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We propose a metasurface antenna capable of real time holographic beam steering. An array of reconfigurable dipoeles can generate on demand far field patterns of radiation through the specific encoding of meta atomic states. i.e., the configuration of each dipole. Suitable states for the generation of the desired patterns can be identified using iteartion, but this is very slow and needs to be done for each far field pattern. Here, we present a deep learning based method for the control of a metasurface antenna with point dipole elements that vary in their state using dipole polarizability. Instead of iteration, we adopt a deep learning algorithm that combines an autoencoder with an electromagnetic scattering equation to determin the states required for a target far field pattern in real time. The scattering equation from Born approximation is used as the decoder in training the neural network, and analytic Green's function calculation is used to check the validity of Born approximation. Our learning based algorithm requires a computing time of within in 200 microseconds to determine the meta atomic states, thus enabling the real time opeartion of a holographic antenna.

Near-field scanning optical microscopy has been an indispensable tool for designing, characterizing and understanding the functionalities of diverse nanoscale photonic devices. As the advances in fabrication technology have driven the devices smaller and smaller, the demand has grown steadily for improving its resolving power, which is determined mainly by the size of the probe attached to the scanner. The use of a smaller probe has been a straightforward approach to increase the resolving power, but it cannot be made arbitrarily small in practice due to the steep reduction of the collection efficiency. Here, we develop a method to enhance the resolving power of near-field imaging beyond the limit set by the physical size of the probe aperture. The main working principle is to unveil high-order near-field eigenmodes invisible with conventional near-field microscopy. The destructive interference of near-field waves is induced in these high-order eigenmodes by the locally varying phases, which can reveal subaperture-scale fine structural details. To extract these eigenmodes, we construct a self-interference near-field microscopy system and measure a fully phase-referenced far- to near-field transmission matrix (FNTM) composed of near-field amplitude and phase maps recorded for various angles of far-field illumination. By the singular value decomposition of the measured FNTM, we could extract the antisymmetric mode, quadrupole mode, and other higher-order modes hidden under the lowest-order symmetric mode. This enables us to resolve double and triple nano-slots whose gap size (50 nm) is three times smaller than the diameter of the probe aperture (150 nm). The subaperture near-field mode mapping by the FTNM can be potentially combined with various existing near-field imaging modalities and promote their ability to interrogate local near-field optical waves of nanoscale devices.

Molecular recognition and discrimination of carbohydrates are important because carbohydrates perform essential roles in most living organisms for energy metabolism and cell-to-cell communication. Nevertheless, it is difficult to identify or distinguish various carbohydrate molecules owing to the lack of a significant distinction in the physical or chemical characteristics. Although there has been considerable effort to develop a sensing platform for individual carbohydrates selectively using chemical receptors or an ensemble array, their detection and discrimination limits have been as high in the millimolar concentration range. Here we show a highly sensitive and selective detection method for the discrimination of carbohydrate molecules using nano-slot-antenna array-based sensing chips which operate in the terahertz frequency range. This THz metamaterial sensing tool recognizes various types of carbohydrate molecules over a wide range of molecular concentrations. Strongly localized and enhanced terahertz transmission by nano-antennas can effectively increase the molecular absorption cross sections, thereby enabling the detection of these molecules even at low concentrations. We verified the performance of nano-antenna sensing chip by both THz spectra and images of transmittance. Screening and identification of various carbohydrates can be applied to test even real market beverages with a high sensitivity and selectivity.

Waves incident to a highly scattering medium are incapable of penetrating deep into the medium due to the diffusion process induced by multiple scattering. This poses a fundamental limitation to optically imaging, sensing, and manipulating targets embedded in opaque scattering layers such as biological tissues. One strategy for mitigating the shallow wave penetration is to exploit eigenmodes with anomalously high transmittance existing in any disordered medium. When waves are coupled to these eigenmodes, strong constructive wave interference enhances deeply penetrating waves. However, finding such eigenmodes has been a challenging task due to the complexity of disordered media. In this Letter, we present an iterative wavefront control method that selectively enriches the coupling of incident beam to high-transmission eigenmodes. Specifically, we refined the high-transmission eigenmodes from an arbitrary initial wave by either maximizing transmitted wave intensity or minimizing reflected wave intensity. Using the proposed method, we achieved more than a factor of 3 increases in light transmission through a scattering medium exhibiting hundreds of scattering events. Our approach is readily applicable to in vivo applications in which only the detection of reflected waves is available. Enhancing light penetration will lead to improving the working depth of optical imaging and treatment techniques.

