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Rats and mice are the most used experimental models in research. Globally, animal houses are subjected to parasite outbreaks. In Brazil, the parasitological profile is used to reflect the sanitary condition of laboratory animals and must be monitored frequently. The present study developed an integrative review of scientific studies on the parasitological profile of rats and mice in animal facilities in Brazil. It identified the most prevalent parasite species reported in animal facilities from different geographic regions of the country, as well as factors contributing to the perpetuation of these parasites, and proposed measures to help prevent such infections. Based on the guiding question “which endoparasites and ectoparasites have already been identified in rat and mouse colonies in animal facilities in Brazil?” and considering inclusion and exclusion criteria, 28 studies published between 1974 and 2021 were selected in four scientific bases. These studies covered facilities in 12 Brazilian States, describing 16 genera of parasites in mice and 18 in rats. Most of the facilities in the selected studies were of the conventional type and with few sanitary barriers, and these conditions may favor the recurrence of parasites. Efforts are, therefore,necessary for institutions to have animal facilities in accordance with the legislation and practice optimal methodologies. The measures proposed in this article can contribute to change the panorama of parasites in the national animal facilities, aiming to safeguard the quality of scientific data and animal welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introdução: A proximidade entre o ser humano e os animais de companhia tem vindo a ser cada vez mais frequente. No entanto, esta aproximação torna-se um risco para a infeção por agentes zoonóticos como parasitas intestinais dos cães e gatos. Objetivos: Neste estudo foi avaliada a contaminação de espaços públicos com formas parasitárias intestinais de cães e gatos. Foi também realizada uma entrevista com um questionário a tutores com a finalidade de avaliar a perceção destes quanto às rotinas que pudessem representar risco de infeção humana e hábitos de desparasitação dos animais. Material e Métodos: Foram analisadas 120 amostras de fezes e 55 amostras de solo provenientes de parques e jardins públicos, parques infantis, parques caninos, praias e centros escolares. Utilizou-se para a análise das amostras fecais o método de Willis e o método de sedimentação simples, e para as amostras de solo, o método de Rugai. Também foram realizadas 101 entrevistas aos tutores que passeavam os seus cães. Resultados Foi observada a prevalência de parasitismo em 17,5% de amostras fecais e 67,3% nas amostras de solo. Nas amostras fecais a prevalência foi de 14,2% Toxocara spp., 4,2% ancilostomídeos, 0,8% Dipylidium caninum e 0,8% Cystoisospora spp. Nas amostras de solo a prevalência foi de 54,5% família Taeniidae, 29,1% Toxocara spp., 23,6% ancilostomídeos, 3,6% Dipylidium caninum, 3,6% Cystoisospora spp. e 1,8% Strongyloides spp. Nas entrevistas, 88,1% dos tutores afirmou recolher as fezes dos seus cães, em 54,5% dos cães não se realizava a desparasitação interna com regularidade, 86,1% dos animais tinha acesso aos quartos, camas e sofás dos tutores, 72,3% dos tutores permitiam que os cães lambessem a sua face e 84,2% dos tutores desconhecia o significado da palavra “zoonose”. Conclusões: Foi observada uma elevada prevalência de parasitismo nas fezes e no ambiente com formas parasitárias de elevado risco zoonótico como Toxocara spp., Ancylostoma spp. Dipylidium caninum e Strongyloides spp. O contato próximo dos animais com os tutores revelou ser um risco para infeções parasitárias zoonóticas, devendo ser encorajadas campanhas de sensibilização e educação da população nas vertentes humana, animal e ambiental e adoção de uma abordagem “Uma só Saúde”.

