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87 results on '"Parlow E"'

8. BUBBLE – an Urban Boundary Layer Meteorology Project

Author

Rotach, M. W., Vogt, R., Bernhofer, C., Batchvarova, E., Christen, A., Clappier, A., Feddersen, B., Gryning, S.-E., Martucci, G., Mayer, H., Mitev, V., Oke, T. R., Parlow, E., Richner, H., Roth, M., Roulet, Y.-A., Ruffieux, D., Salmond, J. A., Schatzmann, M., and Voogt, J. A.

Published
2005
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13. Copernicus Sentinels for Urban Planning in Russia: The SEN4RUS Project

Author

Chrysoulakis, N., Marconcini, Mattia, Sazonova, A., Tal, A., Dusgun, S., Parlow, E., Charalampopoulou, V., Mitraka, Z., Esch, Thomas, Cavur, M., and Feigenwinter, C.

Subjects
Sentinels, Community of Practice, Sentinel, Copernicus, Urban Planning, Russia
Published
2018

14. Urban Energy Balance from Space: The URBANFLUXES Project

Author

Chrysoulakis, Nektarios, Grimmond, Sue, Feigenwinter, C., Lindberg, Fredrik, Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe, Marconcini, Mattia, Del Frate, Fabio, Klostermann, Judith, Mitraka, Zina, Stagakis, S., Olofson, Frans, Landier, Lucas, Gabey, Andy, Crawford, B., Morrison, W., Sun, T., Kent, C.W., Esch, Thomas, and Parlow, E.

Subjects
Energy Balance, Urban, URBANFLUXES
Published
2018

15. Ten years of eddy covariance measurements in Basel, Switzerland: Seasonal and interannual variabilities of urban CO2 mole fraction and flux

Author

Schmutz, Michael, Vogt, R., Feigenwinter, C., and Parlow, E.

Abstract

Eddy covariance (EC) measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) in urban environments are carried out widely since the late nineties. However, long-term time series are still rare and little is known about long-term tendencies, even though cities are major sources of CO2 globally. Here a full decade of EC measurements from Basel, Switzerland, is presented. An approach for the calculation of horizontal averages is presented. It improves the significance and comparability of measured fluxes from heterogeneous environments and emphasizes the need of adequate weighting by horizontal averaging in such heterogeneous urban environments, especially for the derivation of cumulative quantities like the annual net ecosystem exchange. The urban CO2 mole fraction (ρC) is compared with regional background measurements, and good agreement in terms of long-term trend and seasonal variability is found. Over the last decade an increase of 2 ppm y1 is observed, both locally and globally. CO2 flux (FC) data are analyzed for diurnal and seasonal cycles as well as interannual variabilities. FC shows a large interannual variability in times of high source activity (e.g., during the day and in winter). In contrast, a relatively constant background flux of 5 μmolm2 s1 is found during periods of low source activity. The long-term trend of FC is mostly superimposed by the large temporal variability and is found to be 5% over the last 10 years.

Published
2016
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16. Numerical weather prediction as a surrogate for climate observations in practical applications

Author

Müller, M., Parlow, E., Müller, M., and Parlow, E.

Abstract

Climate data is used in many practical applications including energy demand estimations for heating and cooling, agricultural applications, risk assessment, and many more. The required climate data is only available if meteorological observations exist at a given location. In this study, the possibility of replacing long observational records with a few years of numerical weather forecast data is investigated for practical applications requiring temperature data. Observational data from 1980-2010, measured at 700 weather stations in Central Europe are used together with model forecasts of the years 2008-2010. Depending on the station, forecast data capture 90-110% of the standard deviation observed for daily mean and maximum temperatures and slightly less for minimum temperature. Heating and cooling degree days can be estimated with an error of 5-15% in climates where they have a relevance. Based on model data, maps of heating and cooling degree days are computed and the regional uncertainties are quantified using the observational data. The results suggest that numerical weather forecast data can be used for certain practical applications, either as a surrogate of observational data or for quite reliable estimates in locations with no observations

Published
2018

17. A One-dimensional Ensemble Forecast and Assimilation System for Fog Prediction

Author

Müller, M. D., Schmutz, C., Parlow, E., Müller, M. D., Schmutz, C., and Parlow, E.

