, clearly behind the posterior end of the dorsal-fin base, is unique within this genus and the entire subfamily Lestidiinae. The present find extends the known range of the species from northwestern New Guinea, Indonesia, to seas east of the Philippines.

Lestidiops extremus (Ege, 1953) Figure 1; Table 1 Lestidium extremum Ege, 1953: 136, fig. 29 (type locality: Molucca Passage, 0°18′S, 132°52′ E [West Papua, Indonesia], ca. 100 m). Post, 1972: 147 (type catalog; in Lestidiops, but possibly referable to Uncisudis). Lestidiops extremus (Ege, 1953): Rofen, 1966:301 (listed). Paxton & Niem, 1999: 1949 (listed). Fukui & Ozawa, 2004: 293 (listed). Material examined. Holotype of Lestidium extremum: ZMUC P 2316999 (21.8 mm SL), 0°18′S, 132°52′E, West Papua, Indonesia, ca. 100 m, 29 Jul. 1929. Non-type. AMS I.36462-006 (sex undetermined, 190 mm SL), about 80 km NW off Camarines Norte Province, southeastern Luzon, the Philippines, 14°50.46′N, 123°17.30′E –14°47.35′N, 123°22.33′E, otter trawl, 760–770 m, 27 Sep. 1995, coll. J. Paxton & party. Diagnosis. A species of Lestidiops with VFO clearly behind DFO, also slightly behind posterior end of dorsalfin base; anus well behind DFO; posterior end of maxilla extending nearly to vertical drawn through anterior margin of eye; 33 predorsal, 39 caudal and 80 total vertebrae; 10 or 11 dorsal-fin and 31–33 anal-fin rays; adult body uniformly dark brown. Observations of holotype. Coloration mostly lost. VFO slightly but clearly behind posterior end of dorsalfin base. Anus directly above tip of adpressed pelvic fin, situated at about midpoint of distance between origins of dorsal and anal fins. Ventral adipose fin well developed. Posterior end of maxilla almost directly below anterior margin of eye. Nostrils well in front of posterior end of maxilla, about 0.8 times eye diameter before anterior margin of eye. Gill rakers not developed and lateral-line scales not visible. Duct clearly visible along ventral margin of abdominal cavity, apparently not intestine. Description of adult. Dorsal-fin rays 10; pectoral-fin rays 12; pelvic-fin rays 10; anal-fin rays 31; lateral line with 34 scales before DFO, 38 scales before VFO, 51 before AFO and 71 in total, with 63 large scales plus 8 small scales in rear portion. Vertebrae: predorsal 33, prepelvic 38, preanal 50, prehaemal 41, caudal 39, total 80. Gill rakers: 9 on upper limb (epibranchial) and 25 on lower limb, including 15 on ceratobranchial + 10 on hypobranchial. Body moderately long, strongly compressed, depth at pectoral fin 6.8% SL. Caudal peduncle moderately long, 1.6 times eye diameter. Ventral adipose fin very weakly developed along abdominal ridge between pectoral and pelvic fins, slightly better developed on margin between pelvic and anal fins. Anus above tip of appressed pelvic fin, slightly but clearly behind dorsal-fin base and situated at midpoint of V–A. Head short, its length 21.4% SL; snout blunt, its length 50.1% HL. Mouth terminal, moderately large, with gape extending to about middle of eye; lower jaw slightly upturned at tip, with small distal tab of fleshy tissue. Eye small, its diameter 17.0% HL. No light organ around eye. First suborbital bone slender, fifth and sixth expanded posteriorly, and seventh small. Interorbital space narrow, its width 12.3% HL; some straight ridges present on top of head and snout. Posterior end of maxilla extending nearly to vertical drawn through anterior margin of eye. Two nostrils located well in front of posterior end of maxilla, about 0.8 eye diameter in front of eye. Numerous sensory canals on snout, cheek, operculum and jaws; numerous sensory pores on dorsal surface of snout and lower surface of lower jaw. Gill filaments present on all four gill arches. Fourth arch mostly connected to gill chamber wall by membrane. Pseudobranchs present within deep pocket. DFO well behind midpoint of fish and well in front of VFO, predorsal length 57.9% SL. Pectoral-fin base even with posterior margin of gill cover, upper end of fin base slightly below horizontal drawn through lower margin of eye; no small pocket behind fin base. VFO slightly but clearly behind posterior end of dorsal-fin base, pre-pelvic fin length 63.2% SL. No axial scale behind pelvic-fin base. Anal fin originating in posterior fourth of body, preanal length 76.1% SL. Distance between VFO and AFO relatively short, 12.9% SL. Adipose fin above rear portion of anal-fin base. Two small fangs at tip of upper jaw, followed by single row of numerous small, retrorse teeth, these gradually become smaller on posterior part of jaw. Vomerine teeth absent. Two depressible fangs at front of each lower jaw, followed by two rows of fangs arranged in 12 (right) or 5 (left) pairs; those of inner row long with knife-like tip and depressible; those in outer row much shorter, curved back and fixed, slightly embedded in tissue. Two rows of fangs on each palatine, anterior teeth forming 5 widely-spaced tooth pairs, those in outer row long and depressible, those in outer row small and fixed; these fangs followed by single row of small, widely-spaced fixed teeth on posterior part of jaw. One row of small, straight teeth present on each side of tongue. Gill rakers present on epibranchial, ceratobranchial, and hypobranchial parts of each gill arch, shield-shaped, each with 2–5 (mostly 3 or 4) small teeth and broad base. Teeth on pharyngeal arch short, forming oval patch, with about 4 rows in middle. Single row of small teeth on fifth ceratobranchial. Body scaleless except for single row of lateral-line scales originating from above pectoral girdle and running to point above about two-thirds length of anal-fin base. Lateral-line scales slightly longer than wide, gradually smaller and narrower posteriorly; 1 large pore on margin of each scale, accompanied by 2–3 tiny pores. Luminescent duct absent. Coloration. Body of adult uniformly dark brown with ventral margin distinctly darker; mouth cavity and gill chamber black; anterior portion of tongue pale; peritoneal membranes of abdominal cavity black with silvery-white groove along ventral margin (this study). Body of juveniles pale with black saddles on dorsum and broad black bands on caudal region, also with 7–11 clear peritoneal sections (Ege, 1953). Distribution. Formerly known only from the type series collected off the Bird’s Head Peninsula, West Papua, Indonesia, ca. 100 m; newly recorded from much deeper water in seas east of Luzon Island, Philippines, 760–770 m, which may suggest a depth shift in adults. Comparison. The present adult specimen differs from adults of L. mirabilis, the only other congener with VFO behind DFO, in having the VFO slightly but clearly behind the posterior end of the dorsal-fin base (vs. below about middle of the dorsal-fin base); V–A relatively short at 12.9% SL (vs. 15.2–17.1% SL), 31–33 anal-fin rays (vs. 28–30 rays); 39 caudal vertebrae (vs. 44 or 45); 80 total vertebrae (vs. 86); and 34 total gill rakers (vs. 61, n=1) (Table 1)., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching & Huang, Chih-Hsiung, 2022, First adult record of the barracudina Lestidiops extremus (Ege, 1953), based on a specimen from the Philippines (Teleostei: Paralepididae), pp. 579-584 in Zootaxa 5195 (6) on pages 580-582, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5195.6.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7223960, {"references":["Ege, V. (1953) Paralepididae I. (Paralepis and Lestidium). Dana Report, 40, 1 - 184.","Post, A. (1972) Catalogue of type-specimens and designation of lectotypes of the fish-family Paralepididae (Osteichthyes, Myctophoidei). Archiv fur Fischereiwissenschaft, 23 (2), 136 - 165.","Rofen, R. R. (1966) Family Paralepididae. In: Mead, G. W., Bigelow, H. B., Olsen, Y. H., Breder, C. M., Schroeder, W. C., Cohen, D. M., Schultz, L. P., Merriman, D. & Tee-Van, J. (Eds.), Memoir, Sears Foundation for Marine Research. No. I. Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Part 5. Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, pp. 205 - 461.","Fukui, A. & Ozawa, T. (2004) Uncisudis posteropelvis, a new species of barracudina (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae) from the western North Pacific Ocean. Ichthyological Research, 51 (4), 289 - 294. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10228 - 004 - 0229 - 3"]}

The original description of Macroparalepis elongatus Ege, 1933 (family Paralepididae) was based on a young specimen taken from Sri Lanka. No adult information is available since it was described. Six additional specimens, including three adults and three young specimens, were found in the museum collections. The adult morphology is described for the first time and its distribution range is now extended to South Pacific Ocean off New Caledonia and Australia, and the Western Indian Ocean off Madagascar. Detailed description and comparison of these specimens and the holotype, as well as a revised diagnosis for the species, are provided.

Stemonosudis elongata (Ege, 1933) Figs. 1‒2; Table 1 Macroparalepis elongatus Ege, 1933:233 (type locality: southwest of Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean). Ege, 1957:36, fig. 8-5. Stemonosudis elongata (Ege, 1933): Harry, 1953:242 (new combination). Rofen, 1966:423 (in Key). Post, 1972:153 (list). Mundy, 2005:207 (list). Specimens examined. Holotype of Macroparalepis elongatus: ZMUC P. 2318729 (117 mm SL), Dana station 3908, 4°28’N, 82°13’E, Southeast of Ceylon (Sri Lanka), depth about 300 meters (1000 meters wire out), 22 Nov. 1929. Non-types. AMS 41990 -003 (1, 136), 13°46’30’’S, 148°05’49’’E, Queensland, Australia, Coral Sea, MIDOC plankton tow, 200 m, 9 May 1997. CSIRO H 2543-11 (1, 272), FRV Southern Surveyor, sta. SS0191/3, 20°07’48.0”S, 112°55’06.0”E ‒20°07’48.0”S, 112°56’18.0”E, 854‒868 m, Engel highrise demersal trawl, 23 Jan. 1991. MNHN 2000-0452 (2, 292‒351), Halipro 2 expedition, sta. bt40, 25°42’S, 167°00’E, New Caledonia, Coral Sea, South Pacific Ocean, 1070‒1170 m, 14 Nov. 1996. MNHN 1964-0617 (1, 178), 15°40’1.2’’S, 46°19’58.8’’E, Madagascar, Western Indian Ocean, coll. Crosnier. NMV A 26574-016 (1, 139), R / V Alis, 23°34’17’’S, 167°15’19’’E ‒21°32’21’’S, 167°13’47’’E, between New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands, 97 m, 16 Aug. 2011. Diagnosis. A species of Stemonosudis with a very slender body; very long anal-fin base, with 49‒51 rays; anterior nostril above posterior end of maxilla; VFO at about middle of the fish, prepelvic length 46.8‒51.4% SL; DFO at about middle of V‒A, V‒D 48.5‒57.1% V‒A; usually 1 or 2 small, stout teeth on each gill raker; prehaemal vertebrae 48‒49, total vertebrae 115‒121; total lateral-line scales 102‒108; caudal peduncle long, its length about 3 times eye diameter; body uniformly dark brown to black in adults (Harry, 1953; Ege, 1957; this study). Description of holotype. The holotype is a young specimen; its body became fragile after long-term preservation. Data provided in Ege (1957) are adopted and provided in Table 1. Body rather thin and slender. Ventral adipose fin weakly developed on abdominal ridge and well developed between anus and AFO. DFO well behind VFO and anus; DFO at about midpoint of V‒A; anus clearly behind tip of pelvic fin, before midpoint of V‒D. Peritoneal sections faded. Caudle peduncle long, the posterior end of anal fin base well in front of base of lower procurrent rays, by about 1 eye diameter. Posterior end of maxilla about 1 eye diameter before anterior margin of eye; nostrils close to eye, anterior margin of anterior nostril at about same vertical above posterior end of maxilla, posterior margin of posterior nostril about half eye diameter before anterior margin of eye and slightly behind posterior end of maxilla. Eye small, its diameter about 5 times in snout length. Teeth few, some probably lost. Gill rakers weakly developed. Lateral line runs to about above two-thirds of anal-fin base length from the anal fin origin. Anterior tip of lower jaw with a small fleshy tissue. Fin ray numbers same as original description. Other information not available due to the condition of the specimen. Description of adults and young specimens. Based mainly on 3 adult specimens (MNHN 2000-0452 and CSIRO H 2543-11), with additional information of the other three young specimens, where different. Dorsal-fin rays 10 (9‒10 in young specimens); pectoral-fin rays 13 (12‒13); pelvic-fin rays 9‒10; anal-fin rays 49‒50. Vertebrae: prepelvic 44‒45 (42‒43, n=2), prehaemal 48‒49; caudal 70‒73 (66, n=1); predorsal 55‒57 (54, n=2); preanal 67‒69 (64‒65); and total vertebrae 119‒121 (115, n=2). Gill rakers: upper limb 15 and lower limb 51‒56 (25‒27 on ceratobranchial, 26‒28 on hypobranchial); total 66‒71; not available in young specimens. Lateralline scales: prepelvic 42‒45; predorsal 52‒57; preanal 64‒68; total 102‒108, 89‒95 large scales + 11‒15 very small scales on posterior portion (ca. 90‒99, scales lost distally). Body very slender and compressed (rather thin in young specimens). Caudal peduncle slender, its length 2.8 (3.5, n=1) times eye diameter. Abdomen with well-developed fresh ridge between pectoral and pelvic fins, with weakly developed ventral adipose fin; ventral adipose fin well developed on margin between anus and anal fin. Anus slightly behind tip of appressed pelvic fin, clearly before dorsal-fin origin and situated at about midpoint of V‒A. Head very slender, slightly less than the trunk, wider than rest of body, pointed anteriorly. Mouth terminate, large; mouth gape extends to about a vertical through anterior margin of eye; lower jaw barely upturned at tip, with a small fleshy tissue at tip. Eye moderately large (relatively small in young specimens). Snout long, bluntly pointed anteriorly (relatively short and pointed in smaller specimens). Suborbital bones narrow, not expanded. Interorbital space moderately broad and flattened, interorbital width 1.4‒1.6% SL (1.2‒1.4% in young specimens); ridges on dorsal surface of head and snout. Posterior end of maxilla extends to about one eye diameter before anterior margin of eye (ca. 1.5 in young specimens). Anterior nostril right above and posterior nostril slightly behind tip of maxilla, about one eye diameter before anterior margin of eye (about 1.5 in young specimens). Most of head, including snout, jaw, cheek, operculum covered by regular sensory canals, but not on superclethrum (not clear in smaller specimens). Gill filaments present on all four gill arches. Fourth arch mostly connected to the gill wall by a membrane. Pseudobranchs present, with anterior half within a deep pocket. Dorsal-fin origin well behind middle of body, far behind pelvic-fin origin and at about midpoint of V‒A. Pectoral fin well above the chest, the uppermost ray slightly lower than level of lower margin of eye; a small pocket behind pectoral-fin base. Pelvic-fin at about middle of the body, its origin well in front of that of dorsal-fin origin; a small axial scale behind pelvic-fin base. Anus situated slightly but clearly behind tip of adpressed pelvic fin, far in front of DFO. Anal fin originating at posterior portion of body, preanal-length 69.1‒70.5% SL. Anal-fin base very long, 22.7‒25.7% SL. Adipose fin above rear portion of anal-fin base, well in front of caudal-fin base, its base about same length as eye diameter. Two or 3 small fangs at tip of upper jaw, followed by single row of numerous small, stout, retrorse teeth along upper jaw, gradually smaller on posterior portion. Vomerine teeth absent. Two rows of fangs on palatine, anterior teeth enlarged, forming 5 (3 or 4 in smaller specimens) tooth pairs, those of inner row long and depressible with knife-like tip, outer row much shorter, recurved and fixed, followed by single row of small and pointed teeth. Front of lower jaw with 2 slightly enlarged fangs, followed by two rows of fangs, forming tooth pairs, those in outer row fixed and smaller than those in inner row, which are knife-like and depressible. Teeth on tongue small, arranged in two rows at middle. Tongue surrounded by broad flap. Gill rakers present on epibranchial, ceratobanchial and hypobanchial; shield shaped, usually bearing 1 or 2 stout teeth on each gill raker, tips extend slightly outside margin of gill arch (1 small tooth on each raker in young specimens); tiny teeth on fifth ceratobranchial forming a scattered patch; on pharyngeal arch forming a small, narrow patch in about 3 or 4 rows. Pharyngeal teeth relatively short, forming a long patch in about 4 rows. Teeth assumed absent on fifth ceratobranchial (small teeth present in young specimens). Body naked except for lateral line which is covered by scales; lateral line incomplete, ending at about two-thirds of caudal-fin base length (to middle of base in young specimens, but with scales lost distally). Luminous organ and duct absent. Coloration. The 351 mm specimen has a uniformly black body, including mouth cavity and gill chamber, peritoneal membranes; anterior portion of tongue pale. The 292 mm and 272 specimens are uniformly dark brown. Young specimens with dorsum dark brown and ventral half of body pale to light brown; all fins covered loose melanophores. Peritoneal sections present in juveniles and young specimens, absent in adults. Distribution. Previously recorded in Indo-Pacific Ocean off east Africa, Philippines, Fiji, Hawaii, Marquesas, based on holotype and post-larvae (Ege, 1957) and newly recorded from Madagascar, Australia (Western Australia and Queensland) and New Caledonia in this study. The adults were collected at depths of 854‒868 m and 1070‒1170 m, respectively, whereas young specimens were collected from depths 97‒ 300 m. Remarks. Although the abdominal cavity of two larger specimens were removed and their gonads not available for examination, both are recognized as adults because their body sizes are similar to the adults of other species in the subfamily Lestidinae (largest records reaching 200‒350 mm SL, Ho, pers. obs.) and the uniform brown to black color is similar to the adults of several other species of Lestidinae. Both specimens are in good condition but with their bodies twisted (Fig. 1). The young specimens (including holotype) are in poor condition with parts of the body damaged and bent or twisted. As a result, some of the body proportions and meristic data are not available, or values are approximate (Table 1)., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching & Huang, Chih-Hsiung, 2022, First adult record, redescription and distribution of Stemonosudis elongata (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae), pp. 131-137 in Zootaxa 5189 (1) on pages 132-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5189.1.15, http://zenodo.org/record/7119343, {"references":["Ege, V. (1933) On some new fishes of the families Sudidae and Stomiatidae. Preliminary note. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, KJObenhavn, 94, 223 - 236.","Ege, V. (1957) Paralepididae II (Macroparalepis). Taxonomy, ontogeny, phylogeny and distribution. Dana Report, 43, 1 - 101.","Harry, R. R. (1953) Studies on the bathypelagic fishes of the family Paralepididae. 1. Survey of the genera. Pacific Science, 7 (2), 219 - 249.","Rofen, R. R. (1966) Family Paralepididae. In: Mead, G. W., Bigelow, H. B., Olsen, Y. H., Breder, C. M., Schroeder, W. C., Cohen, D. M., Schultz, L. P., Merriman, D. & Tee-Van, J. (Eds.), Memoirs, Sears Foundation of Marine Research. No. I. Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Part 5. Yale University, New Haven, pp. 205 - 461.","Post, A. (1972) Catalogue of type-specimens and designation of lectotypes of the fish-family Paralepididae (Osteichthyes, Myctophoidei). Archiv fur Fischereiwissenschaft, 23 (2), 136 - 165.","Mundy, B. C. (2005) Checklist of the fishes of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Museum Bulletins in Zoology, 6, 1 - 703."]}