Sensing and manipulating targets hidden under scattering media are universal problems that take place in applications ranging from deep-tissue optical imaging to laser surgery. A major issue in these applications is the shallow light penetration caused by multiple scattering that reflects most of incident light. Although advances have been made to eliminate image distortion by a scattering medium, dealing with the light reflection has remained unchallenged. Here we present a method to minimize reflected intensity by finding and coupling light into the anti-reflection modes of a scattering medium. In doing so, we achieved more than a factor of 3 increase in light penetration. Our method of controlling reflected waves makes it readily applicable to in vivo applications in which detector sensors can only be positioned at the same side of illumination and will therefore lay the foundation of advancing the working depth of many existing optical imaging and treatment technologies.

Plasmonic nanoantennas are key elements in nanophotonics capable of directing radiation or enhancing the transition rate of a quantum emitter. Slot-type magnetic-dipole nanoantennas, which are complementary structures of typical electric-dipole-type antennas, have received little attention, leaving their antenna properties largely unexplored. Here we present a novel magnetic-dipole-fed multi-slot optical Yagi-Uda antenna. By engineering the relative phase of the interacting surface plasmon polaritons between the slot elements, we demonstrate that the optical antenna exhibits highly unidirectional radiation to free space. The unique features of the slot-based magnetic nanoantenna provide a new possibility of achieving integrated features such as energy transfer from one waveguide to another by working as a future optical via.

Optical antenna is a nanoscale miniaturization of radio or microwave antennas that is also governed by the rule of plasmonics. We introduce various types of optical antenna and make an overview of recent developments in optical antenna research. The role of local and surface plasmons in optical antenna is explained through antenna resonance and resonance conditions for specific metal structures are explicitly obtained. Strong electric field is shown to exist within a highly localized region of optical antennas such as antenna feed gap or apertures. We describe physical properties of field enhancement in apertures(circular and rectangular holes) and gaps(infinite slit and feed gap), as well as experimental techniques measuring enhanced electric vector field. We discuss about analogies and differences between conventional and optical antennas with a projection of future developments., Comment: To be published in Contemporary Physics

p-Conjugated materials, including small molecules and polymers, are attracting substantial attention as novel gain media in semiconductor lasers; they offer many potential advantages not achievable with conventional inorganic semiconductors: simple processing, low cost, easy tuneability of the spectrum, and large-area integration on flexible substrates. Optically pumped lasing action in various small molecular and polymeric p-conjugated materials has been demonstrated using several resonator configurations. However, electrically pumped organic semiconductor lasers, i.e., organic injection or diode lasers, remain elusive, presumably due to various loss mechanisms, e.g., charge (polaron)-induced absorption and metal electrode absorption. Here we report on evidence for amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), also known as mirrorless lasing (i.e., wherein some of the spontaneously emitted photons are amplified by stimulated emission during their propagation) in DC-driven small molecular organic light-emitting diodes (SMOLEDs). The evidence includes a dramatic spectral line narrowing, with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of only 5 - 10 nm, and optical gain, of the edge-emission from SMOLEDs at room temperature. However, there is no clear indication of threshold behavior associated with this spectral narrowing. Nevertheless, this discovery should pave the way towards the realization of an organic diode laser., Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures

We analyze the propagation of fast-light pulses through a finite-length resonant gain medium both analytically and numerically. We find that intrinsic instabilities can be avoided in attaining a substantial peak advance with an ultra-short rather than a long or adiabatic probe., Comment: 3 pages, 3 figures. Replaced with revised version submitted to Optics Letters

We have studied theoretically the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of two-dimensional excitons in a ring with small random width variation. We derive a nonlinear Gross-Pitaevkii equation (GPE) for such a condensate. Our numerical solution of the ground state of the GPE displays a necklace-like structure in the presence of small random variation of ring width. This is a consequence of the interplay between random potential and the nonlinear repulsive term of the GPE. Our result suggests that the formation of ring and necklace-like structures observed recently in the photoluminescence of quantum wells may be stable even in the BEC phase.