Abstract

A probabilistic fog forecast system was designed based on two high resolution numerical 1-D models called COBEL and PAFOG. The 1-D models are coupled to several 3-D numerical weather prediction models and thus are able to consider the effects of advection. To deal with the large uncertainty inherent to fog forecasts, a whole ensemble of 1-D runs is computed using the two different numerical models and a set of different initial conditions in combination with distinct boundary conditions. Initial conditions are obtained from variational data assimilation, which optimally combines observations with a first guess taken from operational 3-D models. The design of the ensemble scheme computes members that should fairly well represent the uncertainty of the current meteorological regime. Verification for an entire fog season reveals the importance of advection in complex terrain. The skill of 1-D fog forecasts is significantly improved if advection is considered. Thus the probabilistic forecast system has the potential to support the forecaster and therefore to provide more accurate fog forecasts

Published
2018

18. Geometry effect on the estimation of band reflectance in an urban area

Author

Frey, C., Parlow, E., Frey, C., and Parlow, E.

Abstract

Reflectance of the urban surface is an important factor for urban climate studies and can be assessed using standard remote sensing applications. However, no application considers the three-dimensional structure of the city surface and its resulting shading patterns or the inclined roof surfaces. To determine the effect of these factors on the estimation of urban surface reflectance, a high-resolution raster-based city-surface model was used to estimate the spatial solar irradiance in an example city, namely Basel in Switzerland. Eight times daily for 1year, the solar irradiance was calculated using MODTRAN and the illumination geometry of the city. Subsequently, the spatial distribution of the solar irradiance, as well as the error in assumed reflectance values were analysed. The error in estimation of reflectance increased with lower solar-elevation angle, so its maxima were found in winter. Higher visibility of the assumed atmosphere also increased the estimated error due to the lower proportion of diffuse irradiance. The error decreased with coarser spatial resolution of the pixel

Published
2018

24. 3D modeling of radiative transfer and energy balance in urban canopies combined to remote sensing acquisitions

Author

Landier, L., primary, Al Bitar, A., additional, Lauret, N., additional, Gastellu-Etchegorry, J.P., additional, Aubert, S., additional, Mitraka, Z., additional, Feigenwinter, C., additional, Parlow, E., additional, Heldens, W., additional, Kotthaus, S., additional, Grimmond, S., additional, Lindberg, F., additional, and Chrysoulakis, N., additional

Published
2016
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34. A One-dimensional Ensemble Forecast and Assimilation System for Fog Prediction.

Author

Gultepe, Ismail, Müller, M. D., Schmutz, C., and Parlow, E.

Abstract

A probabilistic fog forecast system was designed based on two high resolution numerical 1-D models called COBEL and PAFOG. The 1-D models are coupled to several 3-D numerical weather prediction models and thus are able to consider the effects of advection. To deal with the large uncertainty inherent to fog forecasts, a whole ensemble of 1-D runs is computed using the two different numerical models and a set of different initial conditions in combination with distinct boundary conditions. Initial conditions are obtained from variational data assimilation, which optimally combines observations with a first guess taken from operational 3-D models. The design of, the ensemble scheme computes members that should fairly well represent the uncertainty of the current meteorological regime. Verification for an entire fog season reveals the importance of advection in complex terrain. The skill of 1-D fog forecasts is significantly improved if advection is considered. Thus the probabilistic forecast system has the potential to support the forecaster and therefore to provide more accurate fog forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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35. Ten years of eddy covariance measurements in Basel, Switzerland: Seasonal and interannual variabilities of urban CO2mole fraction and flux

Author

Schmutz, M., Vogt, R., Feigenwinter, C., and Parlow, E.

Abstract

Eddy covariance (EC) measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) in urban environments are carried out widely since the late nineties. However, long‐term time series are still rare and little is known about long‐term tendencies, even though cities are major sources of CO2globally. Here a full decade of EC measurements from Basel, Switzerland, is presented. An approach for the calculation of horizontal averages is presented. It improves the significance and comparability of measured fluxes from heterogeneous environments and emphasizes the need of adequate weighting by horizontal averaging in such heterogeneous urban environments, especially for the derivation of cumulative quantities like the annual net ecosystem exchange. The urban CO2mole fraction (ρC) is compared with regional background measurements, and good agreement in terms of long‐term trend and seasonal variability is found. Over the last decade an increase of 2 ppm y−1is observed, both locally and globally. CO2flux (FC) data are analyzed for diurnal and seasonal cycles as well as interannual variabilities. FCshows a large interannual variability in times of high source activity (e.g., during the day and in winter). In contrast, a relatively constant background flux of 5 µmol m−2s−1is found during periods of low source activity. The long‐term trend of FCis mostly superimposed by the large temporal variability and is found to be −5% over the last 10 years. Improved method of horizontal averaging for better comparability of flux data in heterogeneous environments presentedComparison of urban CO2mole fraction to regional background recordsLong‐term (10 years) trends and variability of urban CO2flux and mole fraction reported

Published
2016
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43. A One-dimensional Ensemble Forecast and Assimilation System for Fog Prediction

Author

Müller, M. D., Schmutz, C., Parlow, E., Müller, M. D., Schmutz, C., and Parlow, E.

