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Feeling loved by one's caregiver is essential for individual flourishing (i.e., high levels of psychological well‐being in multiple dimensions). Although similar constructs are found to benefit adolescent well‐being, research that directly tests parental love as a feeling from the recipient's perspective is rare. Historically, parental love has been measured using single‐assessment methods and assumed to be a stable, trait‐like characteristic; yet, like any feeling, it may fluctuate in meaningful ways on a day‐to‐day basis—the implications of which are unknown. Using a sample of 150 adolescents (59.3% female; ages 14–16), this study estimated level (person's mean level across days) and instability (fluctuations across days) of feeling loved by a caregiver across 21 days for each adolescent, and then examined their prospective effects on adolescent flourishing 1 year later. After controlling for demographics (adolescent age, gender, family income, and parent's sex) and variable baseline levels, feeling more loved by one's caregiver in daily life significantly predicted higher levels of flourishing in two global measures 1 year later. Moreover, level and instability of feeling loved by one's caregiver played different roles for different dimensions of flourishing: higher levels significantly predicted higher levels of autonomy, purpose in life, and personal growth, whereas higher instability significantly predicted lower levels of positive relations with others and environmental mastery. Findings emphasized the importance of considering daily dynamics of feeling loved by one's caregiver and demonstrated that level (of feeling loved) is particularly important for intrapersonal aspects while instability is particularly important for interpersonal aspects of flourishing. Research Highlights: Adolescents feeling more loved by their caregiver in daily life had higher levels of overall flourishing 1 year later.Level (of feeling loved) is particularly important for intrapersonal aspects of adolescent flourishing, including autonomy, purpose in life, and personal growth.Stability (of feeling loved) is particularly important for interpersonal aspects of adolescent flourishing, including positive relations with others and environmental mastery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Background Method Results Conclusion Implications To understand how parents and adolescents perceive the major family problems they faced during a global pandemic, focusing on implications for family resilience.Families are challenged by the upheaval in contemporary life due to a global health pandemic and unrelenting changes to work, school, civic, and home routines. Family resilience theory guided our understanding of how families perceive and understand the problems they faced during a major disruption in their lives.A diverse sample of parent–adolescent pairs was surveyed at two points in time. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze open‐ended questions asking about family members' perceptions of the major problems they faced as a family during the pandemic.Most participants reported a major family problem during the pandemic (e.g., unemployment, online learning, isolation, fear of COVID‐19), with financial issues being the most prevalent problem. Parents were more likely to identify a major family tension, compared with adolescents, who were more likely to say they were unaware of any major family problems.Parents and adolescents reported substantial family stress and tension, especially around financial strain and social isolation, indicating their heightened awareness of the new risks they were facing. Both parents and adolescents also described a willingness to pull together on behalf of family well‐being and adaptation.Support mechanisms through public policy and from family life practitioners can help families navigate pandemic‐related stressors, assess adverse events in adolescence, promote new pathways in navigating disrupted routines, and enhance family resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Creating romantic relationships characterized by high‐quality, satisfaction, few conflicts, and reasoning strategies to handle conflicts is an important developmental task for adolescents connected to the relational models they receive from their parents. This study examines how parent–adolescent conflicts, attachment, positive parenting, and communication are related to adolescents' romantic relationship quality, satisfaction, conflicts, and management. Method: We interviewed 311 adolescents at two time points (females = 52%, ages 15 and 17) in eight countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States). Generalized and linear mixed models were run considering the participants' nesting within countries. Results: Adolescents with negative conflicts with their parents reported low romantic relationship quality and satisfaction and high conflicts with their romantic partners. Adolescents experiencing an anxious attachment to their parents reported low romantic relationship quality, while adolescents with positive parenting showed high romantic relationship satisfaction. However, no association between parent–adolescent relationships and conflict management skills involving reasoning with the partner was found. No associations of parent–adolescent communication with romantic relationship dimensions emerged, nor was there any effect of the country on romantic relationship quality or satisfaction. Conclusion: These results stress the relevance of parent–adolescent conflicts and attachment as factors connected to how adolescents experience romantic relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to identify the latent profiles of Chinese adolescents' family (parent-adolescent and sibling) relationships prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as associations between those profiles and adolescents' emotional and behavioral responses. A total of 2,305 adolescents from China aged between 10 and 18 years completed measures of parent-adolescent relationships, sibling relationships, and emotional and behavioral responses during the pandemic. Four profiles of family relationships were identified via latent profile analysis and categorized as Cohesive-Decline, Mild-Decline, Conflictual-Stable, and Indifferent-Stable. Adolescents with a Conflictual-Stable profile reported more emotional and behavioral responses compared to the other profiles. In contrast, adolescents with a Cohesive-Decline profile exhibited fewer emotional responses compared to the other profiles. Adolescents with a Mild-Decline profile had fewer emotional responses than those with an Indifferent-Stable profile. These results shed light on the patterns and consequences of family relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic and have substantial implications for interventions involving family relationships in the context of regular epidemic prevention and control.