Unidentified opistognathid. Lissner and Dorsey (1986) observed from a manned submersible a jawfish they were unable to identify at Tanner��� Cortes Bank, southern California., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Lissner, A. L. & Dorsey, J. H. (1986) Deep-water biological assemblages of a hard-bottom bank-ridge complex of the southern California continental borderland. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 85, 87 - 101."]}

Lestidium nudum Gilbert, 1905. To 9.3 cm (3.7 in) SL (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California).Indo-Pacific; southern California (34��N, 119��W) (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California) to off central America (8��22���N, 97��52���W) (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California). Depth: poorly known, at least as shallow as 183 m (600 ft) (Mundy 2005) and as deep as 1,450 m (4,757 ft) (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Mundy, B. C. (2005) Checklist of the Fishes of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu."]}

Magnisudis atlantica (Kr��yer, 1868). Duckbill Barracudina. To about 50 cm (19.7 in) SL (Mecklenburg et al. 2002). Circumglobal (Fricke et al. 2020); western Pacific Ocean north to Japan (Mecklenburg et al. 2002), Sea of Okhotsk, and western Bering Sea (Orlov 1998) and eastern Bering Sea to 52��32���N, 179��50���W (Maslenikov et al. 2013) to Chile (Peque��o 1989). Epipelagic to bathypelagic; depth: near surface, less than 6 m (19.7 m) (Mecklenburg et al. 2002), to 2,308 m (7,570 ft) (Porteiro et al. 2017)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N. & van der Laan, R. (Eds). 2020. Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, Reference. Available from: http: // researcharchive. calacademy. org / research / ichthyology / catalog / fishcatmain. asp (accessed 17 April 2021).","Orlov, A. M. (1998) Demersal ichthyofauna of Pacific waters around the Kuril Islands and southeastern Kamchatka. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 24, 144 - 160.","Maslenikov, K. P., Orr, J. W. & Stevenson, D. W. (2013) Range extensions and significant distributional records for eighty-two species of fishes in Alaskan marine waters. Northwestern Naturalist, 94, 1 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.1898 / 12 - 23.1","Pequeno R., G. (1989) Peces de Chile lista sistematica revisada y comentada. Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia, 24, 1 - 132.","Porteiro, F. M., Sutton, T., Byrkjedal, I., Orlov, A. M. & Heino, M. (2017) Fishes of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge collected during the MAR-ECO cruise in June - July 2004: an annotated checklist. Arquipelago, Supplement 10."]}

Lestidiops pacificus (Parr, 1931). To at least 16.4 cm (6.4 in) SL (Harry 1953). Southern California 32��29���N, 117��32���W (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California); Gulf of Panama; Chile; north of New Zealand (Ambrose in Moser 1996); Colombia (Beltr��n-Le��n and Rios Herrera 2000). Larvae captured along Baja California coast from Ensenada, northern Baja California to San Ignacio, southern Baja California (Funes-Rodr��guez et al. 2011). Epipelagic to bathypelagic (Ambrose in Moser 1996); depth: 50 to perhaps 1,003 m (164���3,290 ft). The deepest record was based on the maximum depth fished by a midwater trawl and may represent a catch shallower than the maximum depth. Considered a subspecies of Lestidiops jayakari by some authors (e.g., Mundy 2005)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Harry, R. R. (1953) Studies on the bathypelagic fishes of the family Paralepididae (Order Iniomi). 2. A revision of the North Pacific species. Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, 105, 169 - 209.","Moser, H. G. (Ed.). (1996) The early stages of fishes in the California Current region. CALCOFI Atlas, No. 33.","Beltran-Leon, B. S. & Rios Herrera, R. (2000) Estadios Tempranos de Peces del Pacific Colombiano. Republica de Colombia. Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura INPA.","Mundy, B. C. (2005) Checklist of the Fishes of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu."]}

* Lestidiops neles (Harry, 1953). To 9 cm (3.5 in) SL (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California). Vicinity of Cabo San Lucas, southern Baja California to Colombia (Beltr��n-Le��n and Rios Herrera 2000), and near Islas Gal��pagos (3��19���S, 98��05���W) (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California). Larvae reported from along the Baja California coast from the Ensenada area, northern Baja California to San Ignacio, southern Baja California (Funes-Rodr��guez et al. 2011). Epipelagic and mesopelagic; depth: 22���384 m (72���1,260 ft) (Robertson et al. 2017). A record of 2,000 m (6,560 ft) (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California) was based on the maximum depth fished by a midwater trawl and may represent a catch shallower than the maximum depth., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Harry, R. R. (1953) Studies on the bathypelagic fishes of the family Paralepididae (Order Iniomi). 2. A revision of the North Pacific species. Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, 105, 169 - 209.","Beltran-Leon, B. S. & Rios Herrera, R. (2000) Estadios Tempranos de Peces del Pacific Colombiano. Republica de Colombia. Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura INPA.","Robertson, D. R., Angulo, A., Baldwin, C. C., Pitassy, D., Driskell, A., Weigt, L. & Navarro, I. J. F. (2017) Deep-water bony fishes collected by the B / O Miguel Oliver on the shelf edge of Pacific Central America: an annotated, illustrated and DNAbarcoded checklist. Zootaxa, 4348, 1 - 125. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4348.1.1"]}

Sudis atrox Rofen, 1963. To more than 9 cm (3.5 in) SL (Russell in Carpenter and De Angelis 2016). Probably circumglobal (Fricke et al. 2020); western Pacific Ocean north to Ryukyu Islands (Nakabo in Nakabo 2002); at least southern California (32��N) to Chile (Ambrose in Moser 1996). Primarily mesopelagic to bathypelagic; depth: 30���2,250 m (98���7,382 ft) (Moore et al. 2003)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Carpenter, K. E. & De Angelis, N. (Eds.). (2016) The Living Marine Resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. Volume 2: Bivalves, Gastropods, Hagfishes, Sharks, Batoid Fishes, and Chimaeras, Volume 3: Bony Fishes Part 1 (Elopiformes to Scorpaeniformes). Volume 4: Bony Fishes Part 2 (Perciformes to Tetradontiformes) and Sea turtles. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes, Rome, FAO.","Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N. & van der Laan, R. (Eds). 2020. Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, Reference. Available from: http: // researcharchive. calacademy. org / research / ichthyology / catalog / fishcatmain. asp (accessed 17 April 2021).","Nakabo, T. (Ed.). (2002) Fishes of Japan with Pictorial Keys to the Species. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.","Moser, H. G. (Ed.). (1996) The early stages of fishes in the California Current region. CALCOFI Atlas, No. 33.","Moore, J. A., Hartel, K. E., Craddock, J. E. & Galbraith, J. K. (2003) An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeastern Naturalist, 10, 159 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3858285"]}

Lestidiops ringens (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880). Slender Barracudina. To 25.2 cm (9.9 in) SL (Balanov et al. 2009). Northern Japan (Balanov et al. 2009); Pacific Ocean off southern Kuril Islands (Parin et al. 1995) to southern Kamchatka; western Bering Sea near Alaska border (Mecklenburg et al. 2002) to Gulf of Alaska (58��21���N, 147��51���W) (Stevenson et al. 2009) to southern Baja California (26��33���N, 115��41���W) (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California), and Gulf of California (Castro-Aguirre 1991). Larvae have been taken in a number of locations in southern Baja California waters, as far south as about 25��N (Moser et al. 1993). Primarily mesopelagic (Mecklenburg et al. 2002); depth: surface (nightlight; Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California), 9���3,920 m (30���12,861 ft) (min.: Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California; max.: Hart 1973)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Balanov, A. A., Moku, M., Kawaguchi, K. & Shinohara, G. (2009) Fishes collected by commercial size midwater trawls from the Pacific coast off northern Japan. In: Fujita, T. (Ed.), Deepsea Fauna and Pollutants of Pacific Coast of Northern Japan. National Museum of Nature and Science Monograph No. 39, pp. 655 - 681.","Parin, N. V., Fedorov, V. V., Borodulina, O. D. & Bekker, V. E. (1995) New records of mesopelagic and epipelagic fishes in Pacific waters off the southern Kuril Islands. Journal of Ichthyology, 35, 193 - 204.","Stevenson, D. E. & Sheiko, B. A. (2009) Clarification of the Lycodes diapterus species complex (Perciformes: oarcidae), with comments on the subgenus Furcimanus. Copeia, 2009, 125 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1643 / ci- 08 - 069","Castro-Aguirre, J. L. (1991) Nuevos registros de peces mesopelagicos y bentonicos en el Golfo de California, Mexico. Anales de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologias de Mexico, 35, 71 - 89.","Moser, H. G., Charter, R. L., Smith, P. E., Ambrose, D. A., Charter, S. R., Meyer, C. A., Sandknop, E. M. & Watson, W. W. (1993) Distributional atlas of fish larvae and eggs in the California Current region: taxa with 1000 or more total larvae, 1951 through 1984. CalCOFI Atlas, No. 31.","Hart, J. L. (1973) Pacific Fishes of Canada. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 180."]}

Stemonosudis macrura (Ege, 1933). Probably to 25 cm (9.8 in) SL (Post in Smith and Heemstra 1986). Indo-Pacific; western Pacific Ocean north to Ryukyu Islands (Nakabo in Nakabo 2002); central California (36��46���N, 122��35���W) (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California) to Chile (Peque��o 1989). Epipelagic and mesopelagic (Ambrose in Moser 1996); depth: 24 m (80 ft) to perhaps 2,100 m (6,888 ft) (min.: Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California; max.: Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California). The maximum depth record was based on the maximum depth fished by a midwater trawl and may represent a catch shallower than the maximum depth. ���Probably valid as Lestidiops macrurus (Ege, 1933), (H.- C. Ho, pers. commun. 4/2020)��� in Eschmeyer���s Catalog of Fishes. Accessed 9 May 2020., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Smith, M. M. & Heemstra, P. C. (Eds.). (1986) Smiths' Sea Fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.","Nakabo, T. (Ed.). (2002) Fishes of Japan with Pictorial Keys to the Species. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.","Pequeno R., G. (1989) Peces de Chile lista sistematica revisada y comentada. Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia, 24, 1 - 132.","Moser, H. G. (Ed.). (1996) The early stages of fishes in the California Current region. CALCOFI Atlas, No. 33."]}

This checklist of the Mediterranean fishes of Israel enumerates 469 species which is an addition of 62 species since the previous checklist of 2005. This new checklist includes 58 Condrichthys and 411 Osteicthys species. Most newly-recorded species are of Red Sea origin (Lessepsian migrants)—38 species, 25 species are from previously poorly investigated habitats, mainly deep water, while two species reached the Mediterranean most likely by ballast water and two are aquaculture escapees. The dramatic increase in the number of Lessepsian migrants (an average of 2.5 species per year) is most likely due to the increased water influx between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, following the recent opening of the new parallel, 72 km, “new canal” and the enlargement of other parts of the Suez Canal.

