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This work aims to evaluate the effect of thermal modification on the physical and mechanical properties of species of wood, from an agroforestry system. The species evaluated were Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan, Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla and Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, aged nine. The specimens were submitted to thermal treatments (120, 150, 180 and 210 °C), in addition to the control samples. For the mechanical properties, the modules of elasticity and rupture, tension in the proportional limit and maximum force were evaluated according to ASTM D 143-94. For the physical properties of basic density and shrinkage, the evaluation took place according to NBR 7190. The thermal treatment modified the mechanical properties of the wood in a positive way up to 180 oC, with the highest values ??being observed for E. grandis × E. urophylla and P. rigida. Likewise, the heat treatment has modified the physical properties of wood retractability in a positive way up to 210 oC, with the anisotropic coefficient decreasing with increasing temperature. Thus, it is concluded that the thermal modification alters the physical and mechanical properties of the four analyzed species. Furthermore, it is perceived that for the case of mechanical characteristics these changes are positive up to a temperature of 180 oC, while for the physical ones the best results are found at a temperature of 210 oC.

Among the methods used for the restoration of altered areas, the planting of native tree seedlings is one of the most traditional ones. The objective of this study was to evaluate the survival and initial growth of Casearia sylvestris Sw, Handroanthus heptaphyllus Vell. Mattos and Parapiptadenia rigida Benth. Brenan seedlings in altered areas, according to containers used in nursery seedlings production and use of mulching on planting, using morphological and physiological attributes. The experiment was conducted in a 2x2 factorial scheme. The type of containers used (plastic bag and tube) was considered, and the presence or absence of mulching around the seedlings. The three species presented similar survival averages at 24 months. The rates between the treatments were 72.5; 85.0 and 80.0%, respectively. The use of plastic bags had a positive impact on the height (IncH) and stem collar (IncDC), crown area (CA) and shoot dry mass (SDM) for C. sylvestris and H. heptaphyllus, while for P. rigida, the use of plastic bags favored the CA and the SDM. The presence of mulching favored the attributes IncH, IncDC, AC, and MSPA of H. heptaphyllus, as well as CA and SDM of C. sylvestris. Regarding the physiological parameters (relative levels of chlorophyll a and b and fluorescence of chlorophyll a), no difference was observed between the treatments tested. It is recommended that for the planting of seedlings of C. sylvestris, H. heptaphyllus, and P. rigida, in altered areas by anthropization, they be produced in a 1.5 L plastic bag, aiming at greater field growth. Also, in the planting of C. sylvestris and H. heptaphyllus the mulching should be used to favor their growth. RESUMO Entre os métodos utilizados para a restauração de áreas alteradas, tem-se o plantio de mudas arbóreas nativas como um dos mais tradicionais. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a sobrevivência e o crescimento de mudas de Casearia sylvestris Sw, Handroanthus heptaphyllus Vell. Mattos e Parapiptadenia rigida Benth. Brenan, em área alterada, de acordo com o recipiente utilizado na produção das mudas em viveiro e do uso de mulching no plantio, por meio de atributos morfológicos e fisiológicos. O experimento foi conduzido em esquema fatorial 2x2, considerando tipos de recipientes na produção das mudas (saco plástico e tubete) e presença ou ausência de mulching no entorno das mudas no plantio. As três espécies apresentaram médias de sobrevivência semelhantes aos 24 meses. As taxas entre os tratamentos foram 72,5; 85,0 e 80,0%, respectivamente. Obteve-se efeito positivo do uso de saco plástico para incremento em altura (IncH) e em diâmetro coleto (IncDC), área da copa (AC) e massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA) para C. sylvestris e H. heptaphyllus, enquanto para P. rigida, o uso do saco plástico favoreceu à AC e MSPA. A presença de mulching favoreceu os atributos IncH, IncDC, AC e MSPA de H. heptaphyllus, bem como a AC e a MSPA de C. sylvestris. Quanto aos parâmetros fisiológicos (níveis relativos de clorofila a e b e fluorescência de clorofila a), não foi observada diferença entre os tratamentos testados. Indica-se que mudas de C. sylvestris, H. heptaphyllus e P. rigida, para plantio em área antropizada, sejam produzidas em recipiente saco plástico de 1,5 L visando maior crescimento a campo. Além disso, no plantio de C. sylvestris e H. heptaphyllus deve-se utilizar o mulching para favorecer seu crescimento.

Forest species Angico-Vermelho (Parapiptadenia rigida (Bentham) Brenan) is an alternative for the revegetation of areas contaminated with high levels of heavy metals such as copper (Cu). However, excess Cu may cause toxicity to plants, which is why the use of soil amendments can facilitate cultivation by reducing the availability of Cu in the soil. The aim of this study was to assess how the use of amendment can contribute to growth and nutritional status as well as reduce oxidative stress in Angico-Vermelho grown in Cu-contaminated soil. Samples of a Typic Hapludalf soil containing high Cu content were used for the application of four amendments (limestone, organic compost, Ca silicate and zeolite), in addition to a control treatment. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design, with four replicates. The use of amendments decreased Cu content available in soil and contributed to improve both plant nutritional status and its antioxidant response expressed by enzymatic activity. The application of the amendments, especially zeolite and Ca silicate, increased dry matter yield of Angico-Vermelho. Thus, the results presented here suggest that the use of amendments contributes to improving Cu-contaminated soils and favors revegetation with Angico-Vermelho.

O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar a deposição e o aporte de nutrientes através da serapilheira em um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Decidual, em Itaara, Rio Grande do Sul. Foram demarcadas seis parcelas, alocadas no interior da floresta de forma sistemática, nestas foram instalados cinco coletores de serapilheira com formato cônico. O material depositado nessa estrutura foi separado em folhas, identificadas por espécies, galhos finos (diâmetro < 0,5 cm) e miscelânea (flores, frutos, sementes e restos vegetais). Após o fracionamento e separação foi realizada a determinação dos teores de nutrientes. A quantidade total de serapilheira aportada no período em estudo foi de 39,8 Mg ha-1, sendo composta por 68,4% de folhas, 16,3% de galhos e 15,3% de miscelânea. A espécie com maior quantidade de serapilheira depositada foi a Parapiptadenia rigida com 16,1%, seguido de 9,0% de Ocotea pulchella e 5,9% de Matayba elaeagnoides. A deposição de serapilheira segue a ordem: primavera>outono>inverno>verão. A quantidade aportada de nutrientes seguiu a ordem: N>Ca>K>Mg>S>P para os macronutrientes, e Fe>Mn>B>Zn>Cu para os micronutrientes. A maior devolução de nutrientes via serapilheira foi produzida pela espécie Parapiptadenia rigida, seguida de Ocotea pulchella e Matayba elaeagnoides.

Drying is an important process in the generation of wood products, as it increases the quality of the final products; however, it is influenced by various anatomical characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of anatomy on the drying of wood of Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan, Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill × Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake (hybrid), and Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake trees from an agroforestry system. Three trees aged 9 years were sampled for each species. The trees were removed from the study region when their diameter at breast height (DBH) was 1.30 m from the ground. Blocks were made with dimensions of 5.0 × 5.0 × 15.0 cm for the evaluation of oven drying and 1.5 × 1.5 × 2.0 cm for anatomical features. S. parahyba has the highest value of fiber diameter (35.1 µm) and lumen diameter (27.6 µm), whereas P. dubium had the highest value of cell wall thickness (6.8 µm). The average equilibrium moisture content was 10.98% after 40 days of drying. The anatomy of the wood influenced the drying of the four species intensity, which was related to humidity during all periods. The anatomical parameters that most influenced drying were fiber diameter (Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.77), lumen diameter (0.76), and fiber cell wall thickness (0.73); the higher the values, the greater was the drying intensity.

