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The Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven automated decision-making support system has been heralded as a considerable workforce replacement in the near future by automating mundane repetitive tasks and eliminating time-consuming support tasks in all disciplines (Park & Glenn, 2017). Even though a number of practical hurdles in the field of the AI-integrated pathology still exist--which is mainly caused by a higher degree of complexity and specialty of the pathologic diagnosis process--such difficulties are expected to be soon overcome by rapid advances in AI technology. Accordingly, there is a growing sense of debate that medical AI could cause human doctors to lose their jobs (Lee, 2019). Since the doctoral function that can be replaced by AI is mainly limited to diagnoses at this stage, the opinion that doctors who make good use of AI would have a better chance of surviving seems to be a likely outcome (Lee, 2019). However, a considerable adjustment to the healthcare workforce also seems to be inevitable because healthcare institutions will continue to secure a competitive advantage through an AI's economic efficiency in the fast-paced healthcare industry, even though ethical debates related to commercial exploitation of such technological advances continues Lee, 2019 . It may be safe to say that a re-allocation of human resources is preordained in the AI-integrated healthcare system. In this article, the authors outline a preliminary study about the Optimal Safe Staffing Standard for Right Workforce in the setting of pathology using Park's Optimized Nurse Staffing [Sweet Spot] Estimation Theory (Park, 2017).

Allium ulleungense (AU) and A. microdictyon (AM) are valuable medicinal and edible vegetables, referred to as mountain garlic in Korea. The identification of AU, AM and a neighboring species A. ochotense (AO) is difficult because of their morphological similarities. We collected samples from three species and 46 cultivated collections to understand the genetic diversity of these valuable Allium species. Among them, we sequenced six collections, including three species and three cultivating collections to obtain data from the plastid genome (plastome) and nuclear 45S ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) for super-barcoding. The AM and AO showed around 60 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 39 Insertion/Deletion (InDels) in the plastome but no variations in the nrDNA sequences. Conversely, the AU and AM showed more than 170 SNPs and 80 InDels in the plastomes, and 20 SNPs and 1 InDel were found in the 45S nrDNA sequences. Among the three cultivating collections, one TB collection was determined to be the AU type in both plastome and nrDNA sequences. However, the other two collections, JB and SA, showed the AM type plastome but were heterozygous in the 45S nrDNA sequences, indicating both AU and AM types (putative AM x AU hybrid). Ten molecular markers were developed based on sequence variations to identify these three species and assess their genetic diversity. A total of 49 collections were genotyped using the ten developed markers and classified into five groups: 14 AU, 22 AM, 1 AO, 3 putative AM x AU hybrids, and 9 putative AU x AM hybrid collections. Super-barcoding with plastomes and nrDNAs revealed the genetic diversity of the three Allium species and putative hybrids between species. The newly developed markers will facilitate species and hybrid identification, thereby benefiting marker-assisted molecular breeding of Allium species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The primary objective of this paper is to provide a review of research on argumentation in science education based on publications from 1998 to 2014 in three science education journals. In recent years, the teaching and learning argumentation (i.e. the coordination of evidence and theory to support or refute an explanatory conclusion, model or prediction) has emerged as a significant educational goal. Argumentation is a critically important discourse process in science and it should be taught and learned in the science classroom as part of scientific inquiry and literacy. Argumentation stresses the evidence-based justification of knowledge claims, and it underpins reasoning across STEM domains. Our aim in this study was to investigate how argumentation has been positioned within the publications of three top academic journals: "Science Education," "International Journal of Science Education," and "Journal of Research in Science Teaching." A methodology for content analysis of the journals is described using quantitative and qualitative techniques. Results: One of the contributions of our analysis is the illustration that researchers studying argumentation from a linguistic perspective have been emphasizing related concepts in different ways. While the emphasis has been on discourse and discussion across all journals, the related concepts of talk, conversation, dialogue and negotiation were observed to a lesser extent. Likewise, the fine-level analysis of the key epistemic concepts such as reasoning, evidence and inquiry indicates variation in coverage. Conclusions: The findings can provide evidence-based indicators for where more emphasis needs to be placed in future research on argumentation, and in particular they can provide guidelines for journals in soliciting articles that target underemphasized aspects of argumentation in science education.

Chimeric plants composed of green and albino tissues have great ornamental value. To unveil the functional genes responsible for albino phenotypes in chimeric plants, we inspected the complete plastid genomes (plastomes) in green and albino leaf tissues from 23 ornamental chimeric plants belonging to 20 species, including monocots, dicots, and gymnosperms. In nine chimeric plants, plastomes were identical between green and albino tissues. Meanwhile, another 14 chimeric plants were heteroplasmic, showing a mutation between green and albino tissues. We identified 14 different point mutations in eight functional plastid genes related to plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (rpo) or photosystems which caused albinism in the chimeric plants. Among them, 12 were deleterious mutations in the target genes, in which early termination appeared due to small deletion-mediated frameshift or single nucleotide substitution. Another was single nucleotide substitution in an intron of the ycf3 and the other was a missense mutation in coding region of the rpoC2 gene. We inspected chlorophyll structure, protein functional model of the rpoC2, and expression levels of the related genes in green and albino tissues of Reynoutria japonica. A single amino acid change, histidine-to-proline substitution, in the rpoC2 protein may destabilize the peripheral helix of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase, impairing the biosynthesis of the photosynthesis system in the albino tissue of R. japonica chimera plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]