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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by cyclic normoxic and hypoxic conditions (intermittent hypoxia, IH) induced by the repeated closure of the upper-airway respiratory tract. As a pathomechanism of OSA, IH results in various comorbidities via chronic inflammation and related pathways. However, the role of other inflammatory cells, such as lymphocytes, has not been well-explored. This study aimed to examine the effects of IH on the distribution and balance of T cell subsets and other related cytokines, and mechanisms in the immune system. We modified OSA mouse model (male C57BL/6N male) using our customized chamber that controls specific sleep and oxygenic cycles. To induce hypoxia, the IH group was repeatedly exposed to 5% O2 and 21% O2 lasting for 120 s each for 7 h daily for 4 weeks. Mice were then subjected to a recovery period of 4 weeks, in which IH stimulation was ceased. T cells and related cytokines were analyzed using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Compared with the control group, the IH group had significantly lower levels of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells but higher levels of Th 17, IL-4, HIF-1, and inflammatory cytokines. After the recovery period, these altered changes in the immune cells were recovered, and we found no significant difference in their levels between the control and recovery groups. This study revealed that the Th17/Treg ratio is increased by intermittent hypoxia, and this imbalance can explain immune-related diseases, including recently reported allergies, autoimmune, and even cancer diseases, arising from OSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed highly efficient quantum dot light-emitting devices (QD-LEDs) by improving the charge balance with triple hole injection and transport layers consisted of MoO3/poly[N,N′-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)benzidine] (poly-TPD)/poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK). The hole injection layer was prepared by evaporating MoO3. Poly-TPD and PVK were spin-coated as hole transport layers. The stepwise energy level of MoO3/poly-TPD/PVK enhanced the hole injection from anode to QD emitters. Tris[2,4,6-trimethyl-3-(pyridine-3-yl)phenyl]borane (3TPYMB) was used as an electron transport layer (ETL) because of its relatively high electron mobility and deep lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level. We achieved high external quantum efficiency of 8.2% by enhancing hole injection into the QD layer in the organic ETL-based green QD-LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]