The study aims to discuss which instruments exist and are being used to measure the quality of life of subjects diagnosed with parasitic diseases. This is an integrative review carried out through the PubMed, Embase and VHL databases, using the descriptors "Parasitic Diseases; Quality of Life; Psychometrics; Validation Studies as Topic; Validation Studies; Research; Questionnaire; Surveys and Questionnaires. A total of 1,226 articles were identified, however, after selection, 24 articles were included. 11 instruments were used to assess QoL and, among these, the WHOQOL-bref and SF-36 instruments were the most used. The articles were published between 2011 and 2022 in English. The sample number ranged from 21 to 835 individuals of both genders. The intention of the researchers to develop new specific instruments and/or to evaluate them was evident, even understanding the importance and capacity of the tools that are currently predominant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ivermectin (IVM) has been the most widely used antiparasitic agent in veterinary medicine since it came to the market in 1981. In its risk assessment, the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) determined that, although it is very toxic to aquatic organisms, it is unlikely to contaminate watercourses from current applications registered for animal use. However, the effects of IVM on non-target invertebrate fauna can greatly impact grassland ecology. The economic loss from undegraded dung on lowering the quality of pastures and reducing the area of pasture available and palatable to livestock was US $380 million for the American economy in 2003. We discuss selected aspects of IVM effects on non-target species, dung beetles in pastures. We do not consider confined or feedlot production. Ivermectin affects a highly beneficial and taxonomically diverse group inhabiting dung pats, including flies, parasitic wasps, and coprophilus and predatory dung beetles. Some studies show that dung from IVM-treated animals can remain in the pasture without noticeable signs of degradation for up to 340 days, while pats from untreated animals are almost completely degraded after 80 days. Field and laboratory studies have shown many invertebrates species are susceptible to IVM at concentrations well below those excreted in the feces of treated cattle. IVM affects reproduction and development of coleopteran larvae at concentrations up to 10 times lower that cause mortality. In Colombia, at least 68 species of the subfamily Scarabaeinae have been identified in dung communities. Greater diversity of dung beetles is associated with forests and silvopastoral systems that incorporate native trees and provide habitats for survival. IVM should be used selectively on animals on pasture to minimize parasite resistance and effects on dung beetle communities and other nontarget invertebrate communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A demodiciose é uma enfermidade parasitária causada por um ácaro que acomete diversas espécies incluindo os bovinos. A doença geralmente cursa com manifestação clínica cutânea e pode ser diagnosticada com um raspado de pele visualizado à microscopia. Um bovino da raça angus mantido nas instalações do Centro de Biotecnologia em Reprodução Animal (Biotec) foi diagnosticado com demodiciose e tratado com clorexidina a 2% tendo este apresentado melhora clínica após um mês do início do protocolo.

Both anthropogenic actions and abiotic parameters, such as rainfall, temperature and photoperiod, can affect fruit and flower availability for animals, which consequently affects nutritional status and thus animals' health. Herein, we investigated whether abiotic factors are related to changes in fruit availability that can lead to changes in feeding behavior and, consequently, in endoparasite load and general health status in two groups of golden-headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) living in degraded fragments of Atlantic forest in Southern Bahia, Brazil. We detected that there was a high variation in availability of ripe fruits throughout the year, with lower availability occurring at the end of spring and beginning of summer. Despite this, there was no difference in tamarins' general health status, body mass and blood counts between seasons. This is probably because during native fruit scarcity, the tamarins eat cultivated species, such as banana (Musa spp.) and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus). Temperature and daylength were negatively correlated with golden-headed lion tamarin endoparasite loads. Contrary to our expectations, endoparasite loads are not linked to fruit scarcity and consequent changes in feeding behavior. Nevertheless, we found higher parasite diversity in the group of golden-headed lion tamarins that occupied the smallest home range. The smaller the area available, the greater the contact with parasites the animal will have, as they are forced to travel constantly along the same routes in the forest, increasing infection risk and re-infection rates. Our results highlight how animals' health is associated with environmental health as well as the need for constant monitoring to ensure the effective conservation of endangered species, such as the golden-headed lion tamarin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Brazil stands out in the world production of food of animal origin. Among these foods is the fish meat that currently comes from both commercial aquaculture production and extractive fishing. With the increase in fish consumption in Brazil and worldwide, it is important to prevent and control the occurrence of Foodborne Diseases (DTAs). There are several studies relating the presence of bacteria in food outbreaks transmitted by fish, mainly of fish acquired in open markets, however there are few studies regarding parasites in this type of meat, and fish can harbor several parasites. Thus, the objective is to inform parasites that can cause food outbreaks through the consumption of fish both in captivity and in extractive fishing. In Brazil, there is a very shortage of epidemiological data and a consequent lack of diagnosis in both consumer fish and fish-consuming humans. With this, the veterinarian is an important ally as a sanitary agent playing a fundamental role in preventing and helping, in reducing the risks of spreading parasites to humans. It is concluded that the knowledge of zoonotic parasites transmitted by fish is important, both by professionals and by the consumer population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introdução: Atualmente, a alface (Lactuca sativa L.) destaca-se por ser a folhosa mais consumida no Brasil. Em saúde pública, grande parte dos agentes etiológicos de enfermidades entéricas é veiculada por meio de hortaliças, legumes e frutas contaminadas. Objetivo: Verificar a qualidade de alfaces, através da análise microscópica, comparando os resultados dos diferentes tipos de cultivo e da alface minimamente processada. Método: Foram analisadas 84 amostras de alfaces produzidas por três métodos de cultivo (tradicional, orgânico, hidropônico) e alfaces minimamente processadas, comercializadas em municípios das regiões nordeste e metropolitana do estado de São Paulo. Realizou-se primeiramente a pesquisa de matérias estranhas macroscópicas e, para verificar a presença de estruturas parasitárias e outras matérias estranhas microscópicas, foi utilizada a técnica de sedimentação espontânea. Resultados: Os resultados revelaram que as amostras de alfaces dos três tipos de cultivo apresentaram alta ocorrência de matérias estranhas (total de 87,0% de amostras positivas), bem como presença de parasitas (total de 20,0% de amostras positivas). Em relação às alfaces minimamente processadas, a porcentagem de positividade para presença de matérias estranhas e parasitas foi de 58,0%. Conclusões: Os resultados do presente estudo alertam para a importância dos procedimentos de higienização dos diferentes tipos de cultivo de alface previamente ao seu consumo. Em relação às alfaces minimamente processadas, os resultados demonstram que devem ser tomadas ações corretivas no processo de sanitização por parte dos produtores e/ou comerciantes. Quanto às análises laboratoriais, ainda se faz necessário o aprimoramento constante de métodos analíticos que possibilitem melhor detecção de parasitas em alimentos.