We present a new model of BEC dynamics based on strong confinement near the ground state. The model predicts oscillations in a two-component condensate, based on interference of non-spreading wave packets moving within a pair of tilted nearly square potentials. The oscillations are similar to those recently reported for a magnetically trapped $^{87}$Rb condensate, and the model's predictions give good quantitative agreement with the experiments., Comment: 4 pages, 8 figures

We generalize the Lund-Regge model for vortex string dynamics in 4-dimensional Minkowski space to the arbitrary n-dimensional case. The n-dimensional vortex equation is identified with a nonabelian sine-Gordon equation and its integrability is proven by finding the associated linear equations of the inverse scattering. An explicit expression of vortex coordinates in terms of the variables of the nonabelian sine-Gordon system is derived. In particular, we obtain the n-dimensional vortex soliton solution of the Hasimoto-type from the one soliton solution of the nonabelian sine-Gordon equation., Comment: 10 pages

We study the Lund-Regge equation that governs the motion of strings in a constant background antisymmetric tensor field by using the duality between the Lund-Regge equation and the complex sine-Gordon equation. Similar to the cases of vortex filament configurations in fluid dynamics, we find various exact solitonic string configurations which are the analogue of the Kelvin wave, the Hasimoto soliton and the smoke ring. In particular, using the duality relation, we obtain a completely new type of configuration which corresponds to the breather of the complex sine-Gordon equation., Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures

Using the Painlev\'{e} analysis, we investigate the integrability properties of a system of two coupled nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equations that describe the propagation of orthogonally polarized optical waves in an isotropic medium. Besides the well-known integrable vector nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation, we show that there exist a new set of equations passing the Painlev\'{e} test where the self and cross phase modulational terms are of different magnitude. We introduce the Hirota bilinearization and the B\"{a}cklund transformation to obtain soliton solutions and prove integrability by making a change of variables. The conditions on the third-order susceptibility tensor $\chi^{(3)} $ imposed by these new integrable equations are explained.

Conservation laws of the nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation are studied in the presence of higher-order nonlinear optical effects including the third-order dispersion and the self-steepening. In a context of group theory, we derive a general expression for infinitely many conserved currents and charges of the coupled higher-order nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation. The first few currents and charges are also presented explicitly. Due to the higher-order effects, conservation laws of the nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation are violated in general. The differences between the types of the conserved currents for the Hirota and the Sasa-Satsuma equations imply that the higher-order terms determine the inherent types of conserved quantities for each integrable cases of the higher-order nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation.

It is shown that the McCall-Hahn theory of self-induced transparency in coherent optical pulse propagation can be identified with the complex sine-Gordon theory in the sharp line limit. We reformulate the theory in terms of the deformed gauged Wess-Zumino-Witten sigma model and address various new aspects of self-induced transparency.

An exact one monopole solution in a uniform self-dual background field is obtained in the BPS limit of the SU(2) Yang-Mills-Higgs theory by using the inverse scattering method., Comment: 10 pages

We introduce a new notion of "matrix potential" to nonlinear optical systems. In terms of a matrix potential $g$, we present a gauge field theoretic formulation of the Maxwell-Bloch equation that provides a semiclassical description of the propagation of optical pulses through resonant multi-level media. We show that the Bloch part of the equation can solved identically through $g$ and the remaining Maxwell equation becomes a second order differential equation with reduced set of variables due to the gauge invariance of the system. Our formulation clarifies the (nonabelian) symmetry structure of the Maxwell-Bloch equations for various multi-level media in association with symmetric spaces $G/H$. In particular, we associate nondegenerate two-level system for self-induced transparency with $G/H=SU(2)/U(1)$ and three-level $\L $- or V-systems with $G/H = SU(3)/U(2)$. We give a detailed analysis for the two-level case in the matrix potential formalism, and address various new properties of the system including soliton numbers, effective potential energy, gauge and discrete symmetries, modified pulse area, conserved topological and nontopological charges. The nontopological charge measures the amount of self-detuning of each pulse. Its conservation law leads to a new type of pulse stability analysis which explains nicely earlier numerical results., Comment: 43 pages, Latex, some comments and references are added. postscript file containing 10 figures can be obtained at http://photon.kyunghee.ac.kr/~qhpark/

The B\"{a}cklund transformation for the three-level Maxwell-Bloch equation is presented in the matrix potential formalism. By applying the B\"{a}cklund transformation to a constant electric field background, we obtain a general solution for matched pulses (a pair of solitary waves) which can emit or absorb a light velocity solitary pulse but otherwise propagate with their shapes invariant. In the special case, this solution describes a steady state pulse without emission or absorption, and becomes the matched pulse solution recently obtained by Hioe and Grobe. A nonlinear superposition rule is derived from the B\"{a}cklund transformation and used for the explicit construction of two solitons as well as nonabelian breathers. Various new features of these solutions are addressed. In particular, we analyze in detail the scattering of "invertons", a specific pair of different wavelength solitons one of which moving with the velocity of light. Unlike the usual case of soliton scattering, the broader inverton changes its sign through the scattering. Surprisingly, the light velocity inverton receives time advance through the scattering thereby moving faster than light, which however does not violate causality., Comment: 20 pages, Latex, 12 eps figure files some comments and references are added. postscript file with 12 figures can be obtained at http://photon.kyunghee.ac.kr/~qhpark/