Abstract

A probabilistic fog forecast system was designed based on two high resolution numerical 1-D models called COBEL and PAFOG. The 1-D models are coupled to several 3-D numerical weather prediction models and thus are able to consider the effects of advection. To deal with the large uncertainty inherent to fog forecasts, a whole ensemble of 1-D runs is computed using the two different numerical models and a set of different initial conditions in combination with distinct boundary conditions. Initial conditions are obtained from variational data assimilation, which optimally combines observations with a first guess taken from operational 3-D models. The design of the ensemble scheme computes members that should fairly well represent the uncertainty of the current meteorological regime. Verification for an entire fog season reveals the importance of advection in complex terrain. The skill of 1-D fog forecasts is significantly improved if advection is considered. Thus the probabilistic forecast system has the potential to support the forecaster and therefore to provide more accurate fog forecasts

44. Numerical weather prediction as a surrogate for climate observations in practical applications

Author

Müller, M., Parlow, E., Müller, M., and Parlow, E.

Abstract

Climate data is used in many practical applications including energy demand estimations for heating and cooling, agricultural applications, risk assessment, and many more. The required climate data is only available if meteorological observations exist at a given location. In this study, the possibility of replacing long observational records with a few years of numerical weather forecast data is investigated for practical applications requiring temperature data. Observational data from 1980-2010, measured at 700 weather stations in Central Europe are used together with model forecasts of the years 2008-2010. Depending on the station, forecast data capture 90-110% of the standard deviation observed for daily mean and maximum temperatures and slightly less for minimum temperature. Heating and cooling degree days can be estimated with an error of 5-15% in climates where they have a relevance. Based on model data, maps of heating and cooling degree days are computed and the regional uncertainties are quantified using the observational data. The results suggest that numerical weather forecast data can be used for certain practical applications, either as a surrogate of observational data or for quite reliable estimates in locations with no observations

46. Geometry effect on the estimation of band reflectance in an urban area

Author

Frey, C., Parlow, E., Frey, C., and Parlow, E.

Abstract

Reflectance of the urban surface is an important factor for urban climate studies and can be assessed using standard remote sensing applications. However, no application considers the three-dimensional structure of the city surface and its resulting shading patterns or the inclined roof surfaces. To determine the effect of these factors on the estimation of urban surface reflectance, a high-resolution raster-based city-surface model was used to estimate the spatial solar irradiance in an example city, namely Basel in Switzerland. Eight times daily for 1year, the solar irradiance was calculated using MODTRAN and the illumination geometry of the city. Subsequently, the spatial distribution of the solar irradiance, as well as the error in assumed reflectance values were analysed. The error in estimation of reflectance increased with lower solar-elevation angle, so its maxima were found in winter. Higher visibility of the assumed atmosphere also increased the estimated error due to the lower proportion of diffuse irradiance. The error decreased with coarser spatial resolution of the pixel

50. Vertical structure of selected turbulence characteristics above an urban canopy

Author

Vogt, R., Parlow, E., and Feigenwinter, C.

Subjects
CITIES & towns, SURFACE roughness
Abstract

In this paper the results of an urban measurement campaign are presented. The experiment took place from July 1995 to February 1996 in Basel, Switzerland. A total of more than 2000 undisturbed 30-minute runs of simultaneous measurements of the fluctuations of the wind vectoru', v', w' and the sonic temperature ' at three different heights (z=36, 50 and 76 m a.g.l.) are analysed with respect to the integral statistics and their spectral behaviour. Estimates of the zero plane displacement height d calculated by the temperature variance method yield a value of 22 m for the two lower levels, which correspondsto 0.92 h (the mean height of the roughness elements). At all three measurement heights the dimensionless standard deviation w /u* is systematically smaller than the Monin-Obukhov similarity function for the inertial sublayer, however, deviations are smaller compared to other urban turbulence studies. The values follow the inertial sublayer prediction very close for the two lowest levels, while at the uppermost level significant deviations are observed. Profiles of normalized velocity and temperature variances show a clear dependence on stability. The profile of friction velocity u* is similar to the profiles reported in other urban studies with a maximum aroundz/h=2.1. Spectral characteristics of the wind components in general show a clear dependence on stability and dimensionless measurement height z/h with a shift of the spectral peak to lower frequencies as thermal stability changes from stable to unstable conditions and as z/hdecreases. Velocity spectra follow the -2/3 slope in the inertial subrange region and the ratios of spectral energy densities Sw (f)/Su (f) approach the value of 4/3 required for localisotropy in the inertial subrange. Velocity spectra and spectral peaks fit best to the well established surface layer spectra from Kaimalet al. (1972) at the uppermost level at z/h=3.2." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1999

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