Lack of basic sanitation facilitates the spread of parasitic diseases that impact human health, with the sediment being able to house these microorganisms. The present study aims to evaluate the presence of pathogenic parasites to humans in riverbank sediments, addressing the risks of parasitic infections in public health. Eighty samples of sediments from the Paranhana and Caí rivers were evaluated using the HPJ technique. Fifty-three positive samples (66.2%) were obtained with different parasites, Ancylostoma sp., Strongyloides sp., Endolimax nana, Ascaris lumbricoides, Toxocara canis, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Trichiuris trichiura and Taenia sp. Places with greater urbanization presented 60% of positive samples and a greater number of species. Riverbank sediments indicated to be an appropriate means for the maintenance of infectious forms of parasites. Adequate sanitation is necessary in order to minimize environmental contamination as well as the population's health risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O fígado é um órgão de alta exposição a antígenos circulantes, e seu ambiente é povoado por células imunes inatas que prontamente respondem a agentes invasores. Entretanto, uma resposta imune a agentes infecciosos pode desencadear um desequilíbrio nos mecanismos de tolerância, levando a um estado de estresse oxidativo, que favorece ao dano tecidual e pode provocar repercussões sistêmicas. Vale ressaltar que algumas doenças parasitárias como anaplasmose, babesiose, clonorquíase, dirofilariose, erliquiose, histoplasmose e platinossomíase podem provocar desregulação nos mecanismos de oxidação induzindo alterações hepáticas. Neste sentido, esta revisão aborda os mecanismos celulares da resposta imune hepática na homeostase e na progressão de distúrbios hepáticos que estão associados a imunopatogenia de algumas doenças parasitárias que afetam cães e gatos.

The identification keys are the main tool for plant identification. However, the absence of a recent and up-to-date key to the botanical families present in Cuba greatly hinders the identification process by non-specialist researchers of the different groups. Here are seven keys for the identification of families of angiosperms of the flora of Cuba within selected morphological groups: terrestrial plants with compound and opposite leaves, plants with trifoliolate leaves, with translucent punctuation, with latex, climbing with tendrils, parasites and epiphytic angiosperms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This publication aims to disseminate to the scientific community and society in general, the project of the same title of this publication that is under development by the collaboration of the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ) and the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). Briefly, this project aims to quantify and identify parasites of the body surface (ectoparasites) and intestinal parasites (enteroparasites) of wild birds, which should be related to their biological and ecological conditions, and to evaluate the dispersal seed process performed by birds (ornithocoria), the viability and development of these seeds and thus establish the degree of importance of ornithocoria in reforestation at the IFRJ campus of Pinheiral, RJ. The project includes the integration of five doctoral professors, a laboratory technician doctor, as well as a postdoctoral student, four doctoral students, one master student, two undergraduate students and four technical high school students. To date, six expeditions have been made in the reforestation area of the Espaço Ecológico Educativo (EEcoE) of the IFRJ campus in Pinheiral, RJ, where a total of 196 wild birds have been captured, evaluated, ringed and recorded at the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres (CEMAVE), of which 29 were recaptured for revaluations. Four articles were published on the themes of parasitology and ornithochory in wild birds. Two practical short courses in the area of study were taught in September 2018 and February 2019 to IFRJ students, but open to the scientific community and society at large. Currently the project is not expected to end, since there are plenty of unpublished and relevant results in both the area of parasitology and ornithochory of wild birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Enteroparasite contamination by infected users with poor sanitary habits in buses increases other passengers' risk of infection, with the subsequent danger of developing gastrointestinal pathologies. For this reason, bus contamination frequency was evaluated in order to provide data that is unknown in Venezuela and non-existent in Latin America. Methodology. The work was descriptive and cross-sectional, with non-probability and accidental sampling. The sample was obtained by rubbing each bus' handrail (100 examined vehicles) three times with a swab permeated with a 0.85% isotonic saline solution, resuspending it in a test tube with 10 ml of saline solution. The sample was centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for ten minutes to then observe the sediment under a microscope. Results. Sixteen percent of samples were contaminated, observing only two species of enteroparasites, Blastocystis sp. (14% of total examined samples) and Endolimax nana (5%). Discussion. The abundance of the potential pathogen, Blastocystis sp. is related to what has been described in feces exams on the inhabitants of Barquisimeto and the state of Lara, demonstrating that sick users with poor hygiene habits make buses a point of infection