Lestidiops sphyrenoides (Risso 1820) ���Barracuda barracudina Taxonomy. First record from Lebanon as Lestidium sphyraenoides (Risso 1832) by George et al. (1964: 13); subsequently recorded as Lestidiops sphyrenoides (Risso) by Mouneimn�� (1977: 61); as Lestidiops sphyraenoides (Risso 1820) by Mouneimn�� (2002: 89). Recent unpublished records from Beirut (3 March 2006). Material in collection: AUBM (OS1243; OS1244; OS3693). Distribution. Mediterranean Sea, eastern Atlantic. Conservation. IUCN: Global (LC: 23 January 2013); Med. (LC: 16 November 2007). Capture and threats: Unknown. Occurrence: Very rare. Low priority for conservation action., Published as part of Bariche, Michel & Fricke, Ronald, 2020, The marine ichthyofauna of Lebanon: an annotated checklist, history, biogeography, and conservation status, pp. 1-157 in Zootaxa 4775 (1) on pages 40-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4775.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3983887, {"references":["George, C. J., Athanassiou, V. A. & Boulos, I. (1964) The fishes of the coastal waters of Lebanon. Miscellaneous Papers in the Natural Sciences. The American University of Beirut, 4, 1 - 24.","Mouneimne, N. (1977) Liste des poissons de la cote du Liban (Mediterranee orientale). Cybium, 3 (1), 37 - 66.","Mouneimne, N. (2002) Poissons marins du Liban et de la Mediterranee orientale. INCAM-EU / CNRS Lebanon, Beyrouth, 271 pp."]}

This is an annotated checklist of the marine fish species of Lebanon (Levant coast, eastern Mediterranean). It comprises a total of 367 fish species distributed in 159 families and 27 orders, out of which 70 species are non-indigenous and 28 are recorded for the first time from Lebanon. The checklist includes all names and citations of species found in the literature, as well as references to specimens available in museum collections. It also includes an updated zoogeographic distribution and conservation status for each species. Threats were estimated based on surveys and observations made over the last two decades; broadly categorized conservation actions were also suggested.

Lestidium longilucifer sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2F042E11-D699-435A-9BFA-E0D36D895473 Long light-organ barracudina Figs. 1 A���C, 2A���E; Tables 1���3 Lestidium atlanticum (not of Borodin): Paxton et al., 1989:247. Hutchins, 2001:21. Paxton et al., 2006:492. Larson et al., 2013:48. Holotype. AMS I.22821-063, 260 mm SL, 18��16���S, 118��12���E, 190 km northwest of Port Hedland, North West Shelf, Western Australia, Australia, demersal trawl, 298���320 m, RV Soela, 10���11 Apr. 1982, coll. J. Paxton & M. McGrouther. Paratypes. Twenty-one specimens, 183���292 mm SL. AMS I.22809-045 (2 specimens, 214���242 mm SL), 18��40���S, 116��42���E, North West Shelf, 250 km NW of Port Headland, Western Australia, 600 m, 4 Apr. 1982. AMS I.22817-022 (2, 279���292), 18��06���S, 117��45���E, North West Shelf, Western Australia, 500 m, FRV Soela, demersal trawl, 8 Apr. 1982. AMS I.22821-023 (6, 231���259), collected with holotype. AMS 31175 -002 (1, 219), 26��57���S, 112��22���E, off Shark Bay, Western Australia, demersal trawl 666���688 m, RV Southern Surveyor, 31 Jan. 1991, coll. J. Paxton. CSIRO H2094-01 (1, 258), 16��59���S, 120��15���E, NE of Mermaid Reef, Rowley Shoals, Western Australia, prawn/demersal trawl, 395 m, 14 Apr. 1989. CSIRO H3040-05 (1, 225), 26��59���S, 112��38���E, SW of Shark Bay, Western Australia, demersal trawl, 435 m, 28 Dec. 1989. CSIRO H3154-36 (1, 231), CSIRO H3154-37 (3, 246���265), 18��07���S, 118��08���E, SW of Imperieuse Reef, Western Australia, demersal trawl, 400 m, 8 Mar. 1992. NMMB-P 25561 (1, 183), 20 Jan. 2017; NMMB-P 26017 (1, 205), 15 Apr. 2017. NMMB-P 27928 (1, 194), 16 Jul. 2017; all from off Dong-gang, Pingtung, Southwestern Taiwan. NTM 12607 -007 (1, 243), 17��51���S, 118��30���E, off Rowley Shoals, Northwest Shelf, 410 m, FV Comac Endeavour, 6 Nov. 1985. Non-type. AMS I.42182-009 (1, 50) 11��01���S, 149��59���E, Coral Sea, S of Alotau, Papua New Guinea, MIDOC plankton trawl, 12 m, RV Southern Surveyor, 16 May 1997. AMS I.42209-017 (2, 52���85), AMS I.42209-056 (2, 62���90), 11��19���S, 149��40���E, Coral Sea, SW of Alotau, Papua New Guinea, MIDOC plankton trawl, 12 m, RV Southern Surveyor, 16 May 1997. AMS I.42310-001 (1, 80), 10��21���S, 147��35���E, Coral Sea, S of Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, MIDOC plankton trawl, 12 m, RV Southern Surveyor, 21 May 1997. AMS I.42344-010 (1, 48), 9��23���S, 145��23���E, Coral Sea, W of Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, MIDOC plankton trawl, 12 m, RV Southern Surveyor, 23 May 1997. AMS I.22808-006 (3, 237���250), 17��59���S, 118��17���E, North West Shelf, Western Australia, 410 m, RV Soela, 3 Apr. 1982, coll. J. Paxton and M. McGrouther. AMS I.22825-002 (3, 252���260), 18��59���S, 117��10���E, North West Shelf, Western Australia, 315 m, RV Soela, 13 Apr. 1982, coll. J. Paxton and M. McGrouther. AMS I.23424-012 (2, 255���268, slightly damaged), 18��43���S, 117��12���E, North West Shelf, Western Australia, 370 m, RV Soela, 1 Aug. 1982. CSIRO H5638-01 (2, 247; 1 broken), Northwest Shelf, Western Australia, RV Soela, 1 Aug. 1982. NSMT-P 122098 (2, 232���235), West coast of Australia, Eastern Indian Ocean, no date. NSMT-P 122128 (1, 235), 24��1.2���S, 112��30.6���E, West coast of Australia, 420 m, 6 Nov. 1975. NSMT-P 122129 (1, 254), West coast of Australia, Eastern Indian Ocean, no date. Diagnosis. Lestidium longilucifer sp. nov. is one of three species recognized in the Lestidium atlanticum species complex with a luminescent duct extending beyond the anterior margin of the eye. It can be distinguished from its two congeners L. atlanticum and L. orientale in having prehaema vertebrae 41���43; predorsal vertebrae 38���40; prepelvic vertebrae 37���39; preanal vertebrae 56���59; total vertebrae 85���88; total lateral-line scales 126���146; and relatively short jaws. Description. Dorsal-fin rays 10; pectoral-fin rays 13 (14 in 2 paratypes); pelvic-fin rays 9; anal-fin rays 30 (28���30 in paratypes, except for 1 with 26). Lateral-line scales: prepelvic 38 (37���39); predorsal 39 (38���39); preanal 55 (55���57); and total 132 (126���146). Vertebrae: prehaemal 41 (41���43); caudal 47 (43���47); prepelvic 38 (37���55 (55���57); and total 132 (126���146). Vertebrae: prehaemal 41 (41���43); caudal 47 (43���47); prepelvic 38 (37���39); pre- dorsal 39 (38���40); preanal 58 (56���59); and total 88 (85���88). Body moderately elongate, robust, and relatively thick; belly nearly straight in profile; greatest depth at approximately anterior third of body; depth at pectoral fin 15 (13���15) times in SL. Caudal-peduncle length about 1.5 times eye diameter. Dorsal adipose fin small. A moderately constricted abdominal ridge between head and pelvic fins. Ventral adipose fins weakly developed along abdominal ridge and margin between anus and AFO. Anus above about tip of adpressed pelvic fin, about same vertical through posterior end of dorsal-fin base. DFO well behind midpoint of SL (Figs. 1 A���C), slightly behind VFO in most individuals (Fig. 2D) or nearly at same vertical in some, predorsal length 1.6 (1.5���1.6). Pectoral fin level with vertical of posterior margin of gill cover, its upper base about level with lower margin of eye. A small pocket behind pectoral-fin base. VFO slightly behind midpoint of SL, prepelvic length 1.6 (1.6���1.7) in SL, with a small axial scale behind pelvic fin base. Anal fin originating at posterior fourth of body, preanal length 1.3 (1.2���1.3). Anal-fin base 6.5 (6.4���7.9) in SL. Adipose fin above rear portion of anal-fin base. Head moderately long, slightly wider at opercle than body, its length 4.6 (4.5���5.1) in SL. Snout long and blunt, its length 1.9 (1.9���2.1) in HL. Postorbital length slightly less than one-third of HL. Mouth terminal, its gape extend- ing to under anterior half of eye posteriorly; lower jaw upturned distally, with a small fleshy tissue on its tip. Eye diameter 6.4 (5.6���7.5) in HL. No light organ in front of eye (Fig. 2A) and no luminescent duct at lower margin of orbit. Interorbital space narrow, its width 10.7 (9.7���11.5) in HL; some straight ridges on top of head and snout. Upper jaw length 2.2 (2.1���2.3 in HL), posterior end of maxilla terminating at about half of eye diameter before a vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Two nostrils close together, both well in front of posterior end of maxilla, about one eye diameter before the eye. Sensory canals on snout, check, operculum, and jaws; numerous sensory pores on dorsal surface of snout and lower surface of lower jaw. Opercle thin, with posterior margin bluntly pointed, its lower margin notched around the base of pectoral fin. Gill membranes joined anterior to a vertical from middle of eye, free from isthmus. Four gill arches, all with filaments; the fourth arch fully connected to the gill wall by membrane. Pseudobranchs present, inside a deep pocket above first gill arch. Two or 3 small fangs at tip of upper jaw, followed by single row of small retrorse teeth along upper jaw, teeth becoming gradually smaller on posterior portion. Three depressible or fixed fangs at front of lower jaw, followed by two rows of fangs on the lower jaw forming 5���9 tooth pairs, those in inner row long, with a knife-like tip, and depressible; those in outer row much shorter, curved back and fixed.Vomerine teeth absent. Two rows of fangs on each palatine, anterior 3���4 teeth forming widely-spaced tooth pairs, those in the inner row depressible and long, and in outer row small and fixed; posterior portion with single row of small fixed teeth. One row of small, straight teeth on each side of tongue. Gill rakers well-developed on epibranchial, ceratobanchial and hypobanchial of first gill arch; the rakers shield shaped, each with 4���7 small teeth and a narrow base. Rakers on epibranchial of first arch 15 (14���15), ceratobranchial with 19 (16���19), hypobranchial with 18 (17���20), and in total 50 (48���53). Teeth on pharyngeal arch slender, forming an oval patch with about 5 rows at middle/centre. Single row of small teeth on fifth ceratobranchial. Body devoid of scales, except for a single row of lateral-line scales 132 (126-146) originating at upper corner of pectoral girdle and extending to caudal-fin base (Fig. 2E). Anterior 66 (62���66) scales of lateral line extending to about midway along the anal-fin base clearly larger in size than the remaining and almost square in shape with slightly concave upper and lower margins; these scales gradually become smaller and narrower posteriorly. Posterior 66 (63���83) scales of lateral line distinctly smaller. The large scales have a row of 3 (rarely 4) pores on each margin, the first pore larger than the rest; one pore on upper and lower end of these distinctly smaller scales. A well-developed, unbranched, elongate luminescent duct along mid-line of ventral margin, extending forward from anus to well beyond eye (including those specimens smaller than 50 mm SL). Coloration. Color when fresh (Figs. 1 B���C), body slightly translucent, dorsal fourth greyish; dorsal surface of head and lower lips blackish; posterior portion above anal-fin base and behind silvery white; through the skin, upper abdominal cavity black with all peritoneal sections fused, the rest slivery white; all fins clear, except for the caudal fin slightly blackish. Preserved specimens (Figs. 1A, 2) light brown dorsally, with melanophores extending downwards from mid-line about two-thirds the distance to the lateral-line; ventrally the body is uniformly pale. Dense melanophores cover top of head, snout, lips, under surface of lower jaw; the pectoral, dorsal, pelvic and anal fins are covered with scattered melanophores. Adipose and caudal fins densely covered with melanophores; gill chamber with large blackish patches; peritoneal membrane black, all peritoneal sections fused in adults. Size. The largest specimen examined was 292 mm SL. Etymology. The specific name longilucifer is derived from the combination of Latin longus and lucifer, referring to the long luminescent duct that extends well forward of the eye. Distribution. The species is currently known only from the type series collected from northwestern Australia and southern Taiwan. Remarks. Lestidium longilucifer and its congeners L. orientale and L. atlanticum form a group possessing a luminescent duct extending forward to in front of the eyes, and VFO at about same vertical through DFO; in contrast the luminescent duct extending between the anus to just below the opercle and the DFO is well behind VFO in the rest of congeners. All these species differ from L. bigelowi in lacking light organs on the lateral and ventral surfaces of the body. Lestidium longilucifer can be separated from L. atlanticum and L. orientale by having predorsal vertebrae 38���40 (vs. 33���35 in L. atlanticum and 33���36 in L. orientale, respectively); prepelvic vertebrae 37���39 (vs. 34���36 and 34���37 [mainly 35���36]); prehaemal vertebrae 41���43 (vs. 36���38 and 37���40); preanal vertebrae 56���59 (vs. 52���53 and 51���54); total vertebrae 85���88 (vs. 81���82 and 79���83); total lateral-line scales 126���146 (vs. 115���123 and 109���126); predorsal length 60.9���64.8% SL (vs. 58.7���60.4% SL and 57.7���59.9% SL); jaws slightly shorter with upper jaw 9.2���10.5% SL (vs. 9.9���11.3% SL in L. atlanticum; overlapped with L. orientale) and lower jaw 12.5���14.1% SL (vs. 13.5���14.8% SL in L. atlanticum; overlapped with L. orientale). Moreover, the maximum adult size is clearly greater (up to 292 mm SL) in L. longilucifer, whereas the largest known specimen of L. atlanticum is 177 mm SL (USNM 11727; Rofen, 1966) and 177 mm SL (NMMB-P25557) for that of L. orientale. Ege (1957) recognized Lestidium atlanticum as a widespread species in tropical and subtropical regions (between 40��N and 30��S) of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. However, he reported adults only from the western Atlantic Ocean, and only young stages from elsewhere, including just one specimen from each of western and eastern Australia. The meristic data provided by Ege (1957) were divided into several geographic regions and encompassed broad ranges, i.e. 75���87 total vertebrae and 35���41 prehaemal vertebrae. However, his data for Atlantic specimens are 80���83 total vertebrae (n=44) and 36���38 prehaemal vertebrae (n=22), which agree well with our examination. Ege���s data for specimens taken from the Indo-west Pacific can be further divided into a high vertebral population (83���87 total vertebrae), moderately high vertebral population (79���83 total vertebrae) and low vertebral population (75���80 total vertebrae).As few adult specimens were available to this study from the Indo-west Pacific other than from Taiwan and Australia (HCH, pers. data), we are not able to make judgement on all these populations. However, Ege���s specimens taken from the western Indian Ocean and Indonesia show similar vertebral counts to L. longilucifer. Moreover, the northwestern Pacific Ocean population (e.g. from Taiwan, Japan and the Philippines) is now recognised as a distinct species (Ho et al., 2019a), representing Ege���s moderately high vertebral number population. Specimens of the low vertebral number population are needed for further study. Rofen (1966) cited Ege���s (1957) data to define Lestodium atlanticum and provided data for three additional specimens collected from the Atlantic Ocean. These specimens have 121 lateral-line scales; 9���10 dorsal-fin rays; 29���30 anal-fin rays 12���13 pectoral-fin rays; 38 prehaemal vertebrae and 80���83 total vertebrae, consistent with our separation of L. longilucifer from the Atlantic population of L. atlanticum. The smallest specimen of L. longilucifer examined was 48 mm SL (AMS I.42344-010) but even at this small size, it exhibited a well-developed luminescent duct inside the abdominal cavity that extended forward to beyond the eye.Another example is the holotype of Paralepis thermophilus (= Lestidium atlanticum), a 43.5 mm SL juvenile, also show clearly a luminescent duct extending forward before the eye., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Graham, Ken & Russell, Barry, 2020, Three new species of the barracudina genus Lestidium (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae) from the Indo-West Pacific, pp. 71-88 in Zootaxa 4767 (1) on pages 72-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3770133, {"references":["Paxton, J. R., Hoese, D. F., Allen, G. R. & Hanley, J. E. (1989) Zoological catalogue of Australia. Vol. 7. Pisces. Petromyzontidae to Carangidae. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 665 pp.","Hutchins, J. B. (2001) Checklist of the fishes of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 63, 9 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.18195 / issn. 0313 - 122 x. 63.2001.009 - 050","Paxton, J. R., Gates, J. E., Bray, D. J. & Hoese, D. F. (2006) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 35. Fishes. Part 1. CSIRO publishing, Collingwood, 670 pp.","Larson, H. K., Williams, R. S. & Hammer, M. P. (2013) An annotated checklist of the fishes of the Northern Territory, Australia. Zootaxa, 3696 (1), 1 - 293. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3696.1.1","Ho, H. - C., Tasi, S. - Y. & Li, H. - H. (2019 a) The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa, 4702 (1), 114 - 139. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4702.1.16","Ege, V. (1953) Paralepididae I (Paralepis and Lestidium). Taxonomy, ontogeny, phylogeny and distribution. Dana Report, 40, 1 - 184.","Rofen, R. R. (1966) Family Paralepididae. In: Anderson, W. W., Berry, F. H., Bohlke, J. E., Bolin. R. L., Gehringer, J. W., Gibbs, R. H., Gosline, W. A., Marshall, N. B., Mead, G. W., Rofen, R. R. & Wilimovsky, N. J. (Eds.), Fishes of the western North Atlantic. Pt 5. Memoirs of the Sears Foundation for Marme Research. No. 1. Yale University, New Haven, pp. 205 - 461. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / j. ctvbcd 095.15","Ege, V. (1957) Paralepididae II (Macroparalepis). Taxonomy, ontogeny, phylogeny and distribution. Dana Report, 43, 1 - 101."]}