A gap in research on family interventions is the understanding of long‐term effects on hypothesized mechanisms of effect regarding children's processes of responding to family stressors. This study assessed the long‐term effects of an intervention designed to improve interparental and family conflict resolution on adolescents' emotional insecurity about interparental conflict. Emotional insecurity about interparental conflict has long been linked with adolescents' risk for adjustment problems. These findings have motivated the development of several family‐based preventive interventions, one of which is the focus of this study. A community sample of 225 adolescents and their parents participated in an RCT‐based study of an intervention designed to reduce adolescent's emotional insecurity about interparental conflict. The intervention's effect on patterns of change in adolescents', mothers', and fathers' reports of the three components of adolescents' emotional insecurity (emotional reactivity, behavioral dysregulation, and cognitive representations) from posttest through the 3‐year follow‐up were examined using multilevel modeling. Results suggested that the intervention predicted immediate (pre to posttest) and long‐term linear decreases in emotional reactivity, as well as long‐term quadratic change in behavioral dysregulation. These findings support the beneficial effects of a brief intervention on multiple components of emotional security. The results also underscore the importance of considering the potential of long‐term (including nonlinear) patterns of change that may occur as a function of family‐based interventions, as well as that the impact of family‐based interventions may vary as a function of reporter and component of emotional insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Both parent and adolescent involvement in type 1 diabetes management are critical during adolescence. The current study sought to understand the factors associated with parent and adolescent satisfaction with their own and one another's involvement in diabetes management. Methods: Cross‐sectional baseline data from 157 parent‐adolescent dyads enrolled in an RCT were used. Adolescent ages ranged from 12 to 19 (Mage = 14.7, SD = 1.89) and were balanced by gender (50.3% male). Paired t‐tests examined concordance between parent and adolescent satisfaction, bivariate correlations identified correlates, and regressions examined unique associations. Results: Roughly, 43% of adolescents and 29% of parents were very satisfied with adolescent involvement in diabetes management, whereas 71% of adolescents and 26.1% of parents were very satisfied with parent involvement. Indicators of better glycaemic health (via higher percent time‐in‐range and lower HbA1c and percent time in hyperglycaemia) and psychosocial functioning (less diabetes distress and depression) were correlated with higher satisfaction. Parent satisfaction with adolescent involvement was higher among older adolescents (R = 0.198, p = 0.013). Non‐Hispanic white youth were more satisfied with their own involvement than youth of colour (t(149) = −2.783, p = 0.003). Both percent time‐in‐range and one's own diabetes distress uniquely related to parent and adolescent satisfaction with adolescent involvement. Conversely, parent satisfaction with their own involvement was only uniquely associated with parent diabetes distress. Conclusion: Both adolescent and parents' satisfaction with adolescents' involvement in self‐management are indicators of both glycaemic control and psychosocial well‐being, whereas parents' self‐evaluations are more closely tied to diabetes‐specific distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examined measurement equivalence of parental microprotections in Black, Latinx, and White families. Background: Microprotections refer to the small daily caring, supportive, and loving behaviors Black parents engage in to counteract the negative effects of racism and discrimination. It is possible that this parenting practice applies to other families in which adolescents are at risk for discrimination because of social identities and/or membership in a stigmatized group (e.g., Latinx adolescents, sexual minority adolescents). Methods: Participants were parent–adolescent dyads (N = 395) from across the United States. Adolescents were in Grades 9 through 12, and approximately one third of the families identified as Black/African American (n = 131), one third as Hispanic/Latinx (n = 132), and one third as White (n = 132). Results: Measurement equivalence was evaluated through a series of multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. Results showed strict measurement invariance in parent reports of parental microprotections across all three racial/ethnic groups. Adolescent reports of mothers' microprotections demonstrated strict measurement invariance and adolescent reports of fathers' microprotections achieved configural measurement invariance. Conclusion: These results support the use of the Parental Microprotections Scale in African American/Black, Hispanic/Latinx, and White families. Implications: Parental microprotections are one way that parents can nurture hope, happiness, and health despite discrimination that adolescents may face. The Parental Microprotections Scale may be useful for family science practitioners and researchers who are interested in evaluating potential supports in adolescents and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to identify the latent profiles of Chinese adolescents' family (parent–adolescent and sibling) relationships prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as associations between those profiles and adolescents' emotional and behavioral responses. A total of 2,305 adolescents from China aged between 10 and 18 years completed measures of parent–adolescent relationships, sibling relationships, and emotional and behavioral responses during the pandemic. Four profiles of family relationships were identified via latent profile analysis and categorized as Cohesive-Decline, Mild-Decline, Conflictual-Stable, and Indifferent-Stable. Adolescents with a Conflictual-Stable profile reported more emotional and behavioral responses compared to the other profiles. In contrast, adolescents with a Cohesive-Decline profile exhibited fewer emotional responses compared to the other profiles. Adolescents with a Mild-Decline profile had fewer emotional responses than those with an Indifferent-Stable profile. These results shed light on the patterns and consequences of family relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic and have substantial implications for interventions involving family relationships in the context of regular epidemic prevention and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Disordered eating among adolescents is of increasing concern given associated physical and mental health sequelae. Cognitions underlying disordered eating are formed in childhood and adolescence. Parents are a significant presence during this period, so it is critical to understand how they influence their adolescent's eating cognitions and behaviors. Methods: Qualitative analysis using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) methodology was employed to consider the lived experiences of 10 Australian adolescents (14–19 years), 60% female, as they engaged with their parents in a range of weight, shape, and eating communications. Results: Our inductive IPA revealed three key themes representing adolescents' experiences and meaning‐making: Parents as Influencers—adolescents acknowledged parents are influencers (objects) within a wider context of community and cultural norms (symbols) and can be protective for peer influence on body image ideals; Expression and Perception—the "what" (weight‐talk as an object) and the "how" (objects as independent influences) of gendered parental communication related to health and fitness ideals and illustrated diverse interpretations of both verbal and non‐verbal expression; and Fertile Soil and Maturity—the adolescent's characteristics and context influence perceptions of communication, a fear of deviating from norms, and an overarching focus on being "healthy" yet not always knowing what that was. Perception of bidirectional communication also offered valuable insights into potential dangers through family loyalty and in‐group permissions. Conclusions: Findings highlight implications for the nuanced influence of parental communication and illustrate the pivotal role of parents within the bioecosystem of adolescent