that must be controlled. Conclusion. The lack of constant cleaning in public transportation units and the absence of some infected passengers' sanitary awareness facilitates transmitting endemic enteroparasites that could potentially produce gastrointestinal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Artificial intelligence systems are promising technologies for health care and laboratory diagnosis, which can be implemented as support methods for the diagnosis of intestinal parasitoses. This study aimed to develop an artificial intelligence software that assists the laboratory diagnosis of intestinal parasitoses with high sensitivity and specificity. Methods: The software was developed using two neural networks, Inception and MobileNet. First, images of eggs from the parasites Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Taenia sp., Hymenolepis nana, Schistosoma mansoni and Strongyloides stercoralis larvae were used to train the database. Then, 2,740 images provided by the Parasitology Laboratory of the Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina were tested in the software. Results: The software had a sensitivity of 82.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 71.9% - 89.1%) and a specificity of 95.1% (95% CI, 94.3% - 97,8%) for MobileNet and a sensitivity of 72.1% (95% CI, 52.6% - 115%) and a specificity of 92.1% (95% CI, 91.7% - 97.7%) for Inception. Conclusion: The software showed promising results in the analysis of intestinal parasites, reinforcing that, in the future, the presence of diagnostic support systems for parasitoses may become faster and more efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Saúde Coletiva is the property of MPM Comunicacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Twenty samples of Iberian ibex collected in October 2014 in Sierra de Guadarrama National Park (Spain) were analyzed to evaluate detectability of intestinal parasites by two concentration techniques: Ritchie (1948) and Anécimo et al. (2012) and also to analyze and compare the parasite catalogue of each technique. There has been a decrease in the diversity of species found and an increase in prevalence data with respect to previous studies carried out in the same area, possibly due to the increase in Iberian ibex density in the area. A nematode species (Nematodirus filicollis) that has not previously been found in the population under study and which typically parasites cattle, has also been identified. This suggests an exchange of parasites between wild ungulates population and domestic livestock in this area. There were no significant differences between the results obtained by the two techniques used so that, the improvement in the working conditions of the analysts that involves the use of the Anécimo technique by not using hazardous solvents to health, can serve as a guideline to change the protocol of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current study evaluates the prevalence of enteroparasites and epidemiological variables associated with parasite infections in handlers of school meals in Cuité PB Brazil. Fecal samples were analyzed by simple centrifugal-sedimentation method and a half-structured questionnaire was applied to handlers of schools meals from two government-run schools in Cuité. The χ² test was employed and variables were investigated by Software Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Further, 78.9% of 57 meal handlers analyzed were infected by enteroparasites/enterocomensals. Endolimax nana was the prevalent species (53.4%). All infected persons were female; 48.9% had low schooling level; 53.3% earned up to one minimum wage and 60% were within the 20-49 years age bracket. Forty percent were bi/polyparasited. In the wake of high prevalence, better sanitary, educational improvements are required, coupled to good handling practices and the periodical EPF tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the diversity of oomycetes were carried out from 1998 to 2016, in the states of Bahia, Maranhão and Piauí, and biotrophic holocarpic zoosporic parasites of chitrids, glomeromycetes and oomycetes were identified as Olpidiopsis achlyae, O. aphanomycis, O. fusiformis, O. karlingae, Olpidiopsis sp1 and Olpidiopsis sp2. The occurrence of O. karlingae is a new report for South America, and O. aphanomycis, for Brazil. The taxa found were described, illustrated, and commented. The diversity of terms of the specialized literature for identification of morphological structures of Olpidiopsis was standardized. Are proposed synonyms of O. braziliensis (= Pseudolpidium achlyae) with O. fusiformis and Cornumyces karlingae with O. karlingae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A alface é uma hortaliça que traz benefícios ao consumidor, no entanto representa um meio de disseminação de doenças parasitárias no ser humano. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever o perfil parasitológico de alfaces prontas para consumo. Foram coletados aproximadamente 100g de alfaces servidas em dez restaurantes tipo self-service no município de Teixeira de Freitas, Bahia. As amostras foram colocadas em água destilada com detergente neutro por 24 horas para sedimentação espontânea e, posteriormente submetidas a sedimentação forçada. Das amostras analisadas (96,67%) apresentaram presença de estruturas parasitárias, sendo as mais frequentes Ancylostoma duodenale e Toxocara canis, seguido de Tecameba, Hymenolepis nana, dentre outros. Logo, boas me¬didas devem ser tomadas para a preparação de alimentos, pois os parasitas encontrados tem grande importância clínica.