Three new species of the genus Lestidium with complete lateral line are described from the Indo-west Pacific Ocean. Lestidium longilucifer sp. nov., from Western Australia and Taiwan, belongs to the Lestidium atlanticum species complex and can be separated from other congeners by having 41–43 prehaemal vertebrae, 85–88 total vertebrae and 126–146 total lateral-line scales; and body proportions. Lestidium australis sp. nov. from eastern Australia and Lestidium rofeni sp. nov. from Taiwan and the Philippines together with Lestidium prolixum form the L. prolixum species complex. These three species can be separated from each other by a combination of different fin positions, vertebral formula, number of lateral-line scales and pigmentation.

Genus Lestidium Gilbert, 1905 Lestidium Gilbert, 1905:607 (Type species: Lestidium nudum Gilbert, 1905) Diagnosis. Body moderately long, not especially slender; luminescent duct in abdominal cavity unbranched, extending forward to below opercle or before anterior margin of eye; nostrils well before a vertical through posterior end of maxilla; lateral line complete or incomplete; no light organ at anterior margin of orbit; a small luminescent duct along lower margin of orbit or absent; ventral adipose fin well-developed along margin between anus and AFO; DFO at above same vertical at or behind VFO, if behind, always before midpoint of V���A; and anal-fin rays 26���34. Remarks. Lestidium comprises a small group of species with five species previously recognized in the genus: L. atlanticum, L. bigelowi Graae, 1967, L. nudum, L. orientale Ho et al., 2019, and L. prolixum Harry, 1953. Of these species, L. atlanticum can be distinguished by having the luminescent duct extending beyond the pectoral girdle to before anterior margin of eye. It is also the only species that is reported to have a worldwide distribution. In this study, we recognize the population from southern Taiwan and northwestern Australia as a distinct species. Another nominal species in the genus is Lestidium blanci Kartha, 1971 which was originally described from the Arabian Sea. Examination of a specimen (NTM S.13146-021) collected from northern Australia shows that it lacks the diagnostic luminescent duct in the abdominal cavity or a light organ around eye and is clearly a member of Lestidiops, a genus also in need of revision. All members of Lestidium have the DFO clearly before the midpoint of V���A, whereas Lestidiops blanci has its DFO well behind the midpoint of V���A, which is unique among paralepidid s. Moreover, the lateral line of L. blanci ends slightly behind the middle of the anal-fin base, also clearly different from the three new species described herein., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Graham, Ken & Russell, Barry, 2020, Three new species of the barracudina genus Lestidium (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae) from the Indo-West Pacific, pp. 71-88 in Zootaxa 4767 (1) on page 72, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3770133, {"references":["Gilbert, C. H. (1905) II. The deep-sea fishes of the Hawaiian Islands. In: The aquatic resources of the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, 23 (2), 577 - 713, pls. 66 - 101. [for 1903]","Graae, M. J. F. (1967) Lestidium bigelowi, a new species of paralepidid fish with photophores. Breviora, 277, 1 - 10.","Harry, R. R. (1953) Studies on the bathypelagic fishes of the family Paralepididae (order Iniomi). 2. A revision of the North Pacific species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 105, 169 - 230."]}