development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevalence rates of anxiety and depression have increased among adolescents in recent years. The etiology of these internalizing symptoms is complex, but mothers can play a role in the mental health of their adolescent children. Using data from Year 15 of the fragile families and child well‐being study, we analyzed associations between adolescent‐reported maternal engagement, mother–adolescent relationship closeness, and adolescent depression and anxiety in a sample of 3146 mother–adolescent dyads. Using structural equation modeling, the four areas of engagement, closeness, anxiety, and depression were all modeled as latent variables to test the associations between these constructs. Higher levels of maternal engagement were significantly associated with higher levels of closeness between mother and adolescent, and higher levels of closeness were significantly associated with adolescents' lower levels of both depression and anxiety. Bootstrapped indirect effects were identified. Implications and future directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic and preventive measures undertaken by many governments have had a significant impact on family relationships, which could result in worsened parenting. In our study, we used network analysis to examine the dynamic system of parental and pandemic burnout, depression, anxiety, and three dimensions of relationship with an adolescent: connectedness, shared activities, and hostility. Parents (N = 374; Mage = 42.9) of at least one child at the age of adolescence completed an online survey. The central symptoms in the network were parental emotional exhaustion and parental anxiety. Parental emotional exhaustion correlated negatively with activities shared with the adolescent, but positively with hostility. Anxiety correlated positively with parental emotional exhaustion. Emotional exhaustion and anxiety were the strongest bridge symptoms between parental burnout, internalizing symptoms, and parenting. Our results suggest that psychological interventions supporting parent-adolescent relationships should address primarily parental emotional exhaustion and anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress is one candidate mechanism posited to contribute to the intergenerational risk of psychopathology. However, the ways in which parent and child stress are related across adolescence, and the role that co-occurring parent and child stress may exert regarding bidirectional risk for internalizing symptoms, are not well understood. Using repeated measures data spanning 3-years, this study investigated (1) the extent to which trajectories of parent and child stress are related during adolescence, and (2) whether co-occurring parent and child stress trajectories mediate prospective, bidirectional associations between parent depression symptoms and child internalizing symptoms (depression, physical and social anxiety). Participants included 618 parent-adolescent dyads (age 8-16; 57% girls; 89% mothers). Parent depressive symptoms and child symptoms of depression, social anxiety, and physical anxiety were assessed via self-report questionnaire at baseline and 36 months later. Parent and child stress were assessed via self-report questionnaire every three months between 3- and 33-months (11 total assessments). Latent growth curve model (LGCM) analysis found that parent and child stress trajectories were positively related across development. Prospective LGCM mediation analysis showed that higher youth stress at 3-months partially mediated prospective relations between parental depressive symptoms at baseline and youth depressive, as well as physical and social anxiety symptoms at 36-months. Parent and child stress reinforce each other across adolescence and may lead to increased risk for psychopathology. Increases in child stress represent an important factor conferring transdiagnostic risk for internalizing among children of depressed parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous literature has emphasized the role of mothers in sexual health communication with their adolescents. However, the extant literature lacks exploration of the importance of parental communication in association to specific risk-reduction behaviors, such as access to contraceptives. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to explore the roles of parental attachment, the mother–daughter relationship, and communication about sexual content during adolescence in relation to women's recalled access to contraceptives during their teen years. Cisgender female participants aged between 18 and 35 (N = 582) were retrospectively assessed on maternal and paternal attachment, the mother–daughter relationship, mother–daughter communication about sexual content, and their own access to contraceptives during their teen years. After controlling for socioeconomic status, participant race, and history of pregnancy, only maternal communication about sexual content significantly related to access to contraceptives and ease of access to contraceptives. These results demonstrated that specific communication about sexual content was associated with greater access and ease of access to contraceptives, whereas more general relationship factors and communication did not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known regarding the processes that occur when parents support their child who is being victimized by peers. The current study utilized in-depth interviews with 11 fourth- through sixth-grade early adolescents and their mothers as to the processes that occurred when the mothers attempted to help their child cope with peer victimization. Findings indicated a support-giving process that often started after initial disclosure of the victimization and continued for months or even years. Mothers' responses included teaching their child how to respond to peer victimization, actively intervening, and enacting compensatory behaviors. Dyads reported individual and joint evaluation of the effectiveness of responses, and participants emphasized the role of communication for effective coping. A conceptual framework is presented to help generate novel lines of inquiry into the processes that occur when parents assist their peer-victimized adolescent and examine the applicability of the findings to more diverse samples and family climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rates of Type 1 diabetes are rising, and diabetes management often deteriorates during adolescence. Adolescent disclosure to parents is a key factor for effective diabetes management, and parent affective responses to disclosures affect the timing of future disclosures in healthy populations, but no studies to our knowledge have examined parent affective behaviors that facilitate or inhibit disclosure in the context of managing Type 1 diabetes. The present study examined how observed parental affective responses to adolescent disclosures predict the timing of subsequent disclosures during a discussion task in a sample of adolescents with Type 1 diabetes and their parents (N = 66 dyads). Generalized linear mixed models were used to test whether increased or decreased levels of parent affect relative to their emotional baseline response to adolescent disclosures predicted the timing of subsequent disclosures. Adolescents took longer to disclose again when parents responded to prior adolescent disclosures with higher levels of anger and of positive affect relative to their baseline levels of these emotions. Findings suggest that parental affective responses to disclosures have implications for adolescent disclosure in the context of chronic illness management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies showed that attachment security can change within persons, suggesting that there might be an interplay between a rather stable (trait) and rather variable (state) part of attachment. The study's first aim was to investigate whether attachment priming could influence the level of state attachment. The second aim was to explore possible moderators explaining individual differences in the relation between state attachment responses to attachment versus neutral primes. This can shed light on individual differences in attachment prime-induced state attachment. We conducted a within-subjects priming study in which children (9–13 years) were allocated to three priming procedures (neutral, secure, avoidant). Results showed an increase in secure state attachment after secure attachment priming. Individual differences in the strength of this effect were moderated by trait attachment