With the aim of studying the endoparasite fauna of horses from the Formiga city, located in center-west region of the state of Minas Gerais, 25 animals that were naturally infected with helminths were evaluated. By means of parasitological necropsies, different endoparasites were found. The subfamily Cyathostominae presented the highest incidence, followed by Trichostrongylus axei, Oxyuris equi, Triodontophorus serratus, Strongyloides westeri, Strongylus edentatus, Habronema muscae, Parascaris equorum, Probstmayria vivipara, Strongylus vulgaris, Gasterophilus nasalis, Anoplocephala magna and Anoplocephala perfoliata. In the present study, if the species Probstmayria vivipara was not considered in the prevalence, the frequency of Cyathostominae was equivalent to 94.85%. The results obtained in this study allowed us to detect and identify different species of helminths in horses, and confirmed the high incidence of nematodes belonging to the subfamily Cyathostominae in the center-west region of Minas Gerais.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the parasitic load of chicken litter from a poultry farm located in the municipality of Paço do Lumiar - MA. Fifty samples of chicken bed of 10 sheds were collected. This bed had already been used six times in the previous batches. For the parasitological analyzes the methods of Spontaneous Sedimentation, Sheather Method, Sporulation for the diagnosis of coccidia oocysts were used. Eggs of nematodes of the genera Strongyloides (72%), Heterakis (18%) and Ascaridia (10%) were identified. The larvae of the genus Strongyloides were the most prevalent, with a frequency of 97% of cases, followed by geohelminths (3%). There were 1200 Eimeria oocysts, in sporulation stage. Mites and kites were also found (Alphitobius diaperinus). It is concluded that the high frequency of parasites present in chicken litter may be related to management failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Academica Ciencia Animal is the property of Revista Academica Ciencia Animal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Goat farming in Colombia is a developing productive sector; thus, it is important to evaluate and implement strategies to control parasitosis, one of the main problems in this type of exploitation. The present study aimed to compare the application of the Famacha© method in order to control parasites in two systems of goat exploitation. This method was applied to ten goats in a stall fed and a semi-stall fed farming system, and parasite load, hematocrit, Famacha© score, and number of deworming treatments were monthly evaluated for six months. The two goat exploitation systems had the same degree of parasitic infection and no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) were found regarding hematocrit, egg count per gram of feces, Famacha© score, and number of deworming treatments during the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is necessary to identify phenotypic traits related to natural resistance against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in order to know the host immunity status in productive ewes. Objetive: To determine haematological and immunological parameters (IgA and IgG) during pregnancy and lactation in Blackbelly ewes naturally infected with GIN. Methods: The number of eggs per gram (EPG), packed cell volume (% PCV), plasmatic protein (PP) and peripheral eosinophils were determined during eight months. In addition, sera and saliva samples were collected to establish IgG and IgA kinetics by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The results showed 2,592 ± 2,403 EPG and 22.2 ± 4.0% PCV during lactation and 595 ± 901 EPG and 25.1 ± 2.5% PCV during pregnancy. A higher percentage of Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae were observed in pregnancy (84 to100%) than in lactation (36 to 44%). The IgA activity in serum samples showed a marked reduction (from 80 to 10%) during lambing for both Haemonchus contortus and T. colubriformis antigens. In saliva samples, IgA activity with regard to the standard decreased from 56% at 60 days to 30% at 45 days before lambing and remained low for 45 days during lactation (23 to 32% activity). The eosinophils numbers were 2.0 x 109 cells L-1 in pregnancy and remained low at 0.7 x 109 cells L-1 in lactation. Conclusion: The studied variables reflect the breakdown of immunity against GIN in Blackbelly ewes before and after lambing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this course conclusion work is to do the bibliographic review about the mam diseases and parasites, which affect the captivity of tilapia. The cultivation of this fish species has been growing in Brazil and in other countncs of the world, mainly with intensive production which goal is to optimize the usage of available. In this way. the tilapia is an animal that shows several advantages m comparison with other aquatic organisms, like the facility to fanning, handling, adaptation to different conditions, easy reproduction and high productivity. Those facts highlighted this animal inside national and world fish farming. Nevertheless, as the intensive system has as charactcnstic high densities of animal storage, makes favorable the development of some negative points, which must be observed, such as the streaming of diseases and parasitosis. The aquatic environment, by having a homogeneous characteristic, is favorable for the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms and parasites. It can be disseminated to fishes trough many ways: oral via (consumption of feed and water); skin and branchial via; by vectors and lesions caused by them; by noses and anus, vertical transmission (from mother to son); as well as trough eggs, like VIROSES. Those agents arc responsible for big losses in the tilapia farming, so, its coned identification, monitoring and treatment arc approadicd in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid pig manure (LPM) is widely used as a compost fertilizer for vegetable crops destined for human consumption. However, these wastes may contain parasites eggs, such as the nematode Ascaris suum, that pose serious health risks