A melhoria microclimática é frequentemente apontada como um dos benefícios gerados pela arborização urbana. No entanto, ainda são poucos os estudos que abordam quantitativamente essa questão. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi quantificar a diferença microclimática entre ruas arborizadas e sem arborização, para cada estação do ano e arranjo paisagístico. Para isto foram selecionados três locais, contendo um trecho de rua com e sem arborização. Cada local apresentava diferentes espécies compondo os arranjos paisagísticos: Tipuana tipu, Handroanthus chrysotrichus e Lafoensia pacari com Parapiptadenia rigida. Para o monitoramento das variáveis meteorológicas, uma miniestação da marca Kestrel® permaneceu na rua arborizada e a outra na rua sem arborização. A coleta desses dados foi das 9 às 15 horas, com intervalo de monitoramento de 1 minuto, repetida nas quatro estações do ano, com início no inverno de 2011. As variáveis microclimáticas analisadas foram: temperatura, umidade relativa e velocidade do vento. Os resultados indicaram que a maior diferença de temperatura foi observada na estação do verão (2,5°C) e a menor no inverno (1,2°C). Para a umidade relativa, as diferenças ficaram entre 6,4% (primavera) e 5,6% (inverno) e para a velocidade do vento a maior diferença foi encontrada na estação do inverno (0,17 m/s). O arranjo paisagístico que utiliza o plantio com Tipuana tipu nos dois lados da rua, plantadas de modo a fazer com que suas copas se entrelacem e formem um túnel, é a melhor escolha para se buscar um microclima mais agradável em todas as estações do ano.

The aim of this study was to modify several existing biological models by including several predictive variables that take into account the effect of climatic factors on tree height growth. Tree height was measured from 2007 to 2014 on 18 trees for each of the following species: Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis, Parapiptadenia rigida, Peltophorum dubium, Mimosa scabrella and Schizolobium parahybae. Different existing nonlinear models were fitted to the observed data, and the best fitting models were selected. The inclusion of climatic variables into the selected models (mainly minimum temperature and rainfall) improved their predictions of tree height growth with age, and provided more accurate estimates than those obtained by traditional nonlinear models. Simulations were carried out to explore the variation of tree height growth under different minimum temperature and precipitation regimes. The effects of frost and rainfall variation on height growth curves and their consequences for forest management are discussed.

The initial growth of three Brazilian native timber species in the city of Dois Vizinhos-PR, Brazil, was described - Araucaria angustifolia, Balfourodendron riedelianum, and Parapiptadenia rigida, using four non-linear mathematical models (Gompertz, Logistic, Logistic 4P, and Chapman-Richards). In the first 4 years after planting, information about collar diameter (mm), total height (m), crown height (m), and crown diameter (m) was obtained twice a year for 12 individuals per species. Crown area (m²) and crown volume (m³) were estimated. The growth in these four variables (collar diameter, total height, crown area, and crown volume) was projected using the models, and their fitting was assessed based on the values of the Akaike Information Criterion, the Bayesian Information Criterion, the standard error of estimate, and the coefficient of determination. The models generated excellent statistics for all parameters in all variables, with better statistics for collar diameter (coefficient of determination higher than 0.65 and standard error lower than 30%) and total height (coefficients of determination higher than 0.72 and standard error lower than 37%). Considering the three species, Parapiptadenia rigida showed the fastest growth in all variables (median of 70.97 mm for collar diameter, median of 4.475 m for total height, median of 10.35 m² for crown area, and median of 15.30 m³ for crown volume at 48 months). Longer monitoring periods in this and other experiments are recommended to characterize the growth of these three Brazilian native timber species to adequately describe their performance in timber and forest restoration projects. RESUMO Foi avaliado o crescimento inicial de três espécies madeireiras nativas do Brasil - Araucaria angustifolia, Balfourodendron riedelianum e Parapiptadenia rigida - em Dois Vizinhos - PR, Brasil, usando quatro modelos matemáticos não lineares (Gompertz, Logistic, Logistic 4P e Chapman-Richards). Ao longo dos quatro anos iniciais após plantio, informações sobre diâmetro do colo (mm), altura total (m), altura de copa (m) e diâmetro de copa (m) foram obtidas semestralmente em doze indivíduos de cada espécie. Foi calculada a área de copa (m²) e volume de copa (m³) desses indivíduos. O crescimento em termos de diâmetro de colo, altura total, área de copa e volume de copa foi projetado usando os modelos, e o ajuste dos mesmos foi avaliado em termos de Critério de Informação Akaike e Critério de Informação Bayesiano, Erro padrão da estimativa e Coeficiente de determinação. Os modelos geraram excelentes estatísticas para todos os parâmetros em todas as variáveis, com melhores estatísticas para diâmetro de colo e altura total. Considerando as três espécies, Parapiptadenia rigida apresentou o crescimento mais rápido em todas as variáveis (mediana de 70,97 mm para o diâmetro do colo, mediana de 4,475 m para altura total, mediana de 10,35 m² para área de copa e mediana de 15,30 m³ para volume de copa, aos 48 meses). Um monitoramento mais longo e outros experimentos são recomendados para caracterizar o crescimento dessas três espécies madeireiras nativas brasileiras para descrever seu desempenho para produção de madeira e também para projetos de restauração florestal.