Lestidium rofeni sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E117C340-DA0C-42EE-8007-18451C8B5D7A Rofen’s Barracudina Figs. 4C, 5C, 6 A–D, 7A–D, 8A–C; Tables 1–2 Holotype. NMMB-P28479 (245 mm SL), off Dong-gang, Pingtung, southwestern Taiwan, northern South China Sea, 30 Jan. 2018, collected from fish landing port. Paratypes. Twenty-five specimens, 135–264. AMS I.36454-009 (2, 217–242), FSV Fishery Researcher 1, 13°09’N 124°02’E, Albay Gulf, Philippines, demersal trawl, 375 m, 23 Sept. 1995, coll. J. Paxton. AMS I.36464-004 (3, 247–264), FSV Fishery Researcher 1, 14°42’N 123°23’E, 250 km E of Manila, Philippines, demersal trawl, 440 m, 27 Sept. 1995, coll. J. Paxton. NMMB-P 24621 (1, 244), 5 Jul. 2016; NMMB-P 25548 (1, 143), 20 Jan. 2017; NMMB-P 25549 (1, 154), 20 Jan. 2017; NMMB-P 25550 (1, 172), 20 Jan. 2017; NMMB-P 25551 (1, 162), 10 Jan. 2017; NMMB-P 27926 (1, 248), 16 Jul. 2017; NMMB-P 27927 (1, 239), 16 Jul. 2017; NMMB-P 27931 (7, 135–148), 6 Dec. 2017; NMMB-P 28480 (1, 192), 30 Jan. 2018; NMMB-P 30875 (5, 151–183), 30 Jan. 2018; collected from near type locality. Non-types. NMMB-P 16428 (1, 211), 28 Jan. 2012; NMMB-P 23851 (1, 193), 17 Feb. 2017; NMMB-P 23939 (3, 228–243), 20 Feb. 2016; NMMB-P 23988 (1, 244), 5 Mar. 2016; NMMB-P 24426 (1, 189), 17 Feb. 2016; NMMB-P 24624 (5, 140–169), 27 Jun. 2016; NMMB-P 24627 (4, 122–143), 27 Jun. 2016; NMMB-P 24632 (1, 207), 12 Jan. 2011; NMMB-P 24633 (1, 184), 25 May 2013; NMMB-P 25546 (5, 126–149), 4 Feb. 2016; NMMB-P 25547 (1, 181.5), 20 Jan. 2017; NMMB-P 25603 (1, 146.5), 21 Sep. 2015; NMMB-P 25761 (1, 235), 29 Mar. 2017; NMMB-P 26453 (1, 243), 23 Jun. 2017; NMMB-P 26586 (1, 199), 25 Apr. 2017; NMMB-P 28838 (1, 167), 27 Jun. 2016; NMMB-P 30028 (1, 250), Dong-gang, no date; NMMB-P 30786 (5, 180–184); NMMB-P 30792 (1, 151), out of NMMB-P 25553, 31 Mar. 2016; NMMB-P 30804 (16, 105-187); NMMB-P 30805 (26, 90–195); NMMB-P 30806 (2, 203-235), 27 Mar. 2018; all collected from near type locality. Diagnosis. A species in the Lestidium prolixum species complex with a complete lateral line and a simple luminescent duct originating below opercle.; L. rofeni can be further distinguished from two other congeners in the species complex in having 30–33 anal-fin rays; prehaemal vertebrae 36–38 and total vertebrae 87–90; lateral-line ending at caudal fin base, with 123–139 scales; DFO clearly behind tip of adpressed pelvic fin; V–D 6.7–8.7% SL and 30.2–36.7% V–A; 5–7 lateral-line scales and 5–8 vertebrae between VFO and DFO; scattered melanophores away from upper margin of lateral line before VFO, entirely translucent on remaining section of lateral line; abdominal ridge with none or scattered melanophores. Description. Dorsal-fin rays 10; pectoral-fin rays 13 (12–14); pelvic-fin rays 9; anal-fin rays 33 (30–33). Lateralline scales: prepelvic 35 (34–36); predorsal 41 (40–43); preanal 55 (54–57); total 125 (123–139). Vertebrae: prehaemal 36 (36–38); caudal 52 (50–53); prepelvic 35 (34–36), predorsal 41 (40–41); preanal 54 (54–56); and total 88 (87–90). Body relatively elongate, slender and compressed; belly straight to slightly convex in profile; greatest depth of body at approximately anterior third of body, depth at pectoral fin 15 (15–17) times in SL. Caudal peduncle longer than eye diameter, its length 1.3–1.4 time eye diameter. Dorsal adipose fin small. A moderately constricted abdomi- nal ridge between head and pelvic fins. Ventral adipose fin well-developed along abdominal ridge and along the margin between anus and AFO. Anus at about tip of adpressed pelvic fin, below or slightly before DFO. DFO slightly, but clearly, behind tip of adpressed pelvic fin (Figs. 4C) and mid-point of SL (Fig. 6), predorsal length 1.6 (1.6). Pectoral fin level with posterior margin of gill cover, the uppermost ray at about same level as lower margin of eye. VFO well behind midpoint of SL, prepelvic fin 1.8 (1.8–1.9) in SL. Anal fin originating at posterior fourth of body, preanal fin length 1.3 (1.3) in SL. Anal-fin base 5.4 (5.4–5.9) in SL. Adipose fin above rear portion of anal-fin base. Head relatively slender, slightly wider at opercle than body, its length 4.8 (4.6–5.3) in SL. Snout moderately long and pointed distally, its length 1.9 (1.9–2.1) in SL. Postorbital length about one-third of HL. Mouth terminal, moderately large, its gape extending to anterior margin of eye; lower jaw slightly upturned distally, with a small fleshy tissue at its tip. Eye moderately large, its diameter 6.3 (5.5–6.8) in HL. No light organ in front of eye; a luminescent duct at lower margin of orbit. Interorbital space narrow, its width 9.7 (8.9–9.7) in HL, some straight ridges on top of head and snout. Upper jaw length 2.1 (2.0–2.1) in HL, posterior end of maxilla extending slightly less than half eye diameter before anterior margin of orbit. Two nostrils close together, well in front of posterior end of maxilla, about one eye diameter before eye. Sensory canals on snout, check, operculum, and jaws; numerous sensory pores on dorsal surface of snout and lower surface of lower jaw. Opercle thin, with posterior margin bluntly pointed, its lower margin notched around base of pectoral fin. Gill membranes joined far forward, before a vertical from anterior margin of the eye, free from isthmus. Five gill arches, filaments presence on the first to fourth arches, absent on fifth. The fourth arch mostly connected to the gill wall by a membrane. Pseudobranchs present, inside a deep pocket above gill arches. Two or 3 fangs on upper jaw, followed by bands of small and retrorse teeth along upper jaw, becoming gradually smaller posteriorly. Three fangs, either depressible or fixed, at front of lower jaw, followed by two rows of fangs on lower jaw, forming 6–8 tooth pairs; those in the inner row long and depressible with a knife-like tip, and those in the outer row much shorter, recurved and fixed. Vomerine teeth absent. Two rows of fangs on each palatine, anterior 3–4 teeth forming widely-spaced tooth pairs, those in the inner row long and depressible, and in outer row small and fixed; posterior portion of palatine with single row of small fixed teeth. One row of small straight, teeth on each side of tongue. Gill rakers well-developed on epibranchial, ceratobanchial and hypobanchial of first gill arch; the rakers shield shaped, each with 2–4 small teeth and a narrow base. Rakers on epibranchial of first arch 12 (9–15), ceratobranchial with 19 (15–21), hypobranchial with 16 (11–17), total rakers 47 (39–49). Teeth on pharyngeal arch slender, forming an oval patch with about 5 rows at middle. Single row of small teeth on fifth ceratobranchial. Body devoid of scales, except for a single row of lateral-line scales originating at above pectoral girdle and extending to the caudal-fin base. The anterior 67 (64–68) scales on the lateral line are clearly larger in size than the remainder, are slightly longer than high with slightly concave upper and lower margins, and gradually becoming smaller and narrower posteriorly. The posterior 58 (57–72) scales are distinctly smaller scales above posterior half of anal-fin base and behind. Row of 3–5 large pores on each margin of the larger scales, the first pore larger than the rest, and a pore on upper and lower end of these distinctly smaller scales. A well-developed, unbranched, elongate luminescent duct, extending forward to well beyond the eye and backward along midventral line of ventral margin to anus. Coloration. Color when fresh (Figs. 6A, C, D, 8 A–C), body slightly translucent, dorsal fourth greyish but rather indistinct; dorsal surface of head and lower lips blackish; posterior portion above anal-fin base and behind silvery white; through the skin, upper abdominal cavity black with all peritoneal sections fused, the rest slivery white; all fins clear, except for the caudal fin slightly blackish. Narrow black sub-margin along abdominal ridge or not (Figs. 5C, 7B, 8B) Preserved specimens (Figs. 6B, 7 A–D) with upper fourth of body covered by fine melanophores, the lower margin of these melanophores not overlapped with lateral line (Fig. 5C). Anterior third of upper margin of lateral line with scattered melanophores, entirely translucent on posterior portion. Very few melanophores or unpigmented on lateral sides between pelvic and anal fins. Lower margin of orbital blackish; surface of cheek below eye covered by melanophores; anterior half of jaws blackish; dorsal surface of skull and nape black. Pectoral fin translucent; base of dorsal, pelvic and anal fin blackish interiorly; scattered melanophores on anal-fin rays and branchiostegal rays. Membranes of branchiostegal region translucent in younger individuals, gradually becoming scattered blackish patches, but never as much as in L. prolixum and L. nigrorostrum. Luminous duct creamy yellow; peritoneal membrane melanophores alone lateral side of luminous duct inside the abdominal cavity. Abdominal ridge pale or with narrow dark submargin (Figs. 5C, 7B). Size. The largest specimen examined is a 264 mm SL non-type. Etymology. The species is named after Robert R. Rofen (previously R. R. Harry), former research director of George Vanderbilt Foundation, Stanford University, who contributed a lot of knowledge on paralepidid fishes. Distribution. The species is currently known only from Taiwan and the Philippines, but is likely widespread in northwestern Pacific Ocean. Off southern Taiwan, smaller specimens were collected by mid-water trawl ( 300 m), which may suggest the adults shift to deeper waters with growth/age. Remarks. Lestidium rofeni, L. prolixum and L. nigrorostrum share similar body proportions, meristics and general appearance, and form a species complex. Lestidium rofeni is sympatric with L. prolixum in southern Taiwanese waters but can be separated from L. prolixum in having 123–139 total lateral-line scales (vs. 147–158 in L prolixum); 57–72 (vs. 82–91) small scales along posterior portion of lateral line. The DFO is clearly behind the tip of adpressed pelvic fin in L. rofeni (Figs. 4C, 7C), whereas it overlaps or is just slightly behind the tip of the adpressed pelvic fin in L. prolixum (Fig. 4B). Associated with this character are: V–D 30.2–36.7% SL in L. rofeni (vs 18.4–25.5% SL); 5–7 lateral-line scales and 5–8 vertebrae between VFO and DFO in L. rofeni (vs. 3–5 [mainly 4 scales and vertebrae, respectively); and 3–5 more prehaemal than predorsal vertebrae in L. rofeni (vs. 1–3, mainly 1 or 2 vertebrae). Moreover, L. rofeni generally has light coloration, compared to similar size individuals of L. prolixum which are darker. Lestidium rofeni differs from L. nigrorostrum in having 123–139 total lateral-line scales (vs. 142–157 in L nigrorostrum) and body coloration is also different. The area along the lateral line of Lestidium rofeni is without pigmentation except for few scattered black dots above the lateral line, whereas in L. nigrorostrum, melanophores extend downward from the dorsum to the lateral line along its whole length. In L. rofeni, the abdominal ridge is pale or with a narrow blackish sub-margin (Figs. 5C, 7B, 8B; vs. abdomen with pale margin and a very broad black sub-margin, Figs. 3A, 5A); the gill chamber is mostly translucent or, at most, with scattered dark patches (vs. mostly blackish); and the membranes of the branchiostegal region are without colour in young/small individuals, gradually developing scattered blackish patches with increasing age/size, but never to the extent of L. nigrorostrum. Lestidium rofeni was likely misidentified as L. nudum in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Both species have nearly identical vertebral formulae and body proportions. However, L. rofeni is clearly different from L. nudum in having a complete lateral line extending to the caudal-fin base, whereas that in L. nudum is incomplete, extending only to above the anterior third of anal-fin base; and the total lateral-line scales are 84–87, with 64–68 large scales, followed by 15–21 smalles scales in L. nudum. All specimens of L. nudum examined by us have the branchiostegal membranes and rays entirely black, whereas in L. rofeni the color ranges from entirely translucent to irregular black patches on the membranes. Because the black patches on the branchiostegal region develop with age/size in L. rofeni, more small specimens of L. nudum need to be examined to fully understand the development of pigmentation in that species. Comparative materials. Lestidium atlanticum: listed in Ho et al. (2019a). Lestidium orientale: listed in Ho et al. (2019a). Lestidium prolixum: listed in Ho et al. (2019a); CSIRO H 6295-11 (1, 262), Taiwan; NMMB-P30959 (33, 253–268) and NMMB-P30960 (24, 255–275), off Dong-gang, 13 Mar. 2019. Lestidium nudum: listed in Ho et al. (2019a).