to humans. We attempted to determine the most appropriate technique for recovering A. suum eggs from LPM compost. Samples were collected from two waste sources during composting, including 23 samples containing LPM, sawdust, and wood shavings, and 14 samples of LPM alone-both in triplicate. Samples were analyzed using several different recovery methods. Recovery of eggs by the modified Bailenger method with adaptations was significantly more effective and recovered 57% more eggs than by the modified Bailenger method alone. Willis-Mollay method, modified Faust method, and the simple sedimentation technique only recovered 4.4%, 13.9%, and 26% of eggs, respectively, compared with the modified Bailenger method with adaptations, indicating that the adjustments made to the Bailenger method were key to improving the recovery of A. suum eggs from compost and LPM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Dogs are definite hosts for several zoonotic helminthes and protozoan. Rural areas from the Lobos District in the northeast of Buenos Aires province, Argentina, are mainly used for livestock activity, increasing in this way the number of dogs on farms as well as the human risk of parasitic infections. The aims of this research were to evaluate the endoparasitic infections in dogs from farms in the Lobos District and analyze their zoonotic importance as well as several risk practices and habits of the rural population. Forty-two dog fecal samples obtained in 21 farms were analyzed through coproparasitological methods and coproantigen tests, which resulted in an overall parasite prevalence of 69.05% and 80.95% of the parasitized farms. The most frequent parasites were Trichuris vulpis and Eucoleus aerophila (26.19%), Echinococcus granulosus (19.05%), Uncinaria stenocephala and coccids (14.29%). The analysis of epidemiological files showed several habits of the rural population considered as risk factors associated with the presence of fecal samples parasitized and the presence of E. granulosus on the farms. It is clear that people involved with the farms studied were exposed to several helminthes that could cause serious diseases like cystic echinococcosis, which can become an important public health issue and affect the economy worldwide.Os cães são hospedeiros definitivos de vários helmintos e protozoários zoonóticos. As áreas rurais do distrito de Lobos, no nordeste da província de Buenos Aires, Argentina, destinam-se principalmente à atividade pecuária aumentando desta forma o número de cães em fazendas, bem como o risco humano de infecções parasitárias. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram avaliar as infecções endoparasitas em cães de fazendas do distrito de Lobos e analisar a sua importância zoonótica, bem como as práticas de risco e hábitos da população rural. Quarenta e duas amostras de fezes de cães obtidos em 21 fazendas foram analisadas pelos métodos coproparasitológicos e testes de coproantígenos, resultando numa prevalência de parasitas de 69,05% e 80,95% das propriedades parasitados. Os parasitas mais frequentes foram Trichuris vulpis e Eucoleus aerophila (26,19%), Echinococcus granulosus (19,05%), Uncinaria stenocephala e coccídeos (14,29%). A análise dos arquivos epidemiológicos mostraram vários hábitos da população rural como fatores de risco associados com a presença de amostras fecais parasitadas e a presença de E. granulosus em propriedades rurais. É evidente que as pessoas das fazendas estudadas foram expostas a vários helmintos que podem causar doenças graves como equinococose cística, que constitui importante problema de saúde pública e econômico a nível mundial.

This study investigated the parasites of three commercially important bivalve species (Crassostrea rhizophorae, Mytella guyanensis and Lucina pectinata) from the southern coast of Bahia, Brazil. A total of 540 specimens were collected in August 2009 and February 2010, at three localities. The bivalve specimens were measured on their longest axis, opened, and macroscopically examined for the presence of parasites or signs of disease. They were then fixed in Davidson' solution and subjected to routine histological processing, with paraffin embedding and H&E staining; next, the specimens were examined under a light microscope. No parasites were observed associated with L. pectinata. Rickettsia-like organisms (RLOs), Sphenophrya sp. (Ciliophora), Nematopsis sp. (Apicomplexa), Urastoma sp. (Turbellaria) and Bucephalus sp. (Digenea) were observed in both C. rhizophorae and M. guyanensis, as well as Ancistrocoma sp. (Ciliophora) and Tylocephalum sp. (Cestoda) in the former. A high prevalence of Nematopsis sp. was seen, but caused no apparent damage to the host. Bucephalus sp. caused the destruction of tissues, with castration, but showed low prevalence. The other parasites occurred in low prevalence and intensity, without causing significant damage.Neste estudo foram investigados os parasitos de três espécies de bivalves de interesse econômico (Crassostrea rhizophorae, Mytella guyanensis e Lucina pectinata) da Bahia. Foram analisados 540 exemplares, obtidos em duas coletas (agosto-2009 e fevereiro-2010), em três localidades. Os bivalves foram medidos quanto ao seu maior eixo, abertos e examinados macroscopicamente quanto à presença de parasitos ou sinais de enfermidades. Depois disso, foram fixados em solução de Davidson e processados por rotina de histologia, com inclusão em parafina e coloração com H&E. O material foi examinado ao microscópio de luz. Nenhum parasito esteve associado a L. pectinata. Bactérias do tipo RLOs (organismos assemelhados a Rickettsia), Sphenophrya sp. (Ciliophora), Nematopsis sp. (Apicomplexa), Urastoma sp. (Turbellaria) e Bucephalus sp. (Digenea) foram observados tanto em C. rhizophorae quanto em M. guyanensis, sendo que a primeira apresentou ainda Ancistrocoma sp. (Ciliophora) e Tylocephalum sp. (Cestoda). Nematopsis sp. ocorreu em alta prevalência, porém, aparentemente, não causou danos aos bivalves. Bucephalus sp. causou destruição de tecidos, com castração, mas foi pouco prevalente. Os demais parasitos ocorreram em baixa prevalência e intensidade de infecção e sem causar danos.