The luminous intensity is one of the limiting factors for the plant’s development, however, the existing information is based on observations on natural succession dynamics of tropical species, which are rarely studied as to their performance after planting. Thus, the present study aimed to answer: a) what is the performance of arboreal forest species (Inga vera, Schinus terebinthifolius, Handroanthus heptaphyllus, Parapiptadenia rigida, and Casearia sylvestris) after five years of planting, and what is the level of shading provided by these species in the subsoil? b) what is the behavior regarding survival, initial growth, and morphophysiological attributes of the species (Allophylus edulis, Cordia americana, Eugenia involucrata, and Psidium cattleianum) used in the enrichment of the underwood?, and c) indicate the best planting condition for the species studied, in degraded areas in the south of the Atlantic Forest Biome. We found that species described by their heliophilous behavior may be unsuitable for planting in full sun in degraded areas, as is the case with C. sylvestris. On the other hand, I. vera and S. terebinthifolius, have the potential for rapid growth in full sun, intermediate for H. heptaphyllus and P. rigida. Consequently, these species provided different shading after five years. Some species (A. edulis, C. americana, and E. involucrata) demonstrated that the morphophysiological performance was favored under shading of 76 and 80% (S. terebinthifolius and Inga vera, respectively). A. edulis and P. cattleianum were the species with the greatest assimilation of CO2, in the range of photosynthetically active radiation of 1500 mmol m-2s−1. Species with behavior similar to I. vera, S. terebinthifolius, A. edulis, P. cattleianum are appropriate to make up the group of framework species or fillers together, and to a lesser extent those similar to P. rigida and H. heptaphyllus. So, this will reduce the action of ecological filters, factors that act by selecting the species that will be a part of the ecosystem and determining the pace of restoration of ecological processes (biotic and abiotic), favoring the establishment of other species less tolerant of high soil and air temperatures. C. sylvestris, C. americana, and E. involucrata are typical species to compose the diversity group in restoration projects, as they are restricted to growth in full sun, but are important in enrichment. We found that the pattern of behavior of tree forest species, in the initial phase of growth in the field, must be known to accelerate the soil cover of the degraded area, easing ecological filters for recovery.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the structure (horizontal and vertical) of a Deciduous Forest, located between the municipalities of Piratuba and Ipira (SC). 14.000 m2 of tree communities were analyzed, sub- divided into 14 plots of 10 x 100 m, where all individuals with DBH equal to or greater than 4.0 cm were sampled and identified. For natural regeneration were sampled 560 m2, divided into 14 plots of 10 x 4 m. In the tree strata were sampled 2.125 individuals belonging to 34 families, 80 genera and 113 species with a total density of 1.517 ind.ha-1. Natural regeneration were sampled 196 individuals belonging to 24 families and 49 species with a total density of 3.500 ind. ha-1. Luehea divaricata Mart., Actinostemon concolor (Spreng) Müll. Arg. and Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan had of value of increased importance (7,1%, 7,0 % and 5,3%, respectively). Actinostemon concolor got high value Relative Natural Regeneration (18,1%). The low percentage of natural regeneration of species as Luehea divaricata and Parapiptadenia rigida, respectively 3,7% and 1,5%, typical of EDF , may represent a maintenance commitment in the community. The study revealed the presence of exotic species with invasive potential, as Hovenia dulcis Thumb. These facts point to the importance of the adoption of management measures, since the forest fragment studied is advancing successional terms, however, anthropogenic interference with signals in the floristic composition. These facts point to the importance of the adoption of management measures, since the forest fragment studied is suffering anthropogenic impact, influencing the ecological succession mechanisms. RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a estrutura (horizontal e vertical) de um trecho de Floresta Estacional Decidual, localizado entre os municípios de Piratuba e Ipira (SC). Foram analisados 14.000 m2 do estrato arbóreo, sub-divididos em 14 parcelas de 10 x 100 m, onde todos os indivíduos com DAP igual ou maior que 4,0 cm foram amostrados e identificados. Para regeneração natural foram amostrados 560 m2, subdivididos em 14 parcelas de 10 x 4 m. No estrato arbóreo foram amostrados 2.125 indivíduos, pertencentes a 34 famílias, 80 gêneros e 113 espécies, com densidade total de 1.517 ind.ha-1. Na regeneração natural foram amostrados 196 indivíduos, distribuídos em 24 famílias e 49 espécies, com densidade total de 3.500 plântulas.ha-1. Luehea divaricata Mart., Actinostemon concolor (Spreng.) Müll. Arg. e Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan apresentaram os maiores Valores de Importância Ampliados (7,1%, 7,0% e 5,3%, respectivamente). Actinostemon concolor obteve elevado valor de Regeneração Natural Relativa (18,1%). O baixo percentual na regeneração natural de espécies como Luehea divaricata e Parapiptadenia rigida, respectivamente 3,7% e 1,5%, típicas das FED, pode representar um comprometimento de manutenção na comunidade. O estudo revelou a presença de espécies exóticas com potencial invasor, como a Hovenia dulcis Thumb. Esses fatos apontam para importância da adoção de medidas de manejo, uma vez que o fragmento florestal estudado encontra-se sofrendo interferência antrópica, influenciando nos mecanismos de sucessão ecológica.

RESUMO O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inoculação de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) no crescimento, colonização micorrízica e absorção de P e elementos-traço em leguminosas arbóreas expostas a rejeito de mineração de carvão. Ensaios independentes para as leguminosas Mimosa scabrella Benth. (bracatinga), Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze (maricá) e Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan (angico-vermelho) foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos. Foram avaliados cinco isolados de FMA autóctones de áreas de mineração (Acaulospora colombiana, Acaulospora morrowiae, Dentiscutata heterogama, Rhizophagus clarus e Rhizophagus irregularis), além de um tratamento controle não inoculado, com quatro repetições. Verificou-se que a colonização micorrízica foi superior a 60% para a bracatinga e o maricá, enquanto que, para o angico-vermelho, foi de no máximo 26%. De maneira geral, a inoculação de FMA favoreceu o crescimento das leguminosas arbóreas, atingindo incrementos de até 1430%. A absorção de fósforo foi beneficiada principalmente pela inoculação de A. colombiana, R. irregularis e A. morrowiae. Apesar de se verificar redução nos teores de elementos-traço na parte aérea das plantas, a inoculação de FMA ocasionou incrementos significativos no acúmulo de As, Cu, Zn e Cr para todas as leguminosas avaliadas. Desta forma, os FMA desempenham papel importante para o crescimento de espécies arbóreas em áreas de mineração de carvão, as quais apresentam ambientes pobres, degradados e muitas vezes contaminados. ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation in the growth, colonization and absorption of P and trace elements of leguminous trees on coal mine wastes. Independent assays for Mimosa scabrella Benth. (common name bracatinga), Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze (maricá) and Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan (angico-vermelho) were carried out in a greenhouse on an entirely casualized experimental delineation composed of six treatments. Five coal mine autochthonous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal isolates were tested, including Acaulospora colombiana, Acaulospora morrowiae, Dentiscutata heterogama, Rhizophagus clarus and Rhizophagus irregulars, aside from a control treatment, with four replications each. Results show that arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization was greater than 60% for Mimosa species, and up to 26% for Parapiptadenia. Overall, the fungal inoculation promoted better plant growth, with increments of up to 1430%. Phosphorous absorption was favored, especially when inoculation was done with A. colombiana, R. irregularis and A. morrowiae. Even though there was a conclusive reduction in the levels of trace elements in the plant´s shoots, the inoculation with those species of fungi promoted significant increments in the accumulated levels of As, Cu, Zn and Cr for all plant species tested. Therefore, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play important roles in these poor, degraded and often contaminated environments.

Agroforestry systems have emerged in agriculture as a more sustainable alternative to food and energy production and environment conservation, characterized by the coexistence of two or more species in the same cultivation area. Thus, this study aimed to assess the dynamics of solar radiation, radiation use efficiency, growth and productivity of black oats grown in agroforestry systems and in two crop years. For these ends, the study was conducted in the field in southern Brazil, in two growing seasons (2017 and 2018). The studied species were: Schizolobium parahybae, Peltophorum dubium, Parapiptadenia rigida, Eucalyptus urograndis. Samples were collected at different points in the understory and parameters evaluated were: absolute and relative growth rates, net assimilation rate, leaf weight ratio, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, transmissivity of solar radiation, radiation use efficiency, crude protein content and the productive performance of black oats. The dynamics of solar radiation was modified by the canopy characteristics of the trees, with the highest transmissivity values obtained in the understory of Parapiptadenia rigida. Higher levels of shading reduced growth and yield, increased the radiation use efficiency, the number of stomata on the leaf surface and the crude protein content of black oats. The productive performance of black oats was significantly influenced by the forest species and crop years, with the highest productivity obtained in the P. rigida understory and in the crop year 2017. Based on the information generated in this study, the cultivation of black oats under P. rigida is highly recommended.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the growth and production efficiency of forage-grain dual-purpose wheat in two arrangements and four agroforestry systems (Intercrop-I and Intercrop-II), as well as to evaluate crop management for the wheat crops in two planting seasons (Crop Season I-2014 and Crop Season II-2015. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design, factorial scheme 7x2x2, with seven cultivation systems Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis Intercrop-II and Intercrop-I; Peltophorum dubium Intercrop-II and Intercrop-I; P. rigida Intercrop-I; S. parahyba Intercrop-I; a wheat monoculture with no tree species present; and two harvest management techniques (with and without harvesting of the forage species). Agroforestry systems generated shading for wheat plants, with a higher phyllochron and lower values of leaf area index of those individuals kept under trees with higher crown shading (non-deciduous trees) due to the lower transmissivity of solar radiation. The systems composed with Schizolobium parahyba in Intercrop-I and Parapiptadenia rigida in Intercrop-I provide a minor phyllochron to the wheat, resulting in a higher leaf area index and dry matter yield. Thus, the cultivation of tree species and dual-skilled agricultural crops, such as wheat, provides promising alternatives for the future use of land in tropical countries.

