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Different algorithms are available in literature to extract coastline from remotely sensed images and different approaches can be adopted to evaluate the result accuracy. In every case, a reference coastline is suitable to compare alternative solutions: usually, the visual photointerpretation on the RGB composition of the considered imagery and the manually vectorization of the coastline allow an accurate term of comparison, but they are laborious and time consuming. This article aims to demonstrate that a smart procedure is possible using a LiDAR-generated Digital Elevation Model (Lg-DEM) as a useful source from which to rapidly extract the reference coastline. The experiments are carried out on Sentinel-2 imagery, using six indices: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Red-Green Ratio (RGR) and NIR-Red Ratio (NRR). The unsupervised classification algorithm named K-Means transforms each index resulting product in two clusters, i.e. water and no-water, while the automatic vectorization allows to detect the coastline as separation between land and sea. The coastline from Lg-DEM and the manually achieved one using photointerpretation are both assumed as references for testing result accuracy. In every case, the performance analysis of the six indices products induces similar results, confirming the combination of NDWI and K-Means as the most performing approach. The tests demonstrate that, when Lg-DEM and satellite images concern the same area in the same period or in absence of variations, the coastline extracted from Lg-DEM is useful as reference to compare various methods.

Over the centuries, generations of family farmers have developed complex, diversified, and locally adapted agricultural systems, managed with ingenious combinations of agricultural practices tested over time, ensuring the nutrition of rural communities and the conservation of natural resources and biodiversity. Crop protection practices among family farmers are at the corner of their success, and in many cases, agroecological practices ensure the success and resilience of the system. Nevertheless, since the last century, family farmers are using curative protection measures to control pests, diseases, and weeds, particularly using pesticides, increasing the risk of its use to the farmer, the consumer, and the environment. Therefore, it seems important to know the crop protection practices adopted by small family farmers, the closeness of these practices to agroecology and to recognize the examples of innovation in crop protection through agroecology among such universe of farmers. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is one of the largest scientific instruments ever built. Since opening up anew energy frontier for exploration in 2010, it has gathered a global user community of about 9000 scientists working in fundamental particle physics and the physics of hadronic matter at extreme temperature and density. To sustain and extend its discovery potential, the LHC will need a major upgrade in the 2020s. This will increase its instantaneous luminosity (rate of collisions) by a factor of five beyond the original design valueand the integrated luminosity (totalnumber of collisions) by a factor ten. The LHC is already a highly complexand exquisitely optimised machine so this upgrade must be carefully conceived and will require new infrastructures(underground and on surface)and over a decade to implement. The new configuration, known as High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), relies on a number of key innovations that push accelerator technology beyond its present limits. Among these are cutting-edge 11–12Tesla superconducting magnets, compact superconducting cavities for beam rotation with ultra-precise phase control, new technology and physical processes for beam collimation and 100 metre-long high-power superconducting links with negligible energy dissipation, all of which required several years of dedicated R&D; effort on a global international level. The present document describes the technologies and components that will be used to realise the projectand is intended to serve as the basis for the detailed engineering design of the HL-LHC.

In the field of the remote sensing, the introduction of high resolution satellite sensors has required the development of several data fusion approaches. Two kinds of images are usually acquired: Multispectral and panchromatic. The first group has a lower spatial resolution but accurate spectral information while the second presents a higher spatial resolution with a longer band acquisition range. Pan-sharpening permits to combine panchromatic and multispectral data to create new multispectral images with higher geometric resolution. In this paper nine different pan-sharpening methods are tested on WorldView-3 images: Brovey, Weighted Brovey, Gram Schmidt, IHS, Fast IHS, Multiplicative, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Simple Mean and Zhang. With the aim to rank the techniques efficiency, visual inspections combined with quantitative evaluations are performed to test spectral qualities of the fused images. This is a difficult task because the quality of the fused image depends on the considered datasets: RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) and ERGAS (Relative Dimensionless Global Error) are the accuracy indices used for this scope.

The analysis of the labour insertion of young people aged between 15 and 24, with the basic compulsory schooling, based upon unpublished data on the Quadros de Pessoal of the Ministry for Labour and Social Security is the main goal of this paper. Its approach is based upon two framing analytical tips: the contextualized analysis of the indicators contract, seniority, duration of time of work and remuneration on the years of 1988, 1998 and 2007, bearing in mind the economical, demographical and labour market regulating macro-structural variables; a compared analysis where attention is drawn upon the young people who have the ISCED 0-2, comparing them to those who have a secondary (ISCED 3-4) or superior (ISCED 5-6) schooling. Multiple correspondence analysis to more current data, allowed for the identification of patterns regarding the professional insertion on young people anchored in a set of various indicators of the work relationship.