Lestidium nigrirostrum sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5C95A762-A737-46ED-984B-169E5F5400E1 Australian Robust Barracudina Figs. 3 A���E, 4A, 5A; Tables 1���2 Holotype. CSIRO H 1159-16, 316 mm SL, 17��30.1���S, 150��41.2���E, Marian Plateau, ENE of Townsville, Queensland northeastern Australia, Southwestern Pacific Ocean, demersal trawl, 752��� 751 m, 24 Nov. 1985. Paratypes. Twenty-two specimens, 195���338 mm SL. AMS I.19202-004 (6 specimens, 242���264 mm SL), 33��11���S 152��20���E, 50 km SE of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, demersal trawl 600 m, FRV Kapala, 11 May 1976, coll. K Graham. AMS I.25825-001 (1, 324), 18��00���S, 147��06���E, 120 km N of Townsville, Queensland, Australia, demersal trawl 300 m, RV Soela, 16 Jan. 1986, coll. M. McGrouther and S. Reader. AMS I.25836-003 (1, 308), 17��59���S, 147��07���E, 125 km N of Townsville, Queensland, Australia, demersal trawl 305 m, RV Soela, 20 Jan. 1986, coll. M. McGrouther and S Reader. AMS I.26393-002 (5, 218���245), 33��44���S, 151��52���E, 70 km ENE of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, demer- sal trawl 525 m, FRV Kapala, 4 Nov. 1985, coll. K. Graham. AMS I.27594-009 (1, 216), 36��38���S, 156��11���E, near Gascoyne Seamount, Tasman Sea, midwater trawl 520 m, 15 March 1988, coll. N. Klaer. AMS I.40005-001 (1, 338), 36��12���S 150��24���E, 15 km E of Montague I. New South Wales, Australia, demersal trawl 520 m, FV Shelley H, 1 March 2000, coll K. Graham. NMV A.7122 (1, 195), 33��43���S, 151��52���E, Broken Bay, New South Wales, Australia, 420 m, 24 Jan. 1982 NMV A.7661 (1, 203), 34��27���S, 151��18���E, off Wollongong, Tasman Sea, New South Wales, Australia, 280 m, 22 Jan.1982 CSIRO H616-27 (1, 314), CSIRO H616-28 (1, 317), CSIRO H616-29 (1, 313), CSIRO H616-30 (1, 317), CSIRO H616-31 (1, 325) 19��0.7���S, 150��41.2���E, northeast of Whitsunday group, Marian Plateau, demersal trawl, 752��� 751 m, 24 Nov. 1985. Non-types. AMS I.15967-004 (1, 205), FRV Kapala, 33��42���S, 151��52���E, 60 km ENE of Sydney, New South Wales, demersal trawl, 280 m, 6 Apr. 1971. AMS I.15977-003 (1, 258), FRV Kapala, 29��54���S, 153��40���E, 40 km E of Wooli, New South Wales demersal trawl 380 m, 12 May 1971. AMS I.17879-007 (1, 191), FRV Kapala, 33��50���S, 151��36���E, 30 km E of Sydney New South Wales, midwater trawl 0-110 m, 2 Jul. 1973, coll. K. Graham. AMS I.19206-002 (1, 233), FRV Kapala, 33��29���S 152��03���E, 60 km E of Terrigal, New South Wales, Australia, demersal trawl 495 m, 27 May 1976, coll. K. Graham. AMS I.20518-017 (1, 250), FRV Kapala, 28��00���S, 153��59���E, 55 km E of Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, demersal trawl 550 m, 2 Jun. 1978, coll. K. Graham. AMS I.22642-002 (1, 167), FRV Kapala, 32��08���S, 153��04���E, 55 km E of Tuncurry, New South Wales, demersal trawl 495 m, 27 July 1981, coll. K. Graham. AMS I.23488-002 (1, 287), FRV Kapala, 33��40���S 150��56���E, 55 km ESE of Broken Bay, New South Wales, demersal trawl 510 m, 13 Oct. 1982, coll. K. Graham. AMS I.25288-015. (1, 95), FRV Kapala, 35��14���S, 151��54���E, 30 km SE of Jervis Bay, New South Wales, midwater trawl 0-110 m (bottom depth 220m), 1 May 1980, coll. K. Graham. AMS I.25814-002 (1, 126), RV Soela, 17��55���S, 147��06���E, 90 km E of Mission Beach, Queensland, demersal trawl 260 m, 13 Jan. 1986, coll. M. McGrouther and S. Reader. AMS I.25816-005 (1, 305), RV Soela, 17��57���S, 147��02���E, 100 km E of Mission Beach, Queensland, demersal trawl 300 m, 13 Jan. 1986, coll M. McGrouther and S. Reader. AMS I.26029-003 (1, 162), FRV Kapala, 33��44���S, 151��52���E, 65 km off Broken Bay, New South Wales, demersal trawl 525 m, 4 Nov. 1985, coll. K. Graham. AMS I.29738-005 (1, 285), FRV Kapala, 31��54���S, 153��12���E 45 km ESE of Crowdy Head, New South Wales, demersal trawl 500-900 m, 13 Oct. 1982, coll. K. Graham. AMS I.33318-001 (18, 159���185), AMS I.33318-002 (16), FV Imlay, 37��04���S, 150��18���E, 40 km off Eden, New South Wales, demersal trawl 400 m, 1992, coll. R. Drenkhahn. AMS I.38508-001 (1, 210), 37��40���S, 150��15���E, 35 km SE of Gabi I., Victoria, demersal trawl 440 m, FRV Kapala, 29 April 1997, coll. K. Graham. CSIRO A4289 (1, 171), 37��27���S, 150��15���E, east of Cape Howe, midwater trawl, 138���150 m, 6 Feb. 1977. CSIRO B1246 (2, 158���217), 36��03���S, 150��21���E, northeast of Narooma midwater trawl, 79���90 m, 31 Mar. 1976. CSIRO CA 860 (1, 230), 37��39���S, 150��15���E, southeast of Gabo Island, Midwater trawl, 20���40 m, 18 Apr. 1977. Tentatively identified. CSIRO H 2128-002 (1, 242), 17��50���S, 150��41.2���E, southwest of Rowley Shoals, Western Australia, 420 m, bottom trawl, 12 Feb. 1989. Diagnosis. A species in the Lestidium prolixum species complex with a complete lateral-line, and a simple luminescent duct originating below opercle; it can be further distinguished from two other congeners in the species complex in having 31���34 anal-fin rays; prehaemal vertebrae 35���38 and total vertebrae 87���90; lateral-line ended at caudal fin base, with 142���157 scales; DFO clearly behind tip of adpressed pelvic fin, V���D 5.6���8.5%SL and 28.6���38.6%V���A; 5���7 lateral-line scales and 4���7 vertebrae between VFO and DFO; dorsum dark brownish, mela nophores extending downward to the lateral-line along its entire upper margin; anterior portions of snout and lower jaw blackish; abdomen with a very broad black sub-margin. Description. Dorsal-fin rays 10; pectoral-fin rays 13 (12���14); pelvic-fin rays 9; anal-fin rays 34 (31���34). Lateral-line scales: prepelvic 34 (33���36); predorsal 40 (39���42); preanal 54 (53���57); and total 150 (142���157). Vertebrae: prehaemal 36 (35���38); caudal 52 (50���53); prepelvic 35 (34���36); predorsal 41 (40���41); preanal 54 (54���56); and total 88 (87���90). Body relatively elongate, robust and less compressed; belly slightly convex in profile; greatest depth of body at approximately anterior third of body, body depth at pectoral-fin base 14 (13���17) times in SL. Caudal peduncle short, about 1.3���1.5 times eye diameter. Dorsal adipose fin small. A moderately constricted abdominal ridge between head and pelvic fins. Ventral adipose fin slightly developed on abdominal ridge and moderately developed along margin between anus and AFO. Anus at about tip of adpressed pelvic fin, slightly in front of DFO. DFO clearly behind VFO and midpoint of SL (Figs. 4A), well before midpoint of V���A; predorsal length 1.6 (1.6) in SL. Pectoral-fin base at same vertical as posterior margin of gill cover, its upper base about same horizontal of lower margin of eye.A small pocket behind pectoral-fin base. VFO well behind midpoint of SL, prepelvic length 1.8 (1.8���1.9) in SL, with a small axial scale behind pelvic fin base. Anal fin originating at posterior fourth of body, preanal length 1.3 (1.3) in SL. Anal-fin base 5.6 (5.6���6.1) in SL. Adipose fin above rear portion of anal-fin base. Head moderately long and stout, slightly wider at opercle than body, its length 4.8 (4.6���4.9) in SL. Snout moderately long and blunt, its length 2.0 (1.9���2.0) in HL. Postorbital length slightly less than third of HL. Mouth terminal, moderately large, its gape extending to level of anterior margin of eye or slightly beyond; tip of lower jaw upturned distally, with a small fleshy process on its tip. Eye moderately large, its diameter 6.8 (5.9���6.8) in HL. No light organ in front of eye; a luminescent duct at lower margin of orbit. Interorbital space narrow, its width 9.6 (9.0���11.7) in HL; some straight ridges on top of head and snout. Upper jaw length 2.1 (2.0���2.1) in HL, posterior end of maxilla extending to about one-third eye diameter before a vertical from orbit. Two nostrils close together, about one-third eye diameter before posterior end of maxilla. Sensory canals on snout, check, operculum, and jaws; numerous sensory pores on dorsal surface of snout and lower surface of lower jaw. Opercle thin, with posterior margin bluntly pointed, its lower margin notched around base of pectoral fin. Gill membranes joined far forward, before a vertical from eye, free from isthmus. Five gill arches, filament present on the first to fourth arches and absent on fifth; fourth arch mostly connected to the gill wall by membrane; pseudobranchs present, inside a deep pocket. Two to 4 small fangs at tip of upper jaw, followed by numerous small retrorse teeth in a single row along the upper jaw, these gradually becoming smaller posteriorly. Three fixed or depressible fangs at/on front of lower jaw, followed by two rows of fangs forming 6���8 tooth pairs, those in inner row long with knife-like tips and depressible; those in inner row much shorter, recurved and fixed. Vomerine teeth absent. Two rows of fangs on each palatine, the anterior 5���6 teeth form- ing widely-spaced tooth pairs; those in the outer row long and depressible; teeth in the inner row small and fixed; posterior portion with single row of small fixed teeth. One row of small straight, teeth on each side of tongue. Gill rakers present on epibranchial, ceratobanchial and hypobanchial of first gill arch; the rakers shield shaped, each with 2���4 small teeth and a narrow base. Rakers on epibranchial of first arch 12 (10���14), ceratobranchial with 19 (17���22), hypobranchial with 16 (12���17), total rakers 47 (40���50). Teeth on pharyngeal arch slender, forming an oval patch with about 5 rows at middle/centre. Single row of small teeth on fifth ceratobranchial. Body devoid of scales, except for a single row along the lateral-line originating above pectoral girdle and extending to caudal-fin base. Anterior 65 (63���66) scales on lateral line are clearly larger in size, with lengths about equal to height and gradually becoming smaller and narrower posteriorly; followed by 85 (79���97) distinctly smaller scales from above posterior half of anal-fin base to caudal fin. Larger scales with a cluster of 4���6 (usually 5) large pores on each margin, the first one larger than the rest and a median pore on center of broader of these larger scales; a pore on upper and lower end of the distinctly smaller scales. A well-developed, unbranched, elongate luminescent duct along the mid-line of the ventral margin, extending anteriorly from the anus to below opercle (Fig. 3D). Coloration. Preserved specimens (Figs. 3, 4A, 5A) dark brownish on dorsum, pale ventrally; melanophores on dorsum extending downward to entire lateral line, gradually becoming scattered along the posterior third of lateral line; dense melanophores on top of head, snout, lips, orbit (Figs. 3B, C); lower surface/underside of lower jaw covered with scattered melanophores (Fig. 3D); abdomen with pale margin and a broad black sub-margin (Figs. 3A, 5A); pectoral and pelvic fins covered with scattered melanophores; dorsal, adipose, anal and caudal fins densely covered with choromatophores; gill chamber mostly black with broad pale margin on gill cover; branchiostegal membrane and isthmus uniformly black; peritoneal membrane black, all sections fused in adults. Fresh color unknown. Size. The largest specimen examined was 338 mm TL. Etymology. The specific name is derived from Latin niger and rostrum, in referring to the black snout. Distribution. The species is currently known from waters off eastern Australia, ranging from the Coral Sea off central Queensland to Bass Strait and into the Tasman Sea. Remarks. The species is one of three species recognized in the Lestidium prolixum complex having a large body size, a complete lateral line extending to caudal fin base, a luminescent duct on the lower margin of orbit, DFO behind VFO, but well before midpoint of V���A; and more than 126 lateral-line scales. It differs from L. prolixum in having the DFO slightly, but clearly behind the tip of adpressed pelvic fin and anus (vs. overlapped with the adpressed pelvic fin and above anus in L. prolixum, Fig. 4B). Related to this character are V���D 28.6���38.6% (vs. 18.4���25.5%) of V���A; lateral-line scales between VFO and DFO 5���7 (vs. 3���4, rarely 5). Moreover, the melanophores on the dorsum extend downward to the lateral line in L. nigr orostrum, but e x t end only to the upper margin of the lateral line and form a wavy line in L. prolixum (Fig. 5A vs. 5B). Lestidium nigrorostrum also reaches a large adult body size (338 mm SL), whereas the largest specimen of L. prolixum examined was 276 mm SL (Ho et al., 2019a). Specimens from Western Australia, very similar to this new species, have a much lighter body coloration and shorter body, and possibly represent a different species. Pending more detailed investigation, we exclude these specimens from the type series here., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Graham, Ken & Russell, Barry, 2020, Three new species of the barracudina genus Lestidium (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae) from the Indo-West Pacific, pp. 71-88 in Zootaxa 4767 (1) on pages 78-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3770133, {"references":["Ho, H. - C., Tasi, S. - Y. & Li, H. - H. (2019 a) The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa, 4702 (1), 114 - 139. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4702.1.16"]}

Two genera of barracudinas with luminescent duct in abdominal cavity, Lestrolepis and Lestidium, collected from around Taiwan are studied. Two species in each genus are recognized in Taiwan, including one new species in each genus. New diagnostic characters are used to distinguish these species. Lestrolepis nigroventralis sp. nov. is similar to Lestrolepis intermedia and can be distinguished by having 32–35 prehaemal vertebrae; dorsal-fin origin slightly in front of midline of distance between origins of pelvic and anal fins, distance between origins of dorsal and pelvic fin 9.8–11.7% SL; and pelvic-fin origin at or slightly behind midline of body, prepelvic length 50.6–52.6% SL. Lestidium orientale sp. nov. is similar to Lestidium atlanticum and can be distinguished by having prehaemal vertebrae 37–40; caudal vertebrae 41–44; a relatively short and deep head, reflected by a shorter snout (9.7–10.4% SL), shorter upper jaw (8.6–10.1% SL), shorter lower jaw (11.9–13.7% SL) and a deeper head (31.2–33.9% HL). Data of Lestrolepis japonicus and Lestidium prolixium collected from Taiwan, as well as two Atlantic congeners, are provided. DNA barcoding is conducted to support the recognition of these new species.

Stemonosudis Harry, 1951 Stemonosudis Harry, 1951:32 (Type species: Macroparalepis intermedius Ege, 1933). Distinguishing features. A genus of the subfamily Paralepidinae with body generally relatively slender; anus clearly situated before dorsal-fin origin; jaws slender; nostrils above posterior the end of maxilla (but unknown in some species because of a lack of adult specimens), and some are slightly further forward (i.e. three species treated in present study); ventral adipose fin well-developed between anus and origin of anal fin; anal-fin rays 34���50 (except S. molesta with 30); vertebrae more than 84 (usually more than 90). Remarks. Prior to the present study, total of 12 nominal species were recognized in the genus Stemonosudis. The two new species described herein raise the number to 14. However, based on the examination of the type specimens of most of species, some may be reassigned to other genera, such as Lestidiops. Harry (1951, 1953) listed many characters in his diagnosis of Stemonosudis. However, most of them are commonly shared by other genera. Stemonosudis is similar to Macroparalepis Ege, 1933 in having a very slender body, but Macroparalepis has the anus well behind the tip of the anal fin, no ventral adipose fin and 24���28 anal-anal fin rays, whereas Stemonosudis has the anus just situated above posterior tip of pelvic fin, ventral adipose fin well-developed between anus and AFO, and more than 34 anal-fin rays (except for one species with 30). Of all the other genera in the Lestidiinae, Stemonosudis is most similar to Dolichosudis Post, 1969. Based on observations by the first author, no distinguishable character has been found between these two genera, except for the uniformly blackish color in adults of Dolichosudis, compared with an uneven color pattern, such as saddles, in Stemonosudis. These two genera are likely to be synonyms. Stemonosudis also shares most characters with members of Lestidiops Hubbs, 1916. The two genera can be separated mainly by body shape (much more slender and narrow in Stemonosudis than in Lestidiops), shapes of jaws (more slender in Stemonosudis than in Lestidiops), and position of nostrils (above or behind posterior end of maxilla in Stemonosudis and well in front in Lestidiops). However, the three species treated here have moderately slender bodies and jaws and their nostrils are slightly in front of the end of the maxilla, conditions that are ���intermediate��� between these of the two genera. Further studies are needed in order to assess the validity of the two genera, and the species assigned to them may change., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Russell, Barry, Graham, Ken & Psomadakis, Peter N., 2019, Review of the Stemonosudis rothschildi species complex, with descriptions of two new species from the Indo-west Pacific Ocean (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae), pp. 216-229 in Zootaxa 4702 (1) on pages 217-218, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.19, http://zenodo.org/record/3562801, {"references":["Harry, R. R. (1951) Deep-sea Fishes of the Bermuda oceanographic expeditions. Family Paralepididae. Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society, 36 (1), 17 - 35.","Ege, V. (1933) On some new fishes of the families Sudidae and Stomiatidae. Preliminary note. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, KJObenhavn, 94, 223 - 236.","Harry, R. R. (1953) Studies on the bathypelagic fishes of the family Paralepididae. 1. Survey of the genera. Pacific Science, 7 (2), 219 - 249.","Post, A. (1969) Ergebisse der Forschungsreisen des FFS \" Walther Herwig \" nach Sudamerika. VIII. Dolichosudis fuliginosa gen. nov. spec. nov. (Osteichthyes, Iniomi, Paralepididae). Archiv fur Fischereiwissenschaft, 20 (1), 15 - 21.","Hubbs, C. L. (1916) Notes on the marine fishes of California. University of California Publications in Zoology, 16 (13), 153 - 169, pls. 18 - 20."]}

Three barracudina species are recognized in the Stemonosudis rothschildi species complex, which includes Stemonosudis rothschildi Richards, 1967, and two new species described herein. Stemonosudis multifasciatus sp. nov. is described based on five specimens collected off northwestern Australia and Myanmar, Eastern Indian Ocean. It is characterized by having 16 brownish blotches on dorsum (10 before dorsal-fin origin); 49–51 caudal vertebrae; 93‒95 total vertebrae; dorsal-fin origin relatively forward in position, distance between origins of pelvic and dorsal fins 52.3‒63.0% of distance between origins of pelvic and anal fins; and combination of body proportions. Stemonosudis retrodorsalis sp. nov. is described based on 15 specimens collected from off the Philippines, Indonesia and northwestern Australia. It is characterized by having dorsal-fin origin at about vertical through anal-fin origin, insertion of anal fin relatively forward, preanal length 71.5‒79.5% SL; 6 blotches on dorsum before DFO and 4 on abdominal ridge before VFO and unique combination of body proportions. A redescription of S. rothschildi, based on specimens collected from off Dongsha (Pratas) Islands, Australia and West Indies, is also included.