and state attachment volatility. First findings cautiously suggest that state attachment security can change in response to environmental cues under certain circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to examine and compare, in both mobile phone addicts (MPAs) and possible-MPAs, (1) the direct effect of mobile phone addiction (MPA) levels on adolescent depressive symptoms, and (2) the indirect effect of MPA levels on depressive symptoms as mediated by parent-adolescent relationships. We recruited 1766 Chinese adolescents (53.2% male; Mage= 13.30, SD = 2.00, range from 10 to 18 years) from Shenzhen Shuijing Primary School, Shenzhen Longcheng Middle School, and High School of Shenzhen Overseas Chinese Town in China. The participants completed a questionnaire survey that measured MPA levels, parent-adolescent relationships, and depressive symptoms. The results showed that (1) The direct effect of MPA on adolescent depressive symptoms was stronger than that of possible MPA; (2) the indirect effect of MPA on depressive symptoms through parent-adolescent relationships was stronger than that of possible MPA. This study expanded the interdependent relationship between Internet addiction and depression by illustrating the mediating mechanism of parent-adolescent relationships in the link between different levels of MPA and adolescent depressive symptoms, having made an important contribution to the development of family-based prevention and intervention strategies for adolescent depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated how sibling status and sex of younger siblings influence Chinese adolescents' relationships with their fathers and mothers as a function of resource dilution and preference for sons. The sample included 1,093 adolescents from the 8th grade (Mage = 13.96 years, SD = 0.75 years; 47% girls) and the 11th grade (Mage = 17.25 years, SD = 0.74 years; 57% girls) in a longitudinal study. Consistent with expectations pertaining to the hypothesis of resource dilution and son preference in combination, girls with a younger brother reported less positive relationships with mothers than either singleton girls or girls with a younger sister. No significant difference was found between singleton boys and boys with a younger sibling. The current findings show implications that the resource‐dilution theory and son preference culture together may place girls with a younger brother in an unfavorable condition of resource allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomy – acting volitionally with a sense of choice – is a crucial right for children. Given parents' pivotal position in their child's autonomy development, we examined how parental autonomy support and children's need for autonomy were negotiated and manifested in the context of children's independent mobility – children's ability to play, walk or cycle unsupervised. We interviewed 105 Canadian children between 10 and 13-years-old and their parents (n = 135) to examine child-parents' negotiation patterns as to children's independent mobility. Four patterns emerged, varying on parental autonomy support and children's need/motivation for independent mobility: (1) child/parent dyad wants to increase independent mobility; (2) child only wants to increase independent mobility while parents do not; (3) child does not want to increase independent mobility while parents do; and (4) child/parent dyad does not want to increase independent mobility. Findings illuminate the importance of recognizing children as active and capable agents of change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mounting research supports that co-rumination, the tendency to seek peer support by engaging in extensive negatively focused discussion, is a risk factor for adolescent psychopathology. It is unclear, though, how this interpersonal tendency develops. Parental responses to adolescents' negative affect likely shape how youth utilize peer relationships to regulate distress, as they shift to reliance on peer support during this developmental stage. For example, nonsupportive parental responses may fail to instill healthy regulation strategies, resulting in ineffective forms of peer support, such as co-rumination. Conversely, high levels of supportive parental responses to adolescents' negative affect may motivate youth to also express more negative affect with peers, leading to co-rumination. Eighty-nine healthy adolescents (9-17) and their mothers completed surveys and a support-seeking interaction. Only supportive maternal responses, including maternal affection, were associated with adolescents' co-rumination. These analyses indicate that some forms of parental support are associated with adolescents' tendency to co-ruminate.

We examined US parent and youth perceptions of how life events, both positive and negative, associated with COVID-19 resulted in changes in family and youth functioning. Families (n = 105, 80% white, 48% male, and 87% mothers) completed surveys during the pandemic (May to July 2020) and 3 years prior (for youth ages M = 10.6, SD = 1.17 and M = 13.6, SD = 1.19). Declines in youth, though not parent, report of open family communication, parental support, and family satisfaction were found. Declines were associated with various domains of pandemic-related stress in parent report, though positive life events served as buffers. Pre-pandemic family functioning also predicted pandemic stress. Spillover effects in turn impacted youth functioning. The current findings shed light on how experiences of the pandemic are linked with family functioning and have implications for how to support families during this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents' time use during COVID-19 offers insight into their lived experiences in unprecedented times. Using a person-centered approach, we describe profiles of time use and examine demographics, parent support, and friend support as predictors of time use. Among 555 U.S. adolescents, we identified three latent profiles across 14 daily activities. Education-Focused youth were more likely to be gender non-binary, Latinx, or Asian, and had higher parental education, higher parent support, and lower friend support. High Media Users were more likely to be female or gender non-binary, LGBQ-identifying, Latinx, or Asian, and had lower parent and higher friend support. Work-Focused youth were more likely to be older and spent in-person time with friends. Implications include strengthening relational supports, and reconsidering the risks and benefits of different types of time use during this historical moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study explored early adolescent child-level predictors (physical aggression, impulsivity, empathy) and contextual-level predictors (peer deviance, neighborhood dangerousness) of violent and nonviolent antisocial behavior (AB) in late adolescence. Additionally, we tested the moderating role of rejecting parenting on these associations based on the importance of parent-child relationships in early adolescence and documented bidirectional associations between parenting and our predictor variables. Participants (N = 272) came from the Pitt Mother and Child Project, a longitudinal study of high-risk boys. Higher levels of early adolescent physical aggression significantly predicted late adolescent engagement in both nonviolent and violent crimes. Peer deviance, impulsivity, and neighborhood dangerousness were also associated with later juvenile AB. Rejecting parenting moderated several of these associations. Results support the predictive validity of several early adolescent child- and contextual-level variables—particularly early adolescent aggression—for subsequent engagement in both violent and nonviolent AB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive measures to prevent spread of COVID-19 have had a major impact on families' daily lives. Changes in family routines and experiences of COVID-19-related stress might negatively impact the quality of parenting and the parent-adolescent relationship. However, using active coping strategies might be associated with limited negative or even positive changes in the parent-adolescent relationship. This longitudinal, multi-informant, and pre-registered study used data of 240 mostly Dutch parents (85% mothers; Mage = 44.2 years old) and adolescents (50% girls; Mage = 11.4 years) from diverse SES backgrounds. Using Latent Change Score models, we examined how parent-reported parenting (i.e., positive parenting and discipline practices) and adolescent-reported relationship quality (i.e., support