Este artigo analisa as mudanças estruturais do emprego juvenil entre os 15 e 24 anos de idade, com escolaridade básica obrigatória (ISCED 0-2), nos anos de 1988, 1998 e 2007, tendo por base dados não publicados dos Quadros de Pessoal do Ministério do Trabalho e da Solidariedade Social. A exploração das variáveis contrato, antiguidade, duração do tempo de trabalho e remuneração, permite configurar uma autonomização do mercado de trabalho da mão-de-obra juvenil face à generalidade do mercado de trabalho. Conclui-se argumentando que a escolaridade é um fator diferenciador da relação de emprego dos jovens menos escolarizados face aos mais escolarizados., Análise Social, Vol. 49 No. 210 (2014)

The cryogenic system of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) under operation at CERN has a total helium inventory of 140 t. Up to 50 t can be stored in gas storage tanks. The remaining inventory will be stored in a liquid helium storage system consisting of six 15-t liquid helium tanks in 4 locations. The two liquid helium tanks of specific low heat inleak design and the required infrastructure of the first location were recently commissioned. Four additional tanks shall be operational end 2010. The paper describes the features and characteristics of the liquid helium storage system and presents the measurement of the thermal performance of the two first tanks.

Ao longo do processo de evolução das sociedades capitalistas, tem vindo a intensificar-se a importância conferida à educação/formação no processo de empregabilidade, afirmando-se como variável central do funcionamento dos mercados de trabalho. Este artigo procura perceber, a partir da análise de dados obtidos nos Quadros de Pessoal para o ano de 2007, em que medida é que os níveis de escolaridade continuam a configurar-se como uma variável explicativa de diferentes tipos de relações de emprego dos jovens entre os 15 e os 24 anos. Uma análise de correspondências múltiplas sobre a informação secundária não publicada e a constatação da emergência de padrões novos de inserção profissional, com características distintivas que, todavia, não questionam a associação positiva entre os diplomas escolares e a relação de emprego, constituem os aspectos pertinentes e inovadores deste estudo. Throughout the development of capitalist societies, there has been a steady increase in the importance attributed to education/training in the process of employability: it has asserted itself as a key variable in the functioning of the labour markets. In the light of an analysis of the data in the 2007 Personnel Charts, the aim of this article is to understand to what extent educational levels still represent a variable that explains the different types of employment relationships among young people between 15 and 24 years of age. The relevant and innovative aspects of this study are, firstly, a multiple correspondence analysis of the unpublished secondary information and, secondly, the findings that new patterns of integration into the labour market have emerged, with distinctive characteristics, though they do not call into question the positive association between educational certificates and the employment relationship. Tout au long de l’évolution des sociétés capitalistes, l’importance conférée à ‘éducation/formation dans le processus d’employabilité s’intensifie. Elle s’affirme désormais comme une variable centrale du fonctionnement des marchés du travail. Cet article analyse les données obtenues dans les tableaux des effectifs de l’année 2007 afin de comprendre dans quelle mesure les niveaux de scolarité continuent de constituer une variable pouvant expliquer les différents types de relations d’emploi des jeunes entre 15 et 24 ans. Une analyse des correspondances multiples sur l’information secondaire non publiée et la constatation de l’émergence de nouveaux modèles d’insertion professionnelle qui, malgré leurs caractéristiques distinctives, ne remettent pas en cause l’association positive entre les diplômes scolaires et la relation d’emploi, sont les aspects pertinents et innovants de cette étude. A lo largo del proceso de evolución de las sociedades capitalistas, se ha venido intensificando la importancia conferida a la educación/formación en el proceso de empleabilidad, afirmándose como variable central del funcionamiento de los mercados de trabajo. Este artículo procura entender, a partir del análisis de datos obtenidos en el cuerpo (plazas) profesional para el año de 2007, en qué medida es que los niveles de escolaridad continúan configurándose como una variable explicativa de los diferentes tipos de relaciones de empleo de los jóvenes entre los 15 y los 24 años. Un análisis de correspondencias múltiples sobre la información secundaria no publicada y la constatación de la emergencia de padrones nuevos de inserción profesional, con características distintivas que, todavía, no cuestionan la asociación positiva entre los diplomas escolares y la relación de empleo, constituyen los aspectos pertinentes e innovadores de este estudio.

The Borborema and Benin–Nigeria provinces of NE Brazil and NW Africa, respectively, are key areas in the amalgamation of West Gondwana by continental collision during the Brasiliano/Pan-African orogenies. Both are underlain by complex basement: Nigeria has c. 3.05 Ga Archaean crust but no known Palaeoproterozoic rocks >2.0 Ga; in NE Brazil, 2.6–3.5 Ga Archaean rocks form small cores within Palaeoproterozoic gneiss terrains affected by plutonism at c. 2.17 Ga. Both regions exhibit Late Palaeoproterozoic (c. 1.8 Ga) rift-related magmatism and metasedimentary sequences overlying the basement. The Seridó Group of NE Brazil (

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) [1] currently under construction at CERN will make use of superconducting magnets operating in superfluid helium below 2 K. A compound cryogenic distribution line (QRL) will feed with helium at different temperatures and pressures the local elementary cooling loops in the cryomagnet strings. Low heat inleak to all temperature levels is essential for the overall LHC cryogenic performance. Following a competitive tendering, CERN adjudicated in 2001 the contract for the series line to Air Liquide (France). This paper recalls the main features of the technical specification and shows the project status. The basic choices and achievements for the industrialization phase of the series production are also presented, as well as the installation issues and status.