We show the quantum equivalence between certain symmetric space sine-Gordon models and the massive free fermions. In the massless limit, these fermions reduce to the free fermions introduced by Goddard, Nahm and Olive (GNO) in association with symmetric spaces $K/G$. A path integral formulation is given in terms of the Wess-Zumino-Witten action where the field variable $g$ takes value in the orthogonal, unitary, and symplectic representations of the group $G$ in the basis of the symmetric space. We show that, for example, such a path integral bosonization is possible when the symmetric spaces $K/G$ are $SU(N) \times SU(N)/SU(N); N \le 3, ~ Sp(2)/U(2)$ or $SO(8)/U(4)$. We also address the relation between massive GNO fermions and the nonabelian solitons, and explain the restriction imposed on the fermion mass matrix due to the integrability of the bosonic model., Comment: 11 pages

We consider the (2+1)-dimensional gauged Heisenberg ferromagnet model coupled with the Chern-Simons gauge fields. Self-dual Chern-Simons solitons, the static zero energy solution saturating Bogomol'nyi bounds, are shown to exist when the generalized spin variable is valued in the Hermitian symmetric spaces G/H. By gauging the maximal torus subgroup of H, we obtain self-dual solitons which satisfy vortex-type nonlinear equations thereby extending the two dimensional instantons in a nontrivial way. An explicit example for the CP(N) case is given., Comment: 11 pages

The massive soliton theories describe integrable perturbations of WZW cosets as generalized multi-component sine-Gordon models. We study their coupling to 2-dim gravity in the conformal gauge and show that the resulting models can be interpreted as conformal non-Abelian Toda theories when a certain algebraic condition is satisfied. These models, however, do not provide quantum mechanically consistent string backgrounds in the case the underlying WZW constraints are first solved classically., Comment: latex, 11pp

We show that the chiral soliton model recently introduced by Aglietti et al. can be made integrable by adding an attractive potential with a fixed coefficient. The modified model is equivalent to the derivative nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger model which does not possess parity and Galilean invariance. We obtain explicit one and two classical soliton solutions and show that in the weak coupling limit, they correctly reproduce the bound state energy as well as the time delay of two-body quantum mechanics of the model., Comment: 8 pages, Latex

Using a field theory generalization of the spinning top motion, we construct nonabelian generalizations of the sine-Gordon theory according to each symmetric spaces. A Lagrangian formulation of these generalized sine-Gordon theories is given in terms of a deformed gauged Wess-Zumino-Witten action which also accounts for integrably perturbed coset conformal field theories. As for physical applications, we show that they become precisely the effective field theories of self-induced transparency in nonlinear optics. This provides a dictionary between field theory and nonlinear optics., Comment: 5 pages, to appear in the Proceedings of the 2nd Sakharov Conference on Physics, Moscow, May, 1996

Hidden nonabelian symmetries in nonlinear interactions of radiation with matter are clarified. In terms of a nonabelian potential variable, we construct an effective field theory of self-induced transparency, a phenomenon of lossless coherent pulse propagation, in association with Hermitian symmetric spaces $G/H$. Various new properties of self-induced transparency, e.g. soliton numbers, effective potential energy, gauge symmetry and discrete symmetries, modified pulse area, conserved $U(1)$-charge etc. are addressed and elaborated in the nondegenerate two-level case where $G/H = SU(2)/U(1)$. Using the $U(1)$-charge conservation, a new type of analysis on pulse stability is given which agrees with earlier numerical results., Comment: 41 pages, Latex file

We generalize the integrable Heisenberg ferromagnet model according to each Hermitian symmetric spaces and address various new aspects of the generalized model. Using the first order formalism of generalized spins which are defined on the coadjoint orbits of arbitrary groups, we construct a Lagrangian of the generalized model from which we obtain the Hamiltonian structure explicitly in the case of $CP(N-1)$ orbit. The gauge equivalence between the generalized Heisenberg ferromagnet and the nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger models is given. Using the equivalence, we find infinitely many conserved integrals of both models., Comment: 11 pages

