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Contents : 1/ Introduction -- 2/ LANFRANCO, S. & BELLIA, A. F. - Hotspot of vegetation diversity in the Maltese Islands -- 3/ FENECH, N. - The importance of Malta's valleys for birds -- 4/ BUHAGIAR, K. - Transformation of the cultural landscape in the valleys of northern Malta -- 5/ FELIX, I & PORTELLI, E. - Mapping valleys for sustainable planning and management -- 6/ DEIDUN, A., SCIBBERRAS, A. & SCIBERRAS, J. - The challenge of non-indigenous species -- 7/ GAMBIN, B. & PATISSIER, R. - Influence of environmental conditions on the Great Reed invasion -- 8/ CALLEJA, E., SAPIANO, M. & CUTAJAR, A. - Strengthening the climate resilience of Wied il-Fiddien through ecological restoration -- 9/ VELLA, S. - Rehabilitation and regeneration of Wied Għajn Żejtuna -- 10/ Glossary, An interconnected labyrinth of valleys, referred to locally as ‘widien’, meander their way through the Maltese Islands. They vary from broad, gently sloping formations, born out of tectonic movements, to narrow, deep, and steep-sided ravines that largely result from erosion. The widien are essentially seasonal watercourses, fed by runoff during the wet season and lying dry for most of the summer. There are a few exceptions, such as Wied il-Baħrija, where spring-flow supports a trickle of freshwater all year round. These valleys provide a home for different species of fauna and communities of vegetation that are found only within watercourses and their immediate vicinity. These plant communities are known as riparian flora. There are two major types of riparian flora: hydrophytes, which are species that need to be fully or partially submerged in water, and non-submerged littoral flora, which grow mainly on the banks of the watercourses. Maltese valleys also host a number of other specialist plant species, such as those that thrive in rocky environments. Throughout history, water in valley beds has attracted human settlement and agricultural activity. Malta’s valleys have long been used as a source of irrigation and drinking water, as well as convenient waste disposal sites. Other common uses include transport routes, grazing and recreation. The publication of this book, co-financed through the LIFE IP Project Optimising the Implementation of the 2nd RBMP in the Malta River Basin District (LIFE 16 IPE MT 008)1, is intended to guide the reader to discover the Maltese islands’ watercourses and their value and contribution to society. The information provided is not only to create awareness of the rich diversity of flora and fauna but also on their vulnerability, and will hopefully raise awareness to reverse negative trends. Only through education and awareness to the greater public in hand with the authorities could such gems be preserved for future generations to enjoy., peer-reviewed