This study aimed to know the perception of Gir cattle breeders and farm employees about parasitic otitis and practices regarding methods of treatment and control. A questionnaire was applied on specific topics about the disease. The results showed that the otitis occurred in 25 (89.3%) of the 28 farms studied, where the main etiologic agents were the nematodes Rhabditis spp. The majority of the farmers regarded the disease as a serious problem, mainly in cattle older than eight years of age. About half of the respondents did not observe a correlation between season and prevalence of the otitis; however, 30.8% reported an increase of its incidence during the rainy season. In addition to various methods and products for the rhabditiosis treatment, a lack of standardized preventive or curative protocols was found, suggesting insufficient knowledge about control of the disease.

Data on in vitro evaluation of extracts of three species of the Asteraceae family on the development of Trichostrongylidae eggs in sheep are presented. Egg hatchability was tested using herbal extracts prepared in a Soxhlet extractor, and using hydrolate prepared by means of hydrodistillation. The laboratory tests showed that the ethanol extract from flowers of the species Aster lanceolatus presented high activity against Trichostrongylidae eggs development in sheep, inhibiting larva formation by 91% within 48 hours, and maintaining similar rates after 72 hours.Apresentam-se dados da avaliação in vitro de três espécies vegetais da família Asteraceae sobre o desenvolvimento dos ovos de Trichostrongilídeos de ovinos. Realizou-se o teste de eclodibilidade com extratos vegetais preparados por aparelho de Soxhlet e hidrolato preparado por hidrodestilação. Os testes laboratoriais evidenciaram que o extrato etanólico das flores da espécie Aster lanceolatus apresenta alta atividade sobre o desenvolvimento dos ovos de Trichostrongilídeos de ovinos, inibindo em 91% a formação da larva em 48 horas, mantendo-se índices próximos em 72 horas.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the contamination of infecting larvae of parasitic nematodes in cattle on Cynodon sp. pasture. The research was conducted in a milkproduction system situated in the town of Boa Esperança, in the southern region of Minas Gerais state, during the fall-winter seasons 2008. The samples of the grass were collected in ten points inserted into an outline in “W”, previously designed, in the period of morning between at 7:30 and 8:30, observing the presence of dew in all the collections performed. The samples were CUT close to the soil and separated in half, which constituted an upper and lower sample of each collecting point, their being afterwards placed into plastic bag, identified and carried to a plastic foam box . The samples were processed singly. The infecting larvae (L3) were identified and the amount per kilogram of dry matter in forage was estimated (L3/kg DM). The climatic conditions such as temperature, air relative humidity and rainfall enabled the development of the free life stages throughout the period. Even at low rainfall rates during the months of May to August, the counts of the amount of larvae in the pastures were high. Under the conditions of the dry period (Fall/Winter), the L3 forms of Cooperia sp. presented an expressive predominance in relation to the other genera throughout the period. The greatest amount of infecting larvae of this species was found in the months of July and August in the upper pasture, while for the samples of the lower part were found peaks in the months of June and August. The large number of genera of pathogenic helminths to animals in this study along the drier seasons of the year, especially in the upper pasture, demonstrates the importance of these agents as cause of losses in milk production in Minas Gerais state.