We describe curved-space BPS dyon solutions, the ADM mass of which saturates the gravitational version of the Bogomol'nyi bound. This generalizes self-gravitating BPS monopole solutions of Gibbons et al. when there is no dilaton., Comment: 10 pages

The symmetric space sine-Gordon models arise by conformal reduction of ordinary 2-dim $\sigma$-models, and they are integrable exhibiting a black-hole type metric in target space. We provide a Lagrangian formulation of these systems by considering a triplet of Lie groups $F \supset G \supset H$. We show that for every symmetric space $F/G$, the generalized sine-Gordon models can be derived from the $G/H$ WZW action, plus a potential term that is algebraically specified. Thus, the symmetric space sine-Gordon models describe certain integrable perturbations of coset conformal field theories at the classical level. We also briefly discuss their vacuum structure, Backlund transformations, and soliton solutions., Comment: 12 pages

It is shown that the McCall-Hahn theory of self-induced transparency in coherent optical pulse propagation can be identified with the complex sine-Gordon theory in the sharp line limit. We reformulate the theory in terms of the deformed gauged Wess-Zumino-Witten sigma model and address various new aspects of self-induced transparency., Comment: 8 pages, in Latex

New aspects of the complex sine-Gordon theory are addressed through the reformulation of the theory in terms of the gauged Wess-Zumino-Witten action. A dual transformation between the theory for the coupling constant $\b > 0$ and the theory for $\b < 0$ is given which agrees with the Krammers-Wannier duality in the context of perturbed conformal field theory. The B\"{a}cklund transform and the nonlinear superposition rule for the complex sine-Gordon theory are presented and from which, exact solutions, solitons and breathers with U(1) charge, are derived. We clarify topological and nontopological nature of neutral and charged solitons respectively, and discuss about the duality between the vector and the axial U(1) charges., Comment: 10 pages, LaTex

The matrix sine-Gordon theory, a matrix generalization of the well-known sine-Gordon theory, is studied. In particular, the $A_{3}$-generalization where fields take value in $SU(2)$ describes integrable deformations of conformal field theory corresponding to the coset $SU(2) \times SU(2) /SU(2)$. Various classical aspects of the matrix sine-Gordon theory are addressed. We find exact solutions, solitons and breathers which generalize those of the sine-Gordon theory with internal degrees of freedom, by applying the Zakharov-Shabat dressing method and explain their physical properties. Infinite current conservation laws and the B\"{a}cklund transformation of the theory are obtained from the zero curvature formalism of the equation of motion. From the B\"{a}cklund transformation, we also derive exact solutions as well as a nonlinear superposition principle by making use of the Bianchi's permutability theorem., Comment: 25 pages, 6 Postscript figures

A new effective action for the high energy quark-quark scatterings is obtained by applying a scaling approximation to the QCD action. The propagators are shown to factorize into the transverse and the longitudinal parts so that the scattering amplitudes are given in terms of the products of two dimensional $S$-matrices. we show that our action provides a natural effective field theory for the Lipatov's theory of quark scatterings with quasi-elastic unitarity. The amplitude with quasi-elastic unitarity obtained from this action shows `Regge' behavior and is eikonalized., Comment: 8 pages, uses Feynman.tex

Massive integrable field theories in $1+1$ dimensions are defined at the Lagrangian level, whose classical equations of motion are related to the ``non-abelian'' Toda field equations. They can be thought of as generalizations of the sine-Gordon and complex sine-Gordon theories. The fields of the theories take values in a non-abelian Lie group and it is argued that the coupling constant is quantized, unlike the situation in the sine-Gordon theory, which is a special case since its field takes values in an abelian group. It is further shown that these theories correspond to perturbations of certain coset conformal field theories. The solitons in the theories will, in general, carry non-abelian charges., Comment: 18 pages, no figures, plain tex with macro included

We introduce a generalization of $A_{r}$-type Toda theory based on a non-abelian group G, which we call the $(A_{r},G)$-Toda theory, and its affine extensions in terms of gauged Wess-Zumino-Witten actions with deformation terms. In particular, the affine $(A_{1},SU(2))$-Toda theory describes the integrable deformation of the minimal conformal theory for the critical Ising model by the operator $\Phi_{(2,1)}$. We derive infinite conserved charges and soliton solutions from the Lax pair of the affine $(A_{1}, SU(2))$-Toda theory. Another type of integrable deformation which accounts for the $\Phi_{(3,1)}$-deformation of the minimal model is also found in the gauged Wess-Zumino-Witten context and its infinite conserved charges are given., Comment: 11pages, SNUCTP 94-83 (One reference has been added.)