Agroforestry systems have been highlighted in the agricultural environment as an alternative form of sustainable production to meet the growing demand for food and energy with less environmental impact. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different forest species on the dynamics of solar radiation and the productive response of soybean grown in agroforestry systems. Two field experiments were carried out in the city of Frederico Westphalen - Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In order to reach the aim of this study, the solar radiation transmissivity and the productive performance of soybean were evaluated. Productivity followed the same tendency as solar radiation transmissivity; in an agricultural year, the species with the higher incidence of solar radiation to the understory presented the best yield. The forest species Schizolobium parayba, Peltophorum dubium and Parapiptadenia rigida were used as they present the potential to compose the agroforestry systems; their canopy structure and leaf architecture provide greater availability of solar radiation in the subforest. The interception of solar radiation by the forest component of more than 50% significantly reduces soybean yield in agroforestry systems, requiring silvicultural practices that promote the availability of solar radiation in the understory.

This study aimed to assess the physiological quality of Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan seed weight classes subjected to accelerated aging under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. A lot of P. rigida seeds was split in three seed weight classes (thousand seed weight): TSW1 (original lot; control, 19.23 g), TSW2 (25.45 g) and TSW3 (13.58 g), which were subjected to three accelerated aging times (0, 24 and 48 h). First count, weak and strong normal seedlings, percentage of accumulated germination, percentage of death seed, electrical conductivity, fresh and dry weight and shoot length were assessed in laboratory. Seedling emergence, emergence velocity and emergence velocity index were assessed in greenhouse. P. rigida seeds showing higher weight displayed higher percentage of germination and average vigor characteristics. Seeds with higher weight indicated high tolerance to accelerated aging conditions and produced more vigorous plants. Therefore, we suggest that seed lots of P. rigida should be composed considering TSW classes. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar em laboratório e em casa de vegetação a qualidade fisiológica de classes de massa de sementes de Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan, submetidas a condições de envelhecimento acelerado. Um lote de sementes de P. rigida foi separado em três grupos de massa de sementes (peso de mil sementes): PMS1 (lote original; controle, 19,23 g), PMS2 (25,45 g) e PMS3 (13,58 g); e submetido a três tempos de envelhecimento acelerado (0, 24 e 48 h). Em laboratório, foram avaliadas: primeira contagem, plântulas normais fracas e fortes, porcentagem de germinação acumulada, porcentagem de sementes mortas, condutividade elétrica, massas fresca e seca e comprimento da parte aérea das plântulas. Em casa de vegetação, foram avaliadas a emergência de plântulas, a velocidade de emergência e o índice de velocidade de emergência. Sementes de P. rigida com maior massa apresentaram maiores valores de porcentagem de germinação e características de vigor médias. Sementes com maior massa apresentaram indicativos de alta tolerância a condições de envelhecimento acelerado e possibilitaram a obtenção de plântulas mais vigorosas. Portanto, sugere-se que lotes de semente de P. rigida sejam constituídos por sementes classificadas pelo PMS.

Ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculation in forestry seedlings aids plant establishment and growth in the field. The objectives of this study were: to determine the mycorrhizal capacity of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Scleroderma citrinum in Parapiptadenia rigida (red angico) seedlings and to evaluate the viability of a mycorrhizal inoculation technique for forest seedlings involving the use of spores. Mature spores were inoculated in the substrate (75% soil and 25% carbonized rice husk), totaling 1.5 grams of fungal spores per liter of substrate. P. rigida seeds were sown in substrates inoculated or not inoculated with fungal spores in presence or absence of Pinus echinata and Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil: not inoculated (T1), inoculated (T2), inoculated more pine essential oil (T3), inoculated more eucalyptus essential oil (T4). Seedlings of Pinus elliottii were used for a positive control of mycorrhizal inoculation (T5) and not inoculated (T6) with fungal spores. At 90 days after sowing, the base stem diameter, height, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, percentage of root colonization and Dickson Index were determined. The presence of fungal structures in P. rigida and P. elliottii roots inoculated with S. citrinum spores was observed, demonstrating the occurrence of an ectomycorrhizal association. The application of pine and eucalyptus essential oils in the substrate increased the percentage of ectomycorrhizal colonization in P. rigida seedlings. The addition of S. citrinum mature spores in the substrate used for seedling production is a viable practice for ectomycorrhizal inoculation and it can be used in forest nurseries in controlled mycorrhization programs. RESUMO A inoculação de fungos ectomicorrízicos em mudas florestais beneficia o estabelecimento e crescimento das plantas no campo. Os objetivos do trabalho foram: determinar a capacidade de micorrização do fungo ectomicorrízico Scleroderma citrinum em mudas de Parapiptadenia rigida (angico-vermelho) e avaliar a viabilidade da técnica de inoculação micorrízica de mudas florestais através do uso de esporos. Esporos maduros foram inoculados ao substrato (75% solo e 25% casca de arroz carbonizada), totalizando 1,5 gramas de esporos de fungo por litro de substrato. Sementes de P. rigida foram semeadas em substratos inoculados ou não com esporos de S. citrinum, na presença ou ausência dos óleos essências de Pinus echinata e Eucalyptus citriodora: não inoculado (T1), inoculado (T2), inoculado mais adição de óleo essencial de pinus (T3), inoculado mais adição de óleo essencial de eucalipto (T4). Mudas de Pinus elliottii foram utilizadas para controle positivo da inoculação micorrízica, inoculadas (T5) e não inoculadas com esporos ectomicorrízicos (T6). Aos 90 dias após a semeadura, foram determinados o diâmetro do colo, a altura, as massas fresca e seca da parte aérea e das raízes, o percentual de colonização radicular e o Índice de Dickson. Observou-se presença de estruturas fúngicas no interior das raízes de P. rigida e P. elliotti inoculadas com esporos de S. citrinum, evidenciando a ocorrência de associação ectomicorrízica. A aplicação dos óleos essenciais de pinus e de eucalipto no substrato elevou o percentual de colonização ectomicorrízica nas mudas de angico-vermelho. A adição de esporos maduros de S. citrinum ao substrato de produção das mudas representa uma prática viável de inoculação ectomicorrízica, com possibilidade de utilização em viveiros florestais em programas de micorrização controlada.