and negative interaction) changed from pre-COVID-19 (Fall 2019) to the COVID-19 period (Spring 2020). Moreover, we investigated whether parents' and adolescents' level of COVID-19-related stress was associated with the change in relationships, and whether active coping moderated the association between stress and changes in relationships. Results showed average decreases in support, positive parenting, and negative interactions between parents and adolescents. COVID-19-related stress was not a direct predictor of relationship changes and there was little evidence of moderating effects. Only adolescents' use of active coping strategies moderated the effect of stress on positive parenting. For high active coping adolescents, the link between stress and change in positive parenting was negative, whereas for low active coping adolescents this link was positive. The findings suggest that parent-adolescent relationships during a pandemic need attention, especially for adolescents with high stress levels and using active coping strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from the Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating (FLASHE) study, we examined how adolescents' age as well as parents' and their adolescent's gender are associated with the influence strategies parents use to promote healthy behaviors. Parents reported their use of intentional modeling and social control for four health behaviors: fruit and vegetable consumption, junk food consumption, physical activity, and screen time. We found that parents' reports of both intentional modeling and social control were lower for adolescents who were older. Additionally, parents reported using more intentional modeling with their same-gender children, but more social control with their sons. For certain health behaviors, the gender of parents and adolescents interacted with adolescents' age to predict the reported use of social control. Overall, this work highlights the importance of delineating both the similarities and differences in how mothers and fathers use influence to shape the health behavior of their adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detrimental effects of parental differential treatment have been shown in previous research, but fewer researchers have pointed out that differential treatment does not always lead to negative outcomes. Thus, the present study examines the role of temperament similarity on the association between parenting similarity and positive family relationship qualities over 1 year in 145 adolescent sibling dyads (Mfirst−born = 14.97 and SD = 1.68 years; Msecond−born = 12.20 and SD = 1.92 years). Latent moderator structure models (LMS) showed that a higher level of parenting similarity was related to more positive family relationships when siblings were more similar in their temperaments; however, a lower level of parenting similarity was related to more positive relationship qualities with family members 1 year later in the context of less sibling temperament similarity.

The detrimental effects of parental differential treatment have been shown in previous research, but fewer researchers have pointed out that differential treatment does not always lead to negative outcomes. Thus, the present study examines the role of temperament similarity on the association between parenting similarity and positive family relationship qualities over 1 year in 145 adolescent sibling dyads (M first−born = 14.97 and SD = 1.68 years; M second−born = 12.20 and SD = 1.92 years). Latent moderator structure models (LMS) showed that a higher level of parenting similarity was related to more positive family relationships when siblings were more similar in their temperaments; however, a lower level of parenting similarity was related to more positive relationship qualities with family members 1 year later in the context of less sibling temperament similarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stereotyped beliefs about the teen years may guide individuals' cognition, behaviors, and well-being. This study explored associations between parents' generalized views of typical adolescents and parent and teen well-being and examined parent–adolescent communication (PAC) as a potential mechanism in that association. One-hundred twenty parent–teen dyads (adolescents: 13–15 years) were recruited from a pediatric primary-care practice in the United States. All data were collected via self-report. Parents who viewed typical adolescents more favorably (as friendly and upstanding/prosocial) reported higher well-being. This association was partly mediated by quality of PAC. Positive parental views of adolescents were related to higher adolescent well-being only indirectly via PAC. Similarly, negative parental views of adolescents were associated with parent and adolescent well-being indirectly via PAC. The findings point to PAC as a potential intervening variable that is linked to parents' views of adolescents and parent and adolescent well-being. The current findings merit replication and further investigation using larger representative samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social anhedonia, a tendency toward experiencing social stimuli as less positive or pleasurable, is associated with maladaptive personality traits, poor interpersonal functioning, and psychopathology, and is typically elevated in males compared with females. However, the correlates of social anhedonia in youth have not been well defined. In this study, 275 young adolescents from a community sample completed measures of social anhedonia, personality, interpersonal functioning, and symptoms; mothers also completed personality and symptom measures. Social anhedonia was associated with low positive emotionality and, to a lesser extent, high disinhibition and negative emotionality. Social anhedonia was also correlated with several markers of poor interpersonal functioning and a wide range of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Interactions between sex variables indicated that associations were particularly strong in males. Overall, findings suggest that social anhedonia is an important construct to explore in early adolescence, with meaningful associations with psychosocial functioning, especially among males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few longitudinal studies examine how changes in parent–child relationships are associated with changes in youth internalizing problems. In this longitudinal study, we investigated how developmental trends (linear change) and year-to-year lability (within-person fluctuations) in parental warmth and hostility across Grades 6 to 8 predict youth internalizing problems in Grade 9 (N = 618) and whether these linkages differ for boys and girls. Developmental trends (greater decreases in warmth and increases in hostility) were associated with more youth internalizing problems. Greater year-to-year lability (more fluctuations) in father hostility and warmth were also associated with more internalizing problems. Greater lability in mother warmth was associated with more internalizing problems for girls only. The strongest effects of lability on internalizing problems were found for youth with the highest lability scores. This study underscores the importance of differentiating developmental trends from lability in parent–child relationships, both of which may be important for youth internalizing problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parental phubbing and its effects on adolescents have recently begun to attract concern. Previous studies have shown that parental phubbing was associated with emotional and behavioral problems among adolescents. However, much less is known about the association between parental phubbing and youth life satisfaction, let alone the mediating and moderating mechanisms. Methods: Self‐reports of parental phubbing, satisfaction with the parent–adolescent relationship, life satisfaction, and attachment style were assessed in a sample of 303 Chinese teenagers (155 girls and 148 boys, Mage = 14.00, SDage = 0.86). Multiple regressions were applied to investigate the association between parental phubbing and adolescents' life satisfaction, the mediating role of adolescents' relationship satisfaction, and the moderating role of adolescents' attachment styles. Results: Parental phubbing had a negative effect on adolescents' life satisfaction, yet this association was completely mediated by adolescents' relationship satisfaction. Besides, the association between parental phubbing and adolescents' relationship satisfaction was moderated