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As hybridization of the Japanese and US types of cooperation in the automobile industry advances, the unified perspective proposes that transaction cost, resource-based and embeddedness theories be unified to expound on the present state of interorganizational cooperation. The unified perspective argues that determinants in product development and production processes are similar. However, through a case analysis of Hyundai motors company, this research will articulate how types of interorganizational cooperation between product development and production are different and how heterogenous collaboration processes and transaction governance in product development and production should be combined to obtain competitiveness. The results of the case analysis are as follows. Firstly, this study clarifies that there are distinct combinations of interorganizational transaction governance and collaboration in product development and production processes. Secondly, factors such as transaction costs and resources affect collaboration and transaction governance in product development and production processes differently. While the acquisition of resources and administration are the major factors that influence the formation of collaboration in product development processes, the reduction of production costs and administration of transaction governance are the factors that lead to the formation of collaboration in production.

Taehoon Park1 ,* Sumi Lee2 ,* Reeju Amatya,1 Heesun Cheong,3 Cheol Moon,4 Hyun Duck Kwak,5 Kyoung Ah Min,2 Meong Cheol Shin1 1College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea; 2College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea; 3Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea; 4College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea; 5Department of Ophthalmology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Kyoung Ah MinCollege of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of KoreaTel +82 55 320 3459Fax +82 55 320 3940Email minkahh@inje.ac.krMeong Cheol ShinCollege of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of KoreaTel +82 55 772 2421Fax +82 55 772 2429Email shinmc@gnu.ac.krPurpose: Indocyanine green (ICG), a near infrared (NIR) dye clinically approved in medical diagnostics, possesses great heat conversion efficiency, which renders itself as an effective photosensitizer for photothermal therapy (PTT) of cancer. However, there remain bottleneck challenges for use in PTT, which are the poor photo and plasma stability of ICG. To address these problems, in this research, ICG-loaded silver nanoparticles were prepared and evaluated for the applicability as an effective agent for photothermal cancer therapy.Methods and Results: PEGylated bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated silver core/shell nanoparticles were synthesized with a high loading of ICG (“PEG-BSA-AgNP/ICG”). Physical characterization was carried out using size analyzer, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry to identify successful preparation and size stability. ICG-loading content and the photothermal conversion efficiency of the particles were confirmed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and laser instruments. In vitro studies showed that the PEG-BSA-AgNP/ICG could provide great photostability for ICG, and their applicability for PTT was verified from the cellular study results. Furthermore, when the PEG-BSA-AgNP/ICG were tested in vivo, study results exhibited that ICG could stably remain in the blood circulation for a markedly long period (plasma half-life: 112 min), and about 1.7% ID/g tissue could be accumulated in the tumor tissue at 4 h post-injection. Such nanoparticle accumulation in the tumor enabled tumor surface temperature to be risen to 50°C (required for photo-ablation) by laser irradiation and led to successful inhibition of tumor growth in the B16F10 s.c. syngeneic nude mice model, with minimal systemic toxicity.Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that PEG-BSA-AgNPs could serve as effective carriers for delivering ICG to the tumor tissue with great stability and safety.Keywords: silver nanoparticle, bovine serum albumin, indocyanine green, photothermal therapy, cancer

To address the issue of international HRM adaptability, we need to conduct a comparison of various ASEAN Plus Three countries, including Japan. In other words, to have employees actively engage in behaviors that are desirable for their companies, we must determine the most effective means of implementing HRM by identifying the differences between each region through conducting by-country analysis. Accordingly, in this study, we will focus on three countries by looking at Japan as the home country, and considering Thailand and China as Japanese companies’ main foreign investment countries. By targeting local employees of Japanese companies in these countries, we will attempt to find a solution to determine the type of HRM practices that are needed to promote employee behaviors required to run efficient SCM operations, and to identify the differences between these countries.

Based on previous studies on knowledge transfer, we examined how Toyota has been advancing localization of supply chain in ASEAN, especially in Thailand. In particular, we revealed that Toyota has been providing technical support to its suppliers by establishing a new specialized department in charge of technical support called the “Local Parts Development Division”. Developing the suppliers is necessary in developing countries such as ASEAN countries where industrial competitiveness is not yet well developed. However, most of the previous studies did not shed light on how Japanese companies have been building their supply chain in developing countries. This study is significant in that, and it examined how the Japanese automobile company “Toyota” recognized the industrial competitiveness in developing countries and built its supply chain.