Entre os métodos de controle da verminose gastrintestinal em ovinos, a utilização de produtos químicos é o mais empregado. Porém, o uso indiscriminado e continuado desses produtos tem selecionado populações de helmintos resistentes aos anti-helmínticos, fenômeno relatado no mundo todo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar as espécies de parasitos gastrintestinais e diagnosticar a situação da resistência anti-helmíntica em ovinos no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Foram realizados testes de redução na contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) em rebanhos de dezesseis propriedades rurais; as sete formulações utilizadas continham as seguintes bases farmacológicas: Albendazol, Ivermectina, Levamisole, Triclorfon, Moxidectina, Closantel e uma contendo as três primeiras associadas. As espécies identificadas nas necropsias, em ovinos adultos, foram: Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Cooperia curticei, C. punctata, C. pectinata e Oesophagostomum columbianum; em ordem de prevalência. As formulações contendo Albendazol e Ivermectina não apresentaram eficácia na redução de OPG nos rebanhos testados, com médias de redução de 0,7 e -19,6%, respectivamente. Closantel apresentou eficácia média de 6,7%; Levamisole, Moxidectina e Triclorfon de 28,7, 26,8 e 65%, respectivamente; a associação das três bases (Albendazol, Ivermectina e Levamisole), uma média de eficácia de 55,8%. As percentagens médias de larvas infectantes recuperadas nas coproculturas, tanto no pré como no pós-tratamento, foram semelhantes; indicando que a resistência às bases testadas está presente em todas as espécies citadas, em maior ou menor intensidade. Os dois gêneros predominantemente resistentes são Haemonchus sp., com 86,9%; seguido por Trichostrongylus sp., com média de 47,5%; Strongyloides sp. 33,6%; Oesophagostomum, sp. 21,4% e Cooperia sp. 19,7%.Among the methods of control of gastrointestinal worms in sheep, the use of chemicals is the most common. However, the continued, and indiscriminate, use of these products has selected populations of resistant helminths to anthelmintics, a phenomenon reported in the whole world. This study aimed to identify the species of gastrointestinal parasites and diagnose the status of anthelmintic resistance in sheep in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil. Feacal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) were performed in flocks of sixteen farms, and the seven formulations used contained the following pharmacological bases: Albendazole, Ivermectin, Levamizol, Trichlorfon, Moxidectin, Closantel and one containing the first three in association. The species identified at necropsy, in adult sheep, were: Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Cooperia curticei, C. punctata, C. pectinata and Oesophagostomum columbianum, in order of prevalence. The formulations containing Albendazole and Ivermectin did not show efficacy in reducing the EPG in the flocks tested, with average reductions of 0.7 and -19.6%, respectively. Closantel presented an average efficacy of 6.7%; Levamisolee, Moxidectin and Trichlorfon, 28.7, 26.8 and 65% respectively, the combination of three bases (Albendazole, Ivermectin and Levamizol), an average efficacy of 55.8 %. The average percentages of infective larvae recovered in the faecal cultures, pre and post treatment were similar, indicating that resistance to the bases tested is present in all species cited, to a greater or lesser degree. The two genera predominantly resistant are Haemonchus sp., with 86.9%, followed by Trichostrongylus sp., with an average of 47.5%, Strongyloides sp. 33.6%, Oesophagostomum sp. 21.4% and Cooperia sp. 19.7%.

The study analyzed 84 specimens of Metynnis lippincottianus (Cope, 1870) (Characidae) from two environments with different degrees of impact due to a hydroeletric plant; 44 hosts from the upper Parana river floodplain (low degree of impact) and 40 from Paranapanema tributaries (Corvo and Guairacá rivers, high degree of impact). The prevalence found, among the total collected fishes, was 77.4%. One digenetic species, Dadayus pacupeva, and four nematodes, Spinoxyuris oxydoras, Contracaecum sp. (larval stage), Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus and Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris) mahnerti were identified. In the floodplain, the fishes parasitized by D. pacupeva and S. oxydoras presented better relative condition factor (Kn) than non-parasitized species. Positive correlation between Kn and abundance of these parasites was found in the same area. In the tributaries, the Kn did not differ significantly between parasitized an non-parasitized fishes, not even correlation with abundance of any parasite found.Foram coletados 84 espécimes de Metynnis lippincottianus, peixe caracídeo, em dois ecossistemas com diferentes níveis de impacto, resultante da construção de usinas hidroelétricas; 44 hospedeiros na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná (baixo impacto) e 40 nos tributários do rio Paranapanema (rios Corvo e Guairacá) com alto impacto. Foi encontrada prevalência parasitária de 77,4% no total de peixes coletados. Uma espécie de digenético: Dadayus pacupeva e quatro de nematoides: Spinoxyuris oxydoras, Contracaecum sp. (estágio larval), Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus e Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris) mahnerti foram identificadas. Na região da planície, os peixes parasitados por D. pacupeva e S. oxydoras apresentaram melhor fator de condição relativo (Kn) quando comparado aos não-parasitados. Verificou-se correlação positiva entre o Kn e a abundância dos parasitos citados anteriormente na mesma região. Nos tributários, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o Kn dos peixes parasitados e não-parasitados, nem correlação do mesmo com a abundância de nenhum parasito encontrado.

El trabajo actual, dentro de la revisión que se está realizando de la familia Megachilidae en la fauna ibérica, incluye las claves de identificación para las especies del género Stelis Panzer, 1806. Las claves se acompañan de numerosas ilustraciones para su reconocimiento inmediato. El estudio incluye también registros nuevos y citas anteriores corregidas o actualizadas.