by adolescents' attachment styles. Overall, the conditional effect of parental phubbing on adolescents' life satisfaction was significant among the preoccupied teens and the fearful teens but not significant among the secure teens and the dismissing teens. Conclusion: Although parental phubbing has the potential to undermine youth well‐being, the actual consequences for adolescents are variable, depending on their attachment orientations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High emotional autonomy has a negative association, whereas good problem-solving ability and parent-adolescent relationships have positive association with self-management in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Exploring roles of these variables is crucial to design specific interventions to improve self-management in such afflicted adolescents. To explore the roles of emotional autonomy, problem-solving ability and parent-adolescent relationships on self-management in adolescents with T1D. Cross-sectional design was used in this study. A total of 242 adolescents with T1D were recruited from an outpatient clinic of a medical center by convenience sampling in Taiwan. Self-reported questionnaires were used to collect personal characteristics, self-management, emotional autonomy, problem-solving ability, and parent-adolescent relationships. Hierarchical multiple regressions indicated that body mass index, problem-solving ability, father-adolescent relationship, and emotional autonomy were significant factors associated with self-management. The interactions of emotional autonomy with problem-solving ability and with parent-adolescents relationship were not significantly associated with self-management. The overall model explained 47.5% variance of self-management. High emotional autonomy was significantly associated with poor self-management. Problem-solving ability and father-adolescent relationships could not moderate, but were independently and significantly associated with self-management in adolescents with T1D. Healthcare providers should evaluate emotional autonomy earlier and provide more timely help to reduce any negative impact on self-management in adolescents with T1D. Improving problem-solving ability and encouraging fathers to develop optimal father-adolescents relationship might be promising strategies to enhance self-management in adolescents with T1D. • Emotional autonomy was negatively associated with self-management. • Problem-solving ability was positively associated with self-management in adolescents with T1D. • Father-adolescent relationship was positively associated with self-management in adolescents with T1D. • Problem-solving ability could not moderate negative relationship between emotional autonomy and self-management. • Parent-adolescent relationships could not moderate negative relationship between emotional autonomy and self-management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study with 198 urban Chinese adolescents (M age = 16.0, SD = 1.46) and their parents investigated the impact of parental control over personal issues in the context of everyday conflicts and adolescent self-reports of internalizing disorders as measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Adolescents and parents completed the Parental Authority Index (PAI) assessing perceptions of parental control over personal, prudential-conventional, and overlapping issues. Adolescents recorded daily conflicts with parents over 2 weeks on private blogs through an online platform. Significant relationships were found between adolescent BSI scores for internalizing disorders (anxiety, somatization, interpersonal sensitivity) and their scores on the PAI for perceptions of parental control over personal issues as well as actions that overlapped personal with conventional and prudential considerations. Blog data revealed that two thirds of these urban Chinese parent–adolescent conflicts were about regulation of adolescent daily activities and issues directly impacting adolescent personal choice. Adolescents considered the majority of these conflicts as personal issues, and those who reported perceiving a higher level of parental control over their personal issues had significantly more daily conflicts with their parents. In addition, significant associations were found between reported actual daily conflicts and adolescent internalizing disorders: The greater the intensity of conflicts as experienced by the adolescents, the higher adolescents scored on the BSI subscale for depression; the less fair adolescents rated the conflict resolution and the less positively they felt about the process that led to the outcome, the higher they scored on the BSI subscales for interpersonal sensitivity and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although hurt feelings might be inevitable in parent–adolescent relationships, follow-up conversations provide an opportunity for reconciliation and learning. This research considers how interaction patterns affect empathic accuracy and perceived understanding by examining the conversations of 98 parent–adolescent dyads regarding an event when adolescents felt hurt by something their parent said or did. Analysis of the interactions revealed three distinct interaction patterns: parental probing/adolescent withdrawal, mutual confrontation, and supportive listening. Although empathic accuracy remained low for all groups, supportive listening was associated with greater empathic accuracy for children and greater perceived understanding for both parents and adolescents. Analysis of specific thoughts reported during video review of the interactions revealed that parents often over-attributed negative thoughts to children, especially parents in the probing/withdrawal group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of differences scores to assess agreement/disagreement has a long and contentious history. Laird (2020) notes, however, that developmentalists have been particularly resistant to discontinue the use of difference scores. One area of developmental science where difference scores are still in regular use is that of parental differential treatment (PDT) or sibling differential experiences. In this response we argue that, in the case of our particular article (Campione-Barr, Lindell, & Giron, 2020), while the use of difference scores may not have been ideal, they were utilized for several reasons, including the history of the field in operationally defining within-family differential experiences through the use of discrepancy scores, as well as the complicated analytical nature of research examining more than one dyad within the same family. A discussion of whether or not analytical strategies need to change in this literature is important for the field to move forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discrepancies in first- (M = 14.97 years, SD = 1.82) and second-born adolescents' (M = 12.20 years, SD = 1.90 years) and their parents' perceptions of parental authority legitimacy (PAL) were examined in a longitudinal sample of 145 predominantly White, middle-class, U.S. families. Utilizing a growth curve modeling approach, changes in the discrepancies between parents' and both first- and second-born adolescents' ratings of PAL over the course of 4 years were examined separately by the social–cognitive domain of the issues (social domain theory; Smetana, 2011; Turiel, 2002). We found that discrepancies between parents and first-borns increased over time for personal and multifaceted issues, whereas discrepancies for second-born adolescents increased over socially regulated issues. Additionally, larger initial discrepancies between parents and both adolescents over socially regulated issues (i.e., moral and conventional) were associated with greater depressive symptoms, while decreases in discrepancies over time were generally associated with better adjustment outcomes but with some domain and birth order differentiation. Discussion focuses on the developmental appropriateness (or inappropriateness) of family member perception differences in authority legitimacy over the course of adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotion-related socialization behaviors that occur during parent–child interactions are dynamic. According to Eisenberg, Cumberland, and Spinrad's (1998) model, ongoing parental reactions to emotions and discussions of emotion indirectly shape children's socioemotional competence throughout childhood and adolescence. Typically developing adolescents—girls especially—are at increased risk for developing internalizing symptoms. We