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Humans have generally evolved some adaptations to protect against UV and different levels of background ionizing radiation. Similarly, elephants and whales have evolved adaptations to protect against cancer, such as multiple copies of the tumor suppressor gene p53, due to their large size and long lifespan. The difference in cancer protection strategies between humans and elephants/whales depends on genetics, lifestyle, environmental exposures, and evolutionary pressures. In this paper, we discuss how the differences in evolutionary adaptations between humans and elephants could explain why elephants have evolved a protective mechanism against cancer, whereas humans have not. Humans living in regions with high levels of background radiation, e.g. in Ramsar, Iran where exposure rates exceed those on the surface of Mars, seem to have developed some kind of protection against the ionizing radiation. However, humans in general have not developed cancer-fighting adaptations, so they instead rely on medical technologies and interventions. The difference in cancer protection strategies between humans and elephants/whales depends on genetics, lifestyle, environmental exposures, and evolutionary pressures. In this paper, we discuss how the differences in evolutionary adaptations between humans and elephants could explain why elephants have evolved a protective mechanism against cancer, whereas humans have not. Studying elephant adaptations may provide insights into new cancer prevention and treatment strategies for humans, but further research is required to fully understand the evolutionary disparities.

Background: Sonodynamic Therapy (SDT), a safe and non-invasive strategy in tumor therapy, is in development using novel sono-sensitizers, activated by low-intensity ultrasound radiation. SDT mainly progresses through Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation followed by cell annihilation.Objective: The current study aimed to investigate the effect of ultrasound therapy with titania/gold nanoparticles (NPs) on melanoma cancer.Material and Methods: In this experimental study, Titania/gold NPs (TGNPs) were synthesized, and their activity was investigated in sonodynamic therapy of a melanoma cancer cell line (C540). SDT was performed at 1.0 W cm-2 and 1.0 MHz for one minute.Results: The synthesized NPs that comprised gold NPs of