In southern Brazil floods are of low magnitude and occur with high frequency throughout the year. The objective of this work was to evaluate the responses to flooding in four native tree species. The species Eugenia uniflora L., Eugenia involucrata DC., Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan and Inga vera Willd. were distributed in control (C), partial (PF) and total (TF) flooding for 15 days and evaluated for growth and biomass. The results highlight that E. uniflora and P. rigida showed a reduction in dry mass under TF while I. vera and E. involucrata showed no difference under PF and TF. TF has a negative effect on root length in P. rigida and leaf number in E. uniflora. The responses observed for the studied species showed different morphological strategies to flooding periods that occur in subtropical riparian forests.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes substratos, contendo lodo de esgoto, no teor de macro e micronutrientes em tecidos vegetais (raiz e parte aérea) de mudas de Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan. Os tratamentos foram: T1 (50% substrato comercial Plantmax® + 50% cama de equino (composto orgânico), T2 (20% lodo de esgoto + 80% composto orgânico), T3 (40% lodo de esgoto + 60% composto orgânico) e T4 (60% lodo de esgoto + 40% composto orgânico). Decorridos 180 dias após a semeadura foram mensuradas as características biométricas de altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do colo, massa seca da parte aérea e radicular, e o índice de qualidade de Dickson. Também foram determinados os teores de macro e micronutrientes no sistema radicular e na parte aérea das mudas cultivadas. Observou-se que a ordem crescente do teor total dos macronutrientes avaliados no sistema radicular foi de N > K > Mg > Ca > P > S e na parte aérea Ca > N > K > P > Mg > S; para os micronutrientes, o teor no sistema radicular e na parte aérea foi de Fe > Zn > Mn > B > Cu. O uso do lodo de esgoto como substrato proporcionou mudas de melhor qualidade nutricional, com melhor crescimento e aumento de biomassa aérea e radicular.

The development of effective silvicultural prescriptions for Atlantic forest secondary patches could offset the amount of exploitative logging in Amazonian forests. This study described the diameter growth response of Parapiptadenia rigida (Fabaceae), a dense wooded, fast-growing canopy tree, to liana competition in attempt to determine silvicultural prescriptions for this species in natural forests. Field procedures were carried out in one fragment of natural forest, in which one hundred 0.01 ha plots and 50 individual trees of the target species were selected. We found 23 species in the liana community, which was strongly dominated by Senegalia tucumanensis (Fabaceae). P. rigida had more lianas infesting it compared to the overall forest and its presence increased the abundance of S. tucumanensis. Trees with more than 50% of the crown occupied by lianas had a lower height:diameter ratio. Liana below-ground competition, measured by liana basal area around target trees, reduced diameter increment in P. rigida. The studied species showed great potential for timber production due to fast growth, wood quality and carbon sequestration. The developed individual tree diameter growth model shows that silvicultural treatments could increase diameter growth to about 1.5 cm/year.

"Angico-vermelho" [Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan] is an arboreal forestal species native from Brazil used for rural constructions, firewood, charcoal, and forest restoration programs; however it is little studied in regard to seed technology. Thus, the objective of this study was assessing different substrates for conducting tests of germination and physiological quality of seeds stored under different environments and packings for 420 days. Firstly, the most suitable substrate for the germination test was identified and subsequently the seeds were stored into three different types of packings (paper, plastic and glass) and three different environmental conditions (cold chamber, refrigerator and laboratory). Seed samples from each storage condition were removed at every 60 days for evaluating moisture content, germination and vigor (electrical conductivity test). A completely randomized experimental design was used with treatments arranged into a split-plot design for storage periods. It was found that the germination test can be conducted using between the sand as substrate, with the first count of emergence of seedlings performed at the fourth day and the final counting at 10 days after seeding. That seeds can be stored preferably in refrigerator into paper packings, although packings of plastic and/or glass are also suitable.

Parapiptadenia rigida (angico-vermelho) is a native arboreal species widely found in central and southern Brazil and is indicated for restoration of degraded areas due to its high plasticity to light gradients and ease adaptation to degraded environments. However, there is still a lack of information on this species regarding the production of quality seedlings, as well as the rational use of the resources involved. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different substrates and irrigation schemes in the development of P. rigida seedlings. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, in a factorial scheme with split plots, with four substrate formulations (100% peat; 80% peat + 20% carbonized rice husk (CRH); 60% peat + 40% CRH; 40% peat + 60% CRH) and six irrigation schemes (4; 8; 12; 16; 20 and 24mm.day-1). At 180 days after emergence, the following parameters were evaluated: height, stem diameter, height and stem diameter ratio, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, total dry weight and Dickson Quality Index. Use of substrate composed of 80% peat + 20% carbonized rice husk and/or 100% peat, combined with irrigation scheme of 4mm day-1, resulted in the best growth of P. rigida seedlings.

RESUMO Sementes sadias e rápido desenvolvimento de plântulas de espécies florestais nativas são fundamentais para o seu estabelecimento. Este trabalho avaliou o efeito de Trichoderma spp. sobre sementes e o desenvolvimento de plântulas de Parapiptadenia rigida (angico), Cedrela fissilis (cedro) e Pelthophorum dubium (canafistula). O fungo foi aplicado em diferentes momentos da produção de mudas. Sua ação foi diferenciada entre as espécies, bem como, entre as variáveis analisadas. O cedro foi menos responsivo à aplicação de Trichoderma spp. em qualquer momento da produção de mudas. A associação de Trichoderma spp. com angico, via tratamento de sementes, favoreceu a incidência de alguns patógenos, entretanto a aplicação mais tardia do fungo favoreceu o desenvolvimento da parte aérea. Sobretudo, em canafístula, o tratamento de sementes proporcionou controle de patógenos associados à semente e favoreceu a emergência e a produção de folhas nas mudas, apresentando potencial para ser usado tratamento de sementes desta espécie.

An alternative for recovery of areas degraded by coal mining is revegetation with rapidly growing leguminous trees, which often do not establish in low fertility soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of native rhizobia isolated from coal mining areas in the nodulation and growth of leguminous trees. We isolated 19 strains of rhizobia from a degraded soil near Criciúma, SC, Brazil, and evaluated the nodulation and growth-promoting capacity of the inoculated isolates for bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella), maricá (M. bimucronata) and angico-vermelho (Parapiptadenia rigida). Isolates UFSC-B2, B6, B8, B9, B11 and B16 were able to nodulate bracatinga, providing average increases of 165 % in shoot dry matter, with a significant contribution to N accumulation. Isolates UFSC-B5, B12, and M8 favored nodulation and growth of maricá, especially isolate UFSC-B12, which promoted increases of 370 % in N accumulation compared to treatment with N fertilizer. All strains were inefficient in promoting growth and N uptake by angico-vermelho. In conclusion, isolation and use of selected rhizobia for bracatinga and maricá plant inoculation can contribute to the growth and accumulation of N, with prospects for use in programs for revegetation of degraded soils in coal mining areas.