Lestrolepis Harry, 1953 Lestrolepis Harry, 1953a:240 (Type species Paralepis philippinus Fowler, 1934, a junior synonym of Lestrolepis Japonica). Diagnosis. Body scaleless, except for the lateral line covered by a single row of scales; luminescent duct present, originating from below opercle and divided into two branches immediately; a light organ (black papilla) in front of eye; a luminescent duct along lower margin of orbit in some species; DFO well behind VFO; ventral adipose fin well developed between anus and anal fin; dorsal-fin rays 9; anal-fin rays 32–43; pelvic-fin rays 9; vertebrae: prehaemal 28–35, predorsal 36–46, caudal 52–66, and total 82–98. Dorsal surface light grayish, chromatophores cover upper fourth or fifth of body, head and caudal region. Ventral ridge between pectoral and pelvic fins variously with pigment. Remarks. Lestrolepis currently includes four species, Ll. Japonica from western Pacific Ocean, Ll. intermedia from western central Atlantic Ocean, Ll. pofi from Indo-Pacific ocean (including Hawaii) and Ll. nigroventralis sp. nov. from the western Pacific. Although the genus previously included Lestrolepis luetkeni (Ege, 1933), as a senior synonym of Ll. Pofi, this species is now recognized as a member of Lestidiops (Ho & Golani, 2019)., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu & Li, Hsing-Hui, 2019, The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae), pp. 114-139 in Zootaxa 4702 (1) on pages 122-123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16, http://zenodo.org/record/3562745, {"references":["Harry, R. R. (1953 a) Studies on the bathypelagic fishes of the family Paralepididae (order Iniomi). 2. A revision of the North Pacific species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 105, 169 - 230.","Ho, H. - C. & Golani, D. (2019) A new species of Lestrolepis from the Red Sea, with redescription of Lestrolepis pofi (Harry, 1953) (Aulopiformes: Parelepididae). Zootaxa, 4619 (3), 571 - 579. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4619.3.10"]}

Arctozenus Gill, 1864 Diagnosis. Body covered by cycloid scales, moderately stout to slender; VFO behind vertical of DFO; gill rakers with multiple rows of short teeth, which never slender or needle-like; scales on body smaller than lateral-line scales; teeth on anterior portion of palatine enlarged and fang-shape; two rows of tooth pairs on lower jaw. Note on synonymy of Paralepis risso Bonaparte, 1840. Six available names are associated with Arctozenus and all are currently recognized as Arctozenus risso (Bonaparte, 1840) (Post, 1987). The original description of Paralepis risso Bonaparte, 1840 was based on description and a drawing by Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes (1829:357–359, pl. fig. 66; reproduced in Fig. 1A). The specimen was collected from Mediterranean Sea off Italy and apparently lost (Post, 1972:143). Richardson (1845:51, pl. 30, figs. 6–7) described Prymnothonus hookeri based on drawing of a figure “ provided by Dr. Hooker ” without voucher and locality. They also mentioned: “ It is evidently a Muraenoid fish, closely allied to the Congers. ” Post (1972:157) suggested that “ Dr. Hooker’s specimen cannot be assigned with any certainty to any nominal species. Apparently it was a postlarval paralepidid, probably either N. rissoi or P. coregonoides borealis or P. atlantica.” The species is treated herein as incertae sedis in Paralepididae. Krøyer in Gaimard (1842 –1856) provided a drawing which he recognized as Paralepis borealis (although not specified, it is assumed to be Pl. 16B, fig. 1). However, the voucher appears not to have been retained. Gill (1864) established the new genus Arctozenus based on this drawing. Post (1972) recognized that the drawing was actually a Paralepis risso (as rissoi). Paralepis borealis Reinhardt, 1837 he recognized as a subspecies of Paralepis coregonoides, and later synonymized with that species (Post, 1973, 1987). Examination on the holotype of Paralepis coregonoides borealis Reinhardt, 1837 (ZMUC P.2348432) has confirmed the synomyzation of these two names. According to the Code (ICZN, online version), the name Paralepis borealis of Krøyer in Gaimard (= A. risso) is treated as available (Article 11.10), and should be the type species of Arctozenus (Article 69.2.4). Jordan & Gilbert (1881) described Paralepis coruscans based on a single specimen collected from the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The fish is well described and illustrated. Rofen (1966) synonymized the species with N. rissoi (= A. risso), a decision supported by Post (1972, 1987). The holotype has a relatively deep body (13 times in fork length in original description) and we concur with this decision. Lütken (1892) described Paralepis kroyeri based on a drawing by Krøyer in Gaimard (1842 -1856, pl. 16B, fig. 1). This is evidently the same species described by Krøyer. The species has sometimes been treated as a valid subspecies (i.e. Rofen, 1966), however, Post (1968, 1987) has suggested latitude-related changes in morphometrics and meristics, and synonymized it with A. risso. Whitley & Phillipps (1939) described Prymnothonoides regani, new genus and new species, based on a drawing of a juvenile collected at Cape Maria van Diem (northern tip of North Island, New Zealand) provided in Regan (1916: pl. VII, fig. 3). Harry (1953) placed the genus under Notolepis with a question mark and without further discussion. In his catalogue of types, Post (1972) records that “ Regan’s figure cannot be assigned with any certainty to any nominal species ” and “ The International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature has been requested to place the generic and specific name on the Official Index of ReJected and Invalid Names in Zoology. ” However, the later seems never been gazettes and published, and Post (1973) later suggested that the species is questionably a synonym of Notolepis risso (Bonaparte, 1840). The species is treated herein as incertae sedis in Paralepididae., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching & Duhamel, Guy, 2019, A new species of the fish genus Arctozenus from the Kerguelen Islands, with comments on the lost teeth in adults (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae), pp. 497-512 in Zootaxa 4651 (3) on pages 498-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3363398, {"references":["Gill, T. N. (1864) Note on the paralepidoids and microstomatoids, and on some peculiarities of Arctic ichthyology. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 16, 187 - 189.","Bonaparte, C. L. (1840) Iconografia della fauna italica per le quattro classi degli animali vertebrati. Tomo III. Pesci. Tipografia Salviucci, Roma, 864 pp.","Post, A. (1987) Results of the research cruises of FRV \" Walther Herwig \" to South America. LXVII. Revision of the subfamily Paralepidinae (Pisces, Aulopiformes, Alepisauroidei, Paralepididae). I. Taxonomy, morphology and geographical distribution. Archiv fur Fischereiwissenschaft, 38 (1 / 2), 75 - 131.","Post, A. (1972) Catalogue of type-specimens and designation of lectotypes of the fish-family Paralepididae (Osteichthyes, Myctophoidei). Archiv fur Fischereiwissenschaft, 23 (2), 136 - 165.","Gaimard, P. (1842 - 1856) Voyages en Scandinavie, en Laponie, au Spitzberg, et aux Iles Feroe pendant les annees 1838 - 1840 sur la Corvette La Recherche. Arthus Bertrand, Paris, 60 pp.","Reinhardt, J. C. H. (1837) Ichthyologiske bidrag til den Gronlandske fauna. Indledning, indeholdende tillaeg og forandringer i den fabriciske fortegnelse paa Gronlandske hvirveldyr. Det Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskabs naturvidenskabelige og mathematiske afhandlinger, 7, 83 - 196, pls. 1 - 8.","Post (1973) Paralepididae. In: Hureau, J. C. & Monod, T. (Eds.), Check-list of the fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean. Vol. 1. UNESCO, Paris, pp. 203 - 210.","Jordan, D. S. & Gilbert, C. H. (1881) Description of a new species of Paralepis (Paralepis coruscans), from the Straits of Juan de Fuca. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 3 (171), 411 - 413.","Rofen, R. R. (1966) Family Paralepididae. In: Mead, G. W., Bigelow, H. B., Olsen, Y. H., Breder, C. M., Schroeder, W. C., Cohen, D. M., Schultz, L. P., Merriman, D. & Tee-Van, J. (Eds.), Memoirs, Sears Foundation of Marine Research. No. I. Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Part 5. Yale University, New Haven, pp. 205 - 461.","Lutken, C. F. (1892) Korte Bidrag til nordisk Ichthyographi. VIII. Nogle nordiske Laxesild (Scopeliner). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i KJObenhavn, Aaret, 1891, 203 - 233.","Post, A. (1968) Die Paralepididae (Pisces) der 15. Forschungsfahrt des FFS \" Walther Herwig \". Zoologischer Anzeiger, 180 (1 / 2), 139 - 146","Whitley, G. P. & Phillipps, W. J. (1939) Descriptive notes on some New Zealand fishes. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 69 (2), 228 - 236, pls. 21 - 22.","Regan, C. T. (1916) Larval and post-larval fishes. British Antarctic (\" Terra Nova \") Expedition, 1910, Natural History Report, Zoology, 1 (4), 125 - 156.","Harry, R. R. (1953) Studies on the bathypelagic fishes of the family Paralepididae. 1. Survey of the genera. Pacific Science, 7 (2), 219 - 249."]}

A new cryptic species of spotted barracudina, Arctozenus australis sp. nov., is described from the Kerguelen Islands, in the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean. It differs from the only congener, Arctozenus risso (Bonaparte, 1840), in the reduction of pigments on body, a more slender body, and longer head, snout and jaws. A neotype is designated for Paralepis risso Bonaparte, 1840 and Paralepis borealis Krøyer in Gaimard (1847). Note on synonymy of Paralepis risso is provided. Observation of adults of Notolepis annulata, Magnosudis prionosa and Paralepis coregonoides found loss of teeth on jaws and gill arches, suggesting more species in the subfamily Paralepidinae may commonly possess this character in adults.

Paralepis coregonoides Risso, 1820 Paralepis coregonoides Risso, 1820:253 (type locality: Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea). Post, 1987:116. Specimen examined. MNHN 2001-2742, 221 mm SL, Mediterranean Sea, Villefranche /mer, France, Dec. 1970, coll. Inconnu. Description. Dorsal-fin rays 9; pectoral-fin rays 16; anal-fin rays 23; pelvic-fin rays 9. Lateral-line scales: prepelvic 30 (31 on left side); predorsal 32 (32); preanal 47 (48); total 57 (58); transverse scales rows below lateral line ca. 10. Vertebrae: prehaemal 33; caudal 37; predorsal 31; prepelvic 33; preanal 47; total 70. Bode moderately slender, compressed. Head robust, deeper than the rest part of body, head length 4.0 in SL. Interorbital space flattened, with a low straight ridge on each side extending from near tip of snout to dorsal surface of skull. Snout moderate long, stout, bluntly pointed at tip. Eye large, 2.9 in snout length. Two nostrils closed together, slightly less than one eye diameter before the eye, right above tip of maxilla. Mouth gape extending to slightly behind middle of snout (clearly before nostrils). Caudal peduncle slightly longer than eye diameter. Pectoral fin moderately long, the uppermost ray slightly lower than lower level of eye. Origins of dorsal and pelvic fins clearly behind middle of the fish. Origin of pelvic fin below anterior third of dorsal-fin base. Anus well behind posterior tip of appressed dorsal and pelvic fins. Adipose fin with short base, much smaller than eye diameter, about two fin bases before the caudal-fin base. Scales small, cycloid. Estimated 10 rows between lateral line and ventral margin. Lateral-line scales enlarged, slightly higher than wide. Lateral-line runs to near the end of anal-fin base. Three scale rows between lateral line and dorsal fin base. No trace of teeth on jaws, palatines and gill arches; two large patches of rudimentary teeth on pharyngeal arches. Remarks. The identification based on the collecting site, slender snout, nostrils right above tip of maxilla, pelvic-fin origin below anterior third of dorsal-fin base, and 33 prehaemal and 70 total vertebrae (Post, 1987: 110; in Key). Post (1987) mentioned there are 25 specimens collected from American continental slope (about 33��N, 76��W), the western Atlantic Ocean. Our specimen is the first record of the adult Paralepis coregonoides with loss of gill rakers and teeth., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching & Duhamel, Guy, 2019, A new species of the fish genus Arctozenus from the Kerguelen Islands, with comments on the lost teeth in adults (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae), pp. 497-512 in Zootaxa 4651 (3) on page 510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3363398, {"references":["Risso, A. (1820) Memoire sur quelques poissons observes dans la mer de Nice. Journal de Physique, de Chimie et d'Histoire Naturelle, 91, 241 - 255.","Post, A. (1987) Results of the research cruises of FRV \" Walther Herwig \" to South America. LXVII. Revision of the subfamily Paralepidinae (Pisces, Aulopiformes, Alepisauroidei, Paralepididae). I. Taxonomy, morphology and geographical distribution. Archiv fur Fischereiwissenschaft, 38 (1 / 2), 75 - 131."]}