examined if and how emotion dynamics of mother–daughter interactions contribute to adolescent girls' internalizing symptoms. We applied grid-sequence analysis (Brinberg, Fosco, & Ram, 2017) to observational data obtained while N = 96 typically developing adolescent girls (Mage = 13.99 years) and their mothers engaged in 5 different emotionally-laden discussions. We identified patterns of expressed emotions that unfolded during each discussion and examined how interdyad differences in those patterns were associated with mothers' and daughters' internalizing symptoms. Dyads differed with respect to whether mothers or daughters tended to regulate positive emotion expressions. Interdyad differences in moment-to-moment dynamics of happy/excited and worried/sad discussions were associated with adolescent girls' social anxiety symptoms, although differences in emotion dynamics of proud, frustrated/annoyed, and grateful discussions were not. Taken together, results illustrate how methodological innovations are enabling new examination and detailed description of parent–child emotion socialization dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This 8-wave person-centered multi-informant study tested whether the quality of parent-adolescent relationships predicted the romantic experiences of young adults and their partners (N = 374; 54.8% girls; Mage = 13.08 years, SDage = 0.48 at the first measurement wave). Perceptions of parent-adolescent relationships were assessed using adolescent, mother, and father reports. Results show that both young adults and their partners reported the highest levels of support, intimacy, and passion when young adults had an authoritative relationship quality with their parents. A distant parent-adolescent relationship quality, however, predicted the lowest support, intimacy, and passion in romantic relationships. Interestingly, the association between parent-adolescent relationships with the experience of young adults' romantic partners was indirect. Parent-adolescent relationships predicted target young adults' romantic relationship experiences, which predicted partners' romantic relationship experiences. Parent-child relationship quality therefore has far-reaching, yet subtle, effects on later romantic relationships, affecting both young adults and their partners. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Parents' and youth's personality qualities are associated with parent-child relationships. Given that gender shapes the organization and structure of family life, gender typed personality qualities may also have implications for relationships between parents and children. We examined longitudinal linkages between expressivity, a gender typed personality quality, and parent-child warmth and conflict in a sample of African American families and tested if parental stress moderated these associations. Methods: Data came from mothers, fathers, and two adolescent-aged siblings (53% girls) from 185 families who participated in a three-year longitudinal study. In home interviews, parents and youth rated their own expressive qualities and perceptions of their relationship. Mothers and fathers also reported their family and work-related stress. Results: Results from Actor-Partner Interdependence Models showed that youth's expressivity positively predicted their own and their parents' perceptions of relationship warmth and negatively predicted their own and their parents' perceptions of conflict. Mothers' expressivity positively predicted their own and youth's perceptions of warmth and fathers' expressivity positively predicted only their own perceptions of warmth. Parents' expressivity was unrelated to conflict. Parental stress moderated the expressivity parent-youth relationship linkages differently for mothers and fathers. Youth's expressivity more strongly predicted maternal warmth among mothers who experienced low versus high stress. Youth's expressivity predicted lower conflict among fathers who experienced high stress. Conclusions: Findings underscore the utility of moving beyond biological sex to examine the role of gender typed qualities in parent-child relationships during adolescence, as well as the contexts in which those processes are embedded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In line with family systems theory, we examined patterns of hostile interactions within families and their associations with externalizing problems among early-adolescent children. Using hostility scores based on observational data of six dyadic interactions during a triadic interaction (n = 462; i.e., child-to-mother, mother-to-child, child-to-father, father-to-child, mother-to-father, father-to-mother)—latent profile analysis supported three distinct profiles of hostility. The low / moderate hostile profile included families with the lowest levels of hostility across dyads; families in the mutual parent-child hostile profile scored higher on parent-child hostility, but lower on interparental hostility; the hostile parent profile showed higher levels of parent-to-child and interparental hostility, but lower child-to-parent hostility. Concerning links to youth outcomes, youth in the mutual parent-child hostile profile reported the highest level of externalizing problems, both concurrently and longitudinally. These results point to the importance of examining larger family patterns of hostility to fully understand the association between family hostility and youth adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study revisits the premature autonomy model by examining parents' use of positive behavior support (PBS) practices on a daily timescale to better understand underlying processes in developmental changes in family disengagement and the implications for adolescent problem behavior and substance use. This study included 151 9th and 10th grade adolescents (61.5% female) and their caregivers, who participated in a baseline assessment, a 21-day daily diary burst, and a 1-year follow-up assessment. Four key findings emerged: (a) on days when parents used more PBS, adolescents felt more close and connected to their caregivers; (b) adolescents who exhibited a larger-magnitude of change in connectedness with caregivers in relation to variation in positive parenting (termed fragile connectedness) were at higher risk for antisocial behavior, deviant peer involvement, and substance use one year later; (c) individual differences in initial levels of antisocial behavior and effortful control accounted for between-person variation in fragile connectedness; and (d) day-level adolescent anger and parent–adolescent conflict predicted within-family variation in parents' use of PBS. Implications for the premature autonomy model and intervention science are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: High rates of sexually transmitted infections in the Arctic have been a focus of recent research, and youth are believed to be at greatest risk of infection. Little research has focused on understanding youth perspectives on sexual health. The goal of this study was to collect the perspectives of youth in Nunavut on sexual health and relationships with the intent of informing public health practice. Method: This qualitative research study was conducted within an Indigenous knowledge framework with a focus on Inuit ways of knowing. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews in three Nunavut communities with 17 youth between the ages of 14 and 19 years. Participants were asked open-ended questions about their experiences talking about sexual health and relationships with their family, peers, teachers or others in the community. Results: There are four key findings, which are important for public health: (a) Parents/caregivers are the preferred source of knowledge about sexual health and relationships among youth respondents; (b) youth did not report using the Internet for sexual health information; (c) youth related sexual decision-making to the broader community context and determinants of health, such as poverty; and (d) youth discussed sexual health in terms of desire and love, which is an aspect of sexual health often omitted from the discourse. Implications and contribution: The youth in this study articulated perspectives on sexual health, which are largely neglected in current public health practice in the North. The findings from this study underscore the important role of community-led participatory research in contributing to our understanding of the public health challenges in our communities today, and provide direction for future interventions and research.