Parapiptadenia rigida (angico-vermelho) is a native arboreal species widely found in central and southern Brazil and is indicated for restoration of degraded areas due to its high plasticity to light gradients and ease adaptation to degraded environments. However, there is still a lack of information on this species regarding the production of quality seedlings, as well as the rational use of the resources involved. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different substrates and irrigation schemes in the development of P. rigida seedlings. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, in a factorial scheme with split plots, with four substrate formulations (100% peat; 80% peat + 20% carbonized rice husk (CRH); 60% peat + 40% CRH; 40% peat + 60% CRH) and six irrigation schemes (4; 8; 12; 16; 20 and 24mm.day-1). At 180 days after emergence, the following parameters were evaluated: height, stem diameter, height and stem diameter ratio, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, total dry weight and Dickson Quality Index. Use of substrate composed of 80% peat + 20% carbonized rice husk and/or 100% peat, combined with irrigation scheme of 4mm day-1, resulted in the best growth of P. rigida seedlings. RESUMO: Parapiptadenia rígida (angico-vermelho) é uma espécie arbórea nativa amplamente encontrada na região central e sul do Brasil, é indicada para restauração de áreas degradadas em virtude de sua alta plasticidade a gradientes de luz e facilidade de adaptação a ambientes degradados. No entanto, a espécie ainda carece de informações no que se refere a produção de mudas de qualidade, bem como, a utilização de forma racional dos recursos envolvidos. Dessa forma, esse estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes substratos e regimes de rega no desenvolvimento de mudas de P. rigida . O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial com parcela subdividida, considerando quatro formulações de substratos (100% turfa; 80% turfa + 20% casca de arroz carbonizada (CAC); 60% turfa + 40% CAC; 40% turfa + 60% CAC) e seis regimes de rega (4; 8; 12; 16; 20 e 24mm.dia-1). Aos 180 dias após a emergência, foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros morfológicos: altura, diâmetro do coleto, relação altura e diâmetro do coleto, massa seca aérea, massa seca radicular, massa seca total e índice de qualidade de Dickson. Constatou-se que a utilização de substrato composto por 80% turfa + 20% casca de arroz carbonizada e/ou 100% turfa, combinado com o regime de rega de 4 mm.dia-1, proporcionam o maior crescimento das mudas de P. rigida.

Among the leguminous trees native to Uruguay, Parapiptadenia rigida (Angico), a Mimosoideae legume, is one of the most promising species for agroforestry. Like many other legumes, it is able to establish symbiotic associations with rhizobia and belongs to the group known as nitrogen-fixing trees, which are major components of agroforestry systems. Information about rhizobial symbionts for this genus is scarce, and thus, the aim of this work was to identify and characterize rhizobia associated with P. rigida . A collection of Angico-nodulating isolates was obtained, and 47 isolates were selected for genetic studies. According to enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR patterns and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of their nifH and 16S rRNA genes, the isolates could be grouped into seven genotypes, including the genera Burkholderia , Cupriavidus , and Rhizobium , among which the Burkholderia genotypes were the predominant group. Phylogenetic studies of nifH , nodA , and nodC sequences from the Burkholderia and the Cupriavidus isolates indicated a close relationship of these genes with those from betaproteobacterial rhizobia (beta-rhizobia) rather than from alphaproteobacterial rhizobia (alpha-rhizobia). In addition, nodulation assays with representative isolates showed that while the Cupriavidus isolates were able to effectively nodulate Mimosa pudica , the Burkholderia isolates produced white and ineffective nodules on this host.

Parapiptadenia rigida, locally known as angico, is a tropical tree common in the semideciduous Brazilian forest. Its wood is naturally resistant to insect attack and is useful for construction. Extracts from the tree have medicinal properties. We characterized nine microsatellite loci for P. rigida. Thirty-five alleles were detected in a sample of 45 individuals from 3 different populations, with an average of 3.9 alleles per locus. The average polymorphic information content ranged from 0.099 to 0.640. Observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.111 to 0.489 and from 0.106 to 0.707, respectively. One locus exhibited significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and four pairs of loci showed significant linkage disequilibrium. All nine primers were tested for cross-amplification in species from the Fabaceae-Mimosoidea family, yielding a transferability success rate of 7 loci in Stryphnodendron adstringens to 0 transferred loci in

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a deposição total de serapilheira e das principais espécies encontradas na Floresta Estacional Decidual no município de Itaara, RS. Foram utilizados 30 coletores metálicos de formato circular alocados em seis parcelas. O material depositado foi coletado mensalmente entre janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2007. A serapilheira foi separada nas frações folhas, galhos finos (diâmetro < 0,5 cm) e miscelânea (flores, frutos, sementes e restos vegetais não identificáveis). Além disso, as folhas foram separadas de acordo com as espécies mais representativas da floresta e as demais foram classificadas como “outras”. A deposição média anual de serapilheira foi de 5,85 Mg ha-1 ano-1, sendo composta por 63,2% de folhas, 19,6% de miscelânea e 17,1% de galhos finos. Parapiptadenia rigida, Ocotea pulchella e Matayba elaeagnoides, foram responsáveis por cerca de 30% da deposição total de serapilheira. A deposição de folhas da Lithraea molleoides, Cupania vernalis, Nectandra megapotamica e Matayba elaeagnoides aumentaram significativamente com o aumento da pluviosidade e a da Parapiptadenia rigida com a diminuição da temperatura do ar. ABSTRACT This study had as objective to evaluate litter total deposition and litter from main species from Seasonal Deciduous Forest, in Itaara, RS. Thirty circular metal collectors were allocated in six plots. The litter was collected monthly, from January 2006 to December 2007. The litter was separated in leaves, thin branches (diameter < 0.5 cm) and miscellany (flowers, fruits, seeds and non-identified plants). The leaves were separated considering the most representative species in the forest and the others were classified as “others”. The average annual litter deposition was 5.85 Mg ha-1 year-1, composed 63.2% of leaves, 19.6% of miscellany and 17.1% of thin branches. Parapiptadenia rigida, Ocotea pulchella and Matayba elaeagnoides were responsible for about 30% from total litter deposition. The leaves deposition of Lithraea molleoides, Cupania vernalis, Nectandra megapotamica and Matayba elaeagnoides increased significantly when rainfall increased and Parapiptadenia rigida increased when the air temperature decreased.