Notolepis annulata Post, 1978 Notolepis annulata Post, 1978:10, fig. 2 (type locality: Antarctic Ocean, 50��47���S, 50��01���W, depth 2000���2050 meters). Post, 1987:101. Post, 1990:140. Duhamel et al., 2005:154. Material examined. MNHN 2000-0284 (in poor condition), ���Kerguelen de Tr��marec���, Bottom trawl 64, 49��16���1.2���S, 67��6���0���E, Kerguelen Island, Southern Ocean, 16 Mar. 1997. Description. Dorsal-fin rays 11; pectoral-fin rays 11/11; anal-fin rays 25; pelvic-fin rays 9. Scale and vertebral counts not available due to condition of the specimen. Body slender, body depth ca. 17 in SL. Head long, its length ca. 4.4 in SL. Snout slender and pointed; eye moderately large, 3.7 in snout length. Two nostril closed together, at about one eye diameter before eye and slightly behind vertical of posterior end of maxilla. Lower part of opercle and subopercle divided into branches. Mouth gape extends to slightly before the nostrils. Caudal peduncle longer than eye diameter. Pectoral fin moderately long, not especially filamentous. DFO and VFO slightly behind middle of the fish. DFO slightly behind VFO, about above anterior third of pelvic fin. Anus right behind VFO, about same level of DFO. Dorsal adipose fin damaged, but with very long base evidently. Scales cycloid, with a mix of sizes, irregularly arraigned; scales mostly embedded under skin; lateral-line complete, extending to caudal-fin base, each scale with very long upper and lower extensions, extending to dorsal and ventral margin of body. No trace of teeth on gill arch, pharyngeal arches and upper jaw. Teeth on palatines and lower law rudimentary, tiny and scattered. Body deep brown with many regular pale bands created by the extensions of the lateral-line scales; all fins darker. Remarks. The species is undoubtedly a N. annulata because the highly modified lateral-line scales. The scale structure is highly distinct compared to other members in Paralepidinae. This is the first observation of the loss of teeth on the jaws and gill rakers in N. annulata. We also examined 18 large adults of Notolepis coatsorum Dollo, 1908 collected from the Southern Ocean and all possess well-developed jaw teeth and gill rakers. Thus, the loss of teeth and rakers may not occur in N. coatsorum., Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching & Duhamel, Guy, 2019, A new species of the fish genus Arctozenus from the Kerguelen Islands, with comments on the lost teeth in adults (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae), pp. 497-512 in Zootaxa 4651 (3) on page 509, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3363398, {"references":["Post, A. (1978) Beschreibung zweier Notolepisarten, N. coatsi Dollo, 1908 und N. annulata sp. n. aus der Antarktis (Osteichthyes, Myctophiformes, Paralepididae). Archiv fur Fischereiwissenschaft, 29 (1 - 2), 1 - 22.","Post, A. (1987) Results of the research cruises of FRV \" Walther Herwig \" to South America. LXVII. Revision of the subfamily Paralepidinae (Pisces, Aulopiformes, Alepisauroidei, Paralepididae). I. Taxonomy, morphology and geographical distribution. Archiv fur Fischereiwissenschaft, 38 (1 / 2), 75 - 131.","Post, A. (1990). Paralepididae. In: Gon, O. & Heemstra, P. C. (Eds.), Fishes of the Southern Ocean. J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, pp. 138 - 141.","Duhamel, G., Gasco, N. & Davaine, P. (2005) Poissons des iles Kerguelen et Crozet, guide regional de l'ocean Austral. Patrimoines naturels, 63, 1 - 419.","Dollo, L. (1908) Notolepis coatsi, poisson pelagique nouveau recueilli par l'Expedition Antarctique Nationale Ecossaise. Note preliminaire. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 28 (Pt. 1 & 5), 58 - 65."]}

This study reports exceptional penetrations of the Sharpchin Barracudina Paralepis coregonoides into pelagic, open-sea sediment traps in the Levant Basin of the SE Mediterranean Sea. This first substantiated record of the species at the Levant Basin has been observed in two sediment traps at 180 and 280 m depth, 50 km offshore the coast of Israel. Over one year of deployment (November 2016 till November 2017), 483 adult individuals have been repeatedly entrapped inside the automatic sediment traps that were covered with a 25 mm baffler mesh for the first half year and then replaced with a smaller 1 cm mesh for the second half. This undesirable catch of such an elusive and understudied species provided a unique opportunity to revise its distribution, abundance and genetic divergence. The continuous entrapment throughout the year of sexually mature individuals has confirmed that this species is common to the SE Mediterranean. In order to avoid unwanted entrapments that disrupt biogeochemical sediment studies, the installation of small mesh size nets on the conventional sediment trap openings must be considered in the pelagic zone of the SE Mediterranean, and probably elsewhere.

PARALEPIDIDAE Lestidiops jayakari (Boulenger 1889) Gulf of Suez: ¯ Gulf of Aqaba: Israel (Golani & Lerner 2007), Jordan (Post & Svoboda 1980). Red Sea main basin: ¯ General distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and warm temperate seas. Lestrolepis luetkeni (Ege 1933) Gulf of Suez: ¯ Gulf of Aqaba: Egypt (Aron & Goodyear 1969), Israel (Dor 1970, as Lestrolepis pofi), Egypt (Aron & Goodyear 1969). Red Sea main basin: Egypt (Aron & Goodyear 1969). General distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa; New Guinea.

The current checklist provides for each species of the Red Sea its records in the Gulf of Suez, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea main basin and its general distribution.This new checklist of Red Sea fishes enumerates 1207 species, representing 164 families. Of these, 797 species were recorded from the Gulf of Aqaba and 339 from the Gulf of Suez. The number of species from the Gulf of Suez is evidently lower than the actual number not including 27 Lessepsian (Red Sea) migrants to the Mediterranean that most likely occur in the Gulf. The current list includes 73 species that were newly described for science since the last checklist of 2010. The most specious Osteichthyes families are: Gobiidae (134 species), Labridae (66), Apogonidae (59), Serranidae (including Anthiadinae) (44), Blenniidae (42), Carangidae (38), Muraenidae (36), Pomacentridae (35), Syngnathidae (34), Scorpaenidae (24) and Lutjanidae (23). Among the families of Chondrichthyes, the most specious families are the Carcharhinidae (18 species) and Dasyatidae (11). The total number of endemic species in the Red Sea is 174 species, of these, 34 species are endemic to the Gulf of Aqaba and 8 to the Gulf of Suez.

Family †Caproberycidae Patterson 1967 †Caproberycinae Patterson 1967: 88 (subfamily) † Caproberyx Regan 1911 †Alloberycinae Gayet 1982a: 28 (subfamily) † Alloberyx Gaudant 1969 † Stichocentridae Gayet 1982a: 32 (family) † Stichocentrus Patterson 1967 [name only, published after 1960, not available, Art. 13.1.1] † Stichocentridae Gayet 1982b: 99 (family) † Stichocentrus Patterson 1967, Published as part of Laan, Richard Van Der, 2018, Family-group names of fossil fishes, pp. 1-167 in European Journal of Taxonomy 466 on page 74, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.466, http://zenodo.org/record/5557557, {"references":["Patterson C. 1967. New Cretaceous berycoid fishes from the Lebanon. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 14 (3): 67 - 109. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 36368748 [accessed 17 Jul. 2018].","Regan C. T. 1911. The anatomy and classification of the teleostean fishes of the orders Berycomorphi and Xenoberyces. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 8) 7 (37): 1 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931108692901","Gayet M. 1982 a. Essai de definition des relations phylogenetiques des Holocentroidea nov. et des Trachichthyoidea nov. (Pisces, Acanthopterygii, Beryciformes). Bulletin du Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Section C, Sciences de la Terre, paleontologie, geologie, mineralogie (serie 4) 4 (1 - 2): 21 - 41. Available from http: // bibliotheques. mnhn. fr / EXPLOITATION / infodoc / ged / viewportalpublished. ashx? eid = IFD _ FICJOINT _ BMCTE _ S 004 _ 1982 _ T 004 _ N 001 _ 1 [accessed 16 Sep. 2018].","Gayet M. 1982 b. Etude anatomique et systematique des acanthopterygiens du Senonien de Sahel-Alma (Liban). Palaeontographia Italica 72: 98 - 136."]}

Family Paralepididae Bonaparte 1835 †Holosteinae Prokofiev 2005: 293 (subfamily) † Holosteus Agassiz 1835, Published as part of Laan, Richard Van Der, 2018, Family-group names of fossil fishes, pp. 1-167 in European Journal of Taxonomy 466 on page 70, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.466, http://zenodo.org/record/5557557, {"references":["Bonaparte C. L. 1835. Prodromus systematis ichthyologiae. [Also published in 1840: Nuovi Annali delle Scienze naturali Bologna (Ser. 1) 2 (4): 181 - 196, 272 - 277.]","Prokofiev A. M. 2005. Holosteinae, a new subfamily of paralepidids (Alepisauroidei: Paralepididae). Voprosy ikhtiologii 45 (3): 293 - 301. [Also in English, Journal of Ichthyology 45 (4): 275 - 283.]"]}

The Tortonian fish otoliths of northern Italy have been studied for more than a century and represent one of the best known otolith-based teleost faunas in the Miocene of the Mediterranean Basin. Yet with the growing knowledge on Recent otoliths, an updated taxonomic overview of this fauna is needed. Moreover, new material from hemipelagic Tortonian marls sampled at nine localities is described herein, revealing 109 taxa of which 88 are recognised at species level. Four of these are new: Coryphaenoides biobtusus sp. nov., “Merluccius” rattazzii sp. nov., Neobythites auriculatus sp.nov. and Lesueurigobius stironensis sp. nov. The compilation of previously studied and newly acquired material revealed a total of 118 nominal Tortonian species. At generic level, the fauna is characterised by many modern forms; more than 90% can be assigned to present day genera. At species level, however, more than half of the represented taxa are extinct. Based on the fossil otolith record, the Tortonian fauna of the Mediterranean is most similar to that of the Langhian (Badenian) of the Central Paratethys by sharing many extinct Miocene species, but it is also very close to that of the Pliocene Mediterranean, by sharing many modern Atlantic-Mediterranean forms. The Tortonian fauna is further characterised by many species that are apparently confined to the upper Miocene, resulting in a unique combination of its taxonomic composition.

Family Paralepididae Bonaparte, 1835 A paralepidid otolith from Sant���Agata Fossili (Fig. 4O) is characterised by a very elongate shape, by a large ostial colliculum reaching to the antero-dorsal rim, and by a swollen ventral area. It shows much similarity with otoliths of the Recent genus Lestrolepis (see Smale et al. 1995: pl. 16, figs C 1, C 2; Lin & Chang 2012: pls 9, 77). However, the available specimen is too worn for an unambiguous generic attribution. Another paralepidid otolith (Fig. 4H), which is clearly different from the above-mentioned specimen, can be referred to the genus Paralepis (see Girone et al. 2010: fig. 6), but the preservation status does not allow any specific attribution., Published as part of Lin, Chien-Hsiang, Brzobohat��, Rostislav, Nolf, Dirk & Girone, Angela, 2017, Tortonian teleost otoliths from northern Italy: taxonomic synthesis and stratigraphic significance, pp. 1-44 in European Journal of Taxonomy 322 on page 16, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.322, http://zenodo.org/record/3829305, {"references":["Smale M. J., Watson G. & Hecht T. 1995. Otolith Atlas of Southern African Marine Fishes. Ichthyological Monographs of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology 1, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa.","Lin C. - H. & Chang C. - W. 2012. Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes. National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung.","Girone A., Nolf D. & Cavallo O. 2010. Fish otoliths from the pre-evaporitic (Early Messinian) sediments of northern Italy: their stratigraphic and palaeobiogeographic significance. Facies 56: 399 - 432. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10347 - 010 - 0212 - 6"]}

Family Paralepididae Arctozenus risso (Bonaparte, 1840) ���Ribbon barracudina (Fig. 12) 1 specimen was caught at a depth of 1.100 m. Biometry and meristic: 168 mm TL, 159 mm SL; HL: 21.4; PO: 10.7; POL: 7.5; ED: 3.1; IOW: 1.9; PD: 66.7; LD: 2.5; PA: 83.0; LA: 14.5; PP: 22.6; PV: 70.4; LP: 8.2; LV: 3.8; H: 6.9; D: 10; A: 32; V: 8. Habitat and Distribution: pseudoceanic and meso- to bathypelagic at depth range 0���2,200 m, usually 200���1,000 m. Circumglobal including the Mediterranean Sea. Vulnerability: DD (IUCN), LMV (FishBase). Magnisudis atlantica (Kr��yer, 1868) ���Duckbill barracudina 2 specimens of 21 and 42 cm TL were caught at a depth of 764 and 892 respectively. Habitat and Distribution: oceanic, meso- and bathypelagic at depth range 0���5,499 m. Circumglobal in warm to cold temperate seas but not present in eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Vulnerability: DD (IUCN), MHV (FishBase)., Published as part of Ba��on, Rafael, Arronte, Juan Carlos, Rodriguez-Cabello, Cristina, Pi��eiro, Carmen-Gloria, Punzon, Antonio & Serrano, Alberto, 2016, Commented checklist of marine fishes from the Galicia Bank seamount (NW Spain), pp. 293-333 in Zootaxa 4067 (3) on pages 310-311, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4067.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/256670

Family Paralepididae Arctozenus risso (Bonaparte, 1840) —Ribbon barracudina (Fig. 12) 1 specimen was caught at a depth of 1.100 m. Biometry and meristic: 168 mm TL, 159 mm SL; HL: 21.4; PO: 10.7; POL: 7.5; ED: 3.1; IOW: 1.9; PD: 66.7; LD: 2.5; PA: 83.0; LA: 14.5; PP: 22.6; PV: 70.4; LP: 8.2; LV: 3.8; H: 6.9; D: 10; A: 32; V: 8. Habitat and Distribution: pseudoceanic and meso- to bathypelagic at depth range 0–2,200 m, usually 200–1,000 m. Circumglobal including the Mediterranean Sea. Vulnerability: DD (IUCN), LMV (FishBase). Magnisudis atlantica (Krøyer, 1868) —Duckbill barracudina 2 specimens of 21 and 42 cm TL were caught at a depth of 764 and 892 respectively. Habitat and Distribution: oceanic, meso- and bathypelagic at depth range 0–5,499 m. Circumglobal in warm to cold temperate seas but not present in eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Vulnerability: DD (IUCN), MHV (FishBase).

A commented checklist containing 139 species of marine fishes recorded at the Galician Bank seamount is presented. The list is based on nine prospecting and research surveys carried out from 1980 to 2011 with different fishing gears. The ichthyofauna list is diversified in 2 superclasses, 3 classes, 20 orders, 62 families and 113 genera. The largest family is Macrouridae, with 9 species, followed by Moridae, Stomiidae and Sternoptychidae with 7 species each. The trachichthyd Hoplostethus mediterraneus and the morid Lepidion lepidion were the most abundant species. Biogeographically, the Atlantic group, with 113 species (81.3%) is the best represented, followed by the Lusitanian one with 17 species (12.2%). Data on species abundance, as number of individuals caught, size and depth are reported. Habitat, distribution and vulnerability status are commented. Moreover, biometric data and meristic counts are also reported for several species. The results obtained showing a high fish biodiversity and a sensible number of threatened species, strongly support the future declaration of the Galicia Bank as a Marine Protected Area., SI