Background: Family‐based assessments of risk factors for adolescent emotional, behavioral, and substance use problems can be used to identify adolescents who are at risk and intervene before problems cause clinically significant impairment. Expanding traditional methods for assessing risk, this study evaluates whether lability, referring to the degree to which parent–adolescent relationships and parenting fluctuate from day to day, might offer additional value to assessment protocols aimed at identifying precursor risk factors. Methods: This study sampled 151 adolescents and caregivers, collecting data at a baseline assessment, a 21‐day daily diary protocol, and a 12‐month follow‐up assessment. Daily diary data were used to calculate within‐family lability scores in parenting practices, parent–adolescent connectedness, and parent–adolescent conflict. Results: Regression analyses evaluated whether lability predicted adolescent's depression, anxiety, antisocial behavior (ASB), drunkenness, and marijuana use at 12‐month follow‐up. Lability in parent–adolescent connectedness, accounting for baseline levels, gender, age, and initial levels of outcomes, was associated with risk for depression, anxiety, ASB, drunkenness, and marijuana use. Lability in parenting practices also was associated with risk for depression, anxiety, and drunkenness. Baseline levels moderated some of these effects. Parent–adolescent conflict lability was only associated with depression. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence for substantial value added when including dynamic assessments of family lability in predicting long‐term adolescent risk outcomes and call for integration of dynamic methods into assessment practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: While transitioning to adulthood presents challenges for youth with developmental disabilities (DD), opportunities to develop adult social roles and communication skills may foster more optimal outcomes. One such opportunity is developing conflict resolution skills within parent-adolescent relationships. Methods: We examined how reported conflict and observed conflict resolution behaviors differed between adolescents with typical development or DD, specifically intellectual disability (ID) and/or autism spectrum disorder, and their mothers. Participants (n = 167) were mid-adolescents (age 15) from a longitudinal study of how psychopathology develops in youth with or without DD. Results: While mothers' Reported Conflict was similar across groups, Mother Problem Solving was highest, and Youth Problem Solving lowest, in families of youth with ID. Higher Reported Conflict related to more negative observed conflict resolution behaviors across all groups. Conclusions: Results are considered in the context of transitioning to adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Interpersonal relationships are important predictors of health outcomes and interpersonal influences on behaviours may be key mechanisms underlying such effects. Most health behaviour theories focus on intrapersonal factors and may not adequately account for interpersonal influences. We evaluate a dyadic extension of the Theory of Planned Behaviour by examining whether parent and adolescent characteristics (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and intentions) are associated with not only their own but also each other's intentions/behaviours. Design: Using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model, we analyse responses from 1717 parent-adolescent dyads from the Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating study. Main Outcome Measures: Adolescents/parents completed self-reports of their fruit and vegetable consumption, junk food and sugary drinks consumption, engagement in physical activity, and engagement in screen time sedentary behaviours. Results: Parent/adolescent characteristics are associated with each other's health-relevant intentions/behaviours above the effects of individuals' own characteristics on their own behaviours. Parent/adolescent characteristics covary with each other's outcomes with similar strength, but parent characteristics more strongly relate to adolescent intentions, whereas adolescent characteristics more strongly relate to parent behaviours. Conclusions: Parents and adolescents may bidirectionally influence each other's health intentions/behaviours. This highlights the importance of dyadic models of health behaviour and suggests intervention targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chronic illness effects one in ten adolescents worldwide. Adolescence involves a desire for autonomy from parental control and the necessity to transition care from parent to child. This review investigates the transition to adolescent self-management of chronic illness treatment behaviors in the context of parent-adolescent relationships.Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science was conducted from earliest database records to early June 2017. Articles were included if they focused on adolescents, addressed illness self-management, discussed the parent-adolescent relationship, and were published in English. Articles were excluded if the chronic illness was a mental health condition, included children younger than 10 years of age, or lacked peer review.Results: Nine studies met inclusion criteria. Outcomes included challenges to adolescent self-management, nature of the parent-adolescent relationship, illness representation, perceptions of adolescent self-efficacy in compliance, medical decision making, laboratory measures, and adolescent self-management competence. Across diagnoses, parents who were available to monitor, be a resource, collaborate with their adolescent, and engage in ongoing dialogue were key in the successful transition to autonomous illness management.Conclusions: There is a paucity of research addressing the experiences of adolescents in becoming experts in their own care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This longitudinal study examined relations between mother-child relationship quality and father support in adolescence (ages 15-19) and emerging adults' (ages 24-28) romantic anxiety and avoidance in a sample that experienced parental divorce in childhood (n = 72). A significant interactive effect of mother-adolescent relationship quality and father support on romantic anxiety occurred. High levels of father support protected emerging adults from the negative effects of a low quality mother-adolescent relationship. These results highlight the importance of examining effects of one parental relationship in the context of the other and the role that nonresidential fathers play in influencing their offspring's romantic attachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]