RESUMO As matas ciliares constituem corredores ecológicos e possibilitam a preservação da biodiversidade e dos recursos hídricos. A manutenção dessas funções ecológicas, muitas vezes, necessita da recuperação ambiental desses ecossistemas. Dessa forma, este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a vegetação arbórea e identificar espécies para a recuperação em áreas de mata ciliar. O estudo foi realizado em dois fragmentos nas margens direita e esquerda do rio Ijuí, município de Ijuí, RS. A vegetação foi inventariada em dez faixas sistemáticas, com comprimento variando de 17 a 35 m, perpendiculares ao rio, com distância de 50 m entre si, as quais foram subdivididas em parcelas de 10 x 10 m, totalizando 21, onde foram identificados e medidos todos os indivíduos com circunferência a 1,3 m do solo (CAP) ≥ 15 cm. Os dados obtidos no inventário foram utilizados na caracterização florística e estrutural da vegetação, na análise de agrupamento (TWINSPAN) e serviram de base na indicação de espécies para recuperação. Nos dois fragmentos, foram identificadas 38 espécies distribuídas em vinte famílias botânicas. Os três agrupamentos formados caracterizaram diferentes estágios sucessionais. Para a recuperação ambiental de áreas perturbadas, com características ambientais semelhantes, sugere-se o uso de Ateleia glazioviana, Helietta apiculata, Dalbergia frutescens e Parapiptadenia rigida como facilitadoras da sucessão. O plantio de Eugenia uniflora e Prunus myrtifolia pode auxiliar na atração da fauna dispersora. As espécies Cupania vernalis e Pilocarpus pennatifolius podem ser utilizadas no enriquecimento de áreas em estágio mais avançado da sucessão florestal. ABSTRACT Riparian forests form ecological corridors and enable the preservation of biodiversity and water resources. The maintenance of these ecological functions often requires the environmental restoration of these ecosystems. Thus, we aimed to characterize the arboreal vegetation and identify species for recovery in areas of riparian forests. The study was conducted in two fragments on the left and right banks of the river Ijuí, in the municipality of Ijuí, RS. The vegetation was inventoried in 10 systematic strips, of lengths from 15-35 m, perpendicular to the river, with a distance of 50 m, which were subdivided into plots of 10 x 10 m, totaling 21, in which were identified and measured all individuals with girth breast height (GBH) ≥ 15cm. Data from the inventory were used in the floristic and structural characterization of vegetation, in a clustering analysis (TWINSPAN) and supplied a basis for the indication of species for recovery. We identified 38 species distributed in 20 families. The three groups formed showed different succession stages. For the environmental recovery of altered areas, with similar environmental characteristics, it is suggested the use of Ateleia glazioviana, Helietta apiculata, Dalbergia frutescens and Parapiptadenia rigida as these facilitate succession. The planting of Eugenia uniflora and Prunus myrtifolia can help in attracting disperser fauna. Cupania vernalis and Pilocarpus pennatifolius may be used for the enrichment of areas in a more advanced stage of forest succession.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a resposta das espécies arbóreas Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake (guapuruvu), Mimosa scabrella Benth. (bracatinga), Peltophorum dubium (Spr.) Taubert (canafístula), Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan (angico-vermelho) e o híbrido Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake x Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden (eucalipto) em consórcio com a cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) em dois arranjos de sistemas agroflorestais (faixa - 3x3m + 12m e linha - 6x1,5m) submetidos a extremos climáticos de geada, na região Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Os danos (resistência á geada) foram avaliados segundo o sistema de notas utilizado por HIGA et al. (2000) no qual atribuiu-se uma nota de 0 a 10 conforme a intensidade do dano na planta. Para os graus de resistência à geada, adaptou-se metodologia utilizada por CARVALHO (1981), a qual também é em função da intensidade do dano na planta. Diante da condição de geada estudada, observa-se que os diferentes arranjos de sistemas agroflorestais afetam a resistência da espécie guapuruvu, sendo sensível no sistema agroflorestal faixa e moderadamente tolerante no sistema linha. Em ambos os sistemas, as espécies angico-vermelho, bracatinga e eucalipto mostram-se resistentes, enquanto que a canafístula demonstra ser tolerante. The present research had the aim to evaluate the answers of the arboreal species Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake (guapuruvu), Mimosa scabrella Benth. (bracatinga), Peltophorum dubium (Spr.) Taubert (canafístula), Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan (angico-vermelho) and the hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake x Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden (eucalipto) in consortium with sugar cane (Saccharum spp.) in two agroforestry arrangement systems (strip - 3x3m + 12m and line - 6x1,5m) submitted to climatic extreme frost conditions, in the Northwest of Rio Grande do Sul. The damages (resistance to frost) were appraised according to the system of notes used by HIGA et al. (2000) in which a note from 0 to 10 was attributed according to the intensity of the damage to the plant. For the resistance degrees to frost, it was adapted the methodology used by CARVALHO (1981), which is also in function of the intensity of the damage to the plant. Upon the frost condition studied, it was observed that the results demonstrated that different of agroforest system arrangements damaged the resistance of the guapuruvu specie, being sensitive in the agroforest system strip and moderatelly tolerant in the system line. In both systems, the species angico-vermelho, bracatinga e eucalipto showed resistance, while the canafístula demonstrated to be tolerant.

Structure elucidation and conformation analysis of four proanthocyanidins isolated from the bark of Parapiptadenia rigida were performed by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, HRESIMS, CD, and molecular mechanics (MM+) force field calculations. The known prodelphinidin, epigallocatechin-(4β→8)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (1) was accompanied by the new epigallocatechin-(4β→8)-4'-O-methylgallocatechin (2), epicatechin-(4β→8)-4'-O-methylgallocatechin (3), and (4α→8)-bis-4'-O-methylgallocatechin (4). Compound 4 was previously published but the earlier structure must presumably be revised to 4'-O-methylgallocatechin-(4α→8)-4'-O-methylepigallocatechin. Conformational studies showed the compact rotamer with B and E rings in quasi-equatorial orientations as the preferred conformation for compounds 1-3, whereas 4 consists of two stable rotamers, each with a quasi-equatorial orientation of ring B and E, respectively. The isolated compounds were studied for their wound-healing effects in a scratch assay and showed promising results.

The objective of this work was to isolate and characterize tannin-tolerant ruminal bacteria from crossbred Holstein x Zebu cows fed a chopped mixture of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), young stems of "angico-vermelho" (Parapiptadenia rigida), and banana tree (Musa sp.) leaves. A total of 117 bacteria strains were isolated from enrichment cultures of rumen microflora in medium containing tannin extracts. Of these, 11 isolates were able to tolerate up to 3 g L-1 of tannins. Classical characterization procedures indicated that different morphological and physiological groups were represented. Restriction fragments profiles using Alu1 and Taq1 of 1,450 bp PCR products from the 16S rRNA gene grouped the 11 isolates into types I to VI. Sequencing of 16S rRNA PCR products was used for identification. From the 11 strains studied, seven were not identifiable by the methods used in this work, two were strains of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, and two of Streptococcus bovis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar e caracterizar bactérias ruminais tolerantes a taninos obtidas de vacas mestiças Holandês x Zebu alimentadas com dieta composta por capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum) picado com ramos novos de angico-vermelho (Parapiptadenia rigida) e folhas de bananeira (Musa sp.). Um total de 117 cepas bacterianas foram isoladas a partir de cultivos de enriquecimento da microbiota ruminal em meio contendo extrato de taninos. Destas, 11 foram capazes de tolerar até 3 g L-1 de taninos. Procedimentos clássicos de caracterização indicaram que diferentes grupos, morfológicos e fisiológicos, estavam representados. Perfis dos fragmentos de restrição com Alu1 e Taq1 dos produtos de PCR de 1.450 bp do gene 16S rRNA agruparam os 11 isolados nos tipos I a VI. O sequenciamento dos produtos PCR 16S rRNA foi utilizado para identificação. Das 11 estirpes estudadas, sete não foram identificáveis pelos métodos utilizados neste trabalho, duas eram estirpes de Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens e duas de Streptococcus bovis.

This study tested the effect of the extract of Panicum maximum on lettuce, Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub and Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenam. Extracts were prepared of 200 g of fresh aerial parts and 100 g of dry aerial parts for each liter of distilled water resulting in the gross extract (100%) diluted for the remainder concentrations 20, 40, 60 and 80%. The extract of Panicum maximum spoiled lettuce seed germination, however, the only effect on the native species studied was. Hence, the effect exerted on native species in this area cannot be allelopathyc incriminating other effects such as competition.

O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em analisar a deterioração causada por térmitas em madeiras de Mezilaurus itauba (Meisn.) Taub. ex Mez, Cordia americana (L.) Gottshling & J. E. Mill., Melia azedarach L. e Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan, após ensaio de preferência alimentar. Foram confeccionados 20 corpos de prova de cada espécie, com dimensões de 15 x 15 x 260 mm (tangencial x radial x longitudinal). Os parâmetros tecnológicos avaliados foram a massa específica básica (ρb), a perda de massa (PM), o módulo de elasticidade (MOE) e ruptura (MOR) provenientes do ensaio de flexão estática e a dureza. Finalizado o ensaio, a espécie com menor perda de massa foi a Melia azedarach, possivelmente devido à composição dos seus extrativos. Para as espécies Cordia americana e Parapiptadenia rigida, quanto às propriedades mecânicas, verificou-se redução significativa somente no MOE das amostras deterioradas em comparação com as do grupo controle. Conclui-se, portanto, que, a maior resistência da espécie Melia azedarach está associada à sua composição química, sendo que em quase todas as espécies madeireiras houve decréscimo nos parâmetros mecânicos (MOE, MOR e dureza Janka) devido ao ataque dos térmitas Nasutitermes.Palavras-chave: biodeterioração, cupins, propriedades tecnológicas, espécies florestais. TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES CHARACTERIZATION OF FOUR HARDWOODS DETERIORATED BY GENDER Nasutitermes TERMITES ABSTRACT:The objective of this work was to analyze the deterioration caused by termites in woods of Mezilaurus itauba (Meisn.) Taub. ex Mez, Cordia americana (L.) Gottshling & J. E. Mill., Melia azedarach L. and Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan, after food preference assay. Were made 20 test specimens of each species, with dimensions of 15 x 15 x 260 mm (tangential x radial x longitudinal). The physical parameters were the basic mass (ρb), the mass loss (PM), the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and rupture (MOR) from the static bending test and Janka hardness. After the test, the species with the lowest mass loss was Melia azedarach, possibly due to your extractives composition. For the species Cordia americana and Parapiptadenia rigida, about the mechanical properties, it was observed significant reduction only in the MOE of deteriorated samples compared to the control group. It's concluded that the Melia azedarach specie higher resistance it’s associated with your chemical composition, and in almost all wood species there was a decrease in mechanical parameters (MOE, MOR and Janka hardness) due to attack of Nasutitermes termites.Keywords: biodeterioration, termites, technological properties, forest species.

The establishment of appropriate standards related to the physiological and morphological aspects of the seeds are fundamental procedures to help the nurserymen and seed producers in determining the maturity and the appropriate moment of collection of the fruits. In this sense, the objective of this research is to evaluate the physiological maturation of seeds of Parapiptadenia rigida by means of germination and vigor tests, based on the color of the pods. The seeds were collected in June 2017, from three matrices located in the municipality of Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, Brazil. The pods were classified in four stages of maturation, according to the Chart of colors model “Munsell colors chart” for plants tissues, and measured the biometric parameters. The parameters observed to evaluate the germinative potential are: first germination count, germination velocity index, emergency velocity index, and fresh and dry matter masses of seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five maturation stages and four replicates of 25 seeds each. The averages were compared using the Tukey test at a 5% probability. The germination test showed that the increase in physiological potential of P. rigida seeds is associated with the progresses of pod maturation. Therefore, the vigor test demonstrated that the physiological maturation of the species is simultaneous with the change of coloration and maturation of the pods.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar la estructura fitosociológica y la similitud florística entre áreas con selvas estacionales y mixtas de Misiones, Argentina y de Brasil. El Parque Cruce Caballero tiene 522 hectáreas donde se utilizó el método de las parcelas múltiples de 20 x 10 m para árboles a partir de 5 cm de diámetro a la altura de 1,30 (DAP). Se registraron e identificaron todas las especies arbóreas midiéndose el DAP y altura en tres compartimientos ambientales considerados: Latossolo vermelho, Neossolo litólico y Gleissolo Melánico. La Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze domina el estrato superior en el primer compartimiento acompañada de Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) W.C.Burger, Lanj. & Boer, Cabralea canjerana (Vell.) Mart., Ocotea lancifolia Mez y Apuleia leiocarpa J.F.Macbr.. La araucaria está ausente en el Neossolo Litólico donde predominan Gymnanthes concolor Müll.Arg., Trichilia claussenii C.DC., Apuleia leiocarpa, Pilocarpus pennatifolius Lem. y Sorocea bomplandii. La araucaria está escasamente representada en Gleissolo Melánico donde predominan Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan, Alchornea triplinervia Müll.Arg., Luehea divaricata Mart., Erythrina falcata Benth. y Myrsine gardneriana A.DC.. Comparando la similitud florística con otras áreas de la región se encontró que Cruce Caballero se asemeja a áreas con Selvas estacionales y presenta escasa similitud con a las selvas mixtas con araucaria de Brasil. ABSTRACT The present work aimed to study the fitossociologic structure and floristic similarity among seasonal and mixed forests of Argentina and Brazil. Cruce Caballero Park with 522 hectares where the method of multiple plots was adopted with (20 x 10 m). In each plot all individual tree of size equal or heigher than 5 cm diameter were registered, being measured the stem diameter and height into three environmental compartments, Haplorthox, Ustorthent and Udorthent. In Haplorthox, Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze prevail at higher stratum and Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) W.C.Burger, Lanj. & Boer, Cabralea canjerana (Vell.) Mart., Ocotea lancifolia Mez and Apuleia leiocarpa J.F.Macbr. follow it. In Ustorthent araucaria is absent and Gymnanthes concolor Müll.Arg., Trichilia claussenii C.DC., Apuleia leiocarpa, Pilocarpus pennatifolius Lem. and Sorocea bonplandii prevail. Aracuaria is scarce in Udorthent where Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan, Alchornea triplinervia Müll.Arg., Luehea divaricata Mart., Erythrina falcata Benth. and Myrsine gardneriana A.DC. prevail. A comparative analysis shown Cruce Caballero more similar to seasonal forests than mixed araucaria forest from Brazil.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-27T14:53:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000280396600018.pdf: 798581 bytes, checksum: 1dd17cdb9557bf7bed7dd252bc4d9e6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:08:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000280396600018.pdf: 798581 bytes, checksum: 1dd17cdb9557bf7bed7dd252bc4d9e6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:22:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000280396600018.pdf: 798581 bytes, checksum: 1dd17cdb9557bf7bed7dd252bc4d9e6a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000280396600018.pdf: 798581 bytes, checksum: 1dd17cdb9557bf7bed7dd252bc4d9e6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The tree species Parapiptadenia rigida, native to southern South America, is frequently used in reforestation of riverbanks in Brazil. This tree is also a source of gums, tannins and essential oils, and it has some medicinal uses. We investigated flooding tolerance and genetic diversity in two populations of P. rigida; one of them was naturally exposed to flooding. Plants derived from seeds collected from each population were submitted to variable periods of experimental waterlogging and submergence. Waterlogging promoted a decrease in biomass and structural adjustments, such as superficial roots with aerenchyma and hypertrophied lenticels, that contribute to increase atmospheric oxygen intake. Plants that were submerged had an even greater reduction in biomass and a high mortality rate (40%). The two populations varied significantly in their RAPD marker profiles, in their ability to produce aerenchyma when waterlogged and to survive when submerged, suggesting ecotypic differentiation between them. Hence, the seasonal flooding that has been challenging the tropical riparian forest appears to be genetically modifying the P. rigida populations exposed to it by selecting individuals with increased ability to live under this condition. Univ Estadual Norte Parana, Dept Biol & Tecnol, Bandeirantes, PR, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Ciencias Biol, Assis, SP, Brazil Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Dept Biol Geral, Londrina, PR, Brazil Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Dept Biol Anim & Vegetal, Londrina, PR, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Ciencias Biol, Assis, SP, Brazil