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Item does not contain fulltext, Background Prostate MRI is used widely in clinical care for guiding tissue sampling, active surveillance, and staging. The Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) helps provide a standardized probabilistic approach for identifying clinically significant prostate cancer. Despite widespread use, the variability in performance of prostate MRI across practices remains unknown. Purpose To estimate the positive predictive value (PPV) of PI-RADS for the detection of high-grade prostate cancer across imaging centers. Materials and Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study was compliant with the HIPAA. Twenty-six centers with members in the Society of Abdominal Radiology Prostate Cancer Disease-focused Panel submitted data from men with suspected or biopsy-proven untreated prostate cancer. MRI scans were obtained between January 2015 and April 2018. This was followed with targeted biopsy. Only men with at least one MRI lesion assigned a PI-RADS score of 2-5 were included. Outcome was prostate cancer with Gleason score (GS) greater than or equal to 3+4 (International Society of Urological Pathology grade group >/=2). A mixed-model logistic regression with institution and individuals as random effects was used to estimate overall PPVs. The variability of observed PPV of PI-RADS across imaging centers was described by using the median and interquartile range. Results The authors evaluated 3449 men (mean age, 65 years +/- 8 [standard deviation]) with 5082 lesions. Biopsy results showed 1698 cancers with GS greater than or equal to 3+4 (International Society of Urological Pathology grade group >/=2) in 2082 men. Across all centers, the estimated PPV was 35% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 27%, 43%) for a PI-RADS score greater than or equal to 3 and 49% (95% CI: 40%, 58%) for a PI-RADS score greater than or equal to 4. The interquartile ranges of PPV at these same PI-RADS score thresholds were 27%-44% and 27%-48%, respectively. Conclusion The positive predictive

A table is presented summarising the main features of the mining tax regimes in Western Australia, Ontario, Chile, China, Ecuador, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Colorado and Vietnam. Details compared are the national and state income tax rates, minimum tax, royalties, allowances for depreciation, cost of concession, pre-production development and exploration, ongoing exploration, processing and depletion, loss carry-forward and other features. Aspects discussed include the basis for mineral taxation, types of mineral taxes, objectives of the mineral tax regime, best practices and royalties. The two main factors in every tax regime are the need for an internationally competitive system and government policies reflecting the nation's unique priorities., A table is presented summarising the main features of the mining tax regimes in Western Australia, Ontario, Chile, China, Ecuador, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Colorado and Vietnam. Details compared are the national and state income tax rates, minimum tax, royalties, allowances for depreciation, cost of concession, pre-production development and exploration, ongoing exploration, processing and depletion, loss carry-forward and other features. Aspects discussed include the basis for mineral taxation, types of mineral taxes, objectives of the mineral tax regime, best practices and royalties. The two main factors in every tax regime are the need for an internationally competitive system and government policies reflecting the nation's unique priorities.

Latin American countries may be able to minimise growing pains by learning from the experience of so-called "mature" mining countries. An overview of Canadian mineral policies over the past 30 years is provided and fundamental principles are identified. Factors necessary for the maintenance and growth of a healthy mining industry include good geological conditions and a useful geological database, political stability, responsible and stable tax and fiscal policies, a trained and dedicated work force, a spirit of co-operation between industry and government, and basic infrastructure (rail, roads and ports). When one factor is weakened or disappears, damage to the industry will be minimised if the others remain in place. A well-conceived and methodical change can be absorbed more easily than an abrupt one. Current mineral policy development in Canada is reported; these developments will, in part, be intended to help the mining industry deal with increased competition from Latin American countries., Latin American countries may be able to minimise growing pains by learning from the experience of so-called "mature" mining countries. An overview of Canadian mineral policies over the past 30 years is provided and fundamental principles are identified. Factors necessary for the maintenance and growth of a healthy mining industry include good geological conditions and a useful geological database, political stability, responsible and stable tax and fiscal policies, a trained and dedicated work force, a spirit of co-operation between industry and government, and basic infrastructure (rail, roads and ports). When one factor is weakened or disappears, damage to the industry will be minimised if the others remain in place. A well-conceived and methodical change can be absorbed more easily than an abrupt one. Current mineral policy development in Canada is reported; these developments will, in part, be intended to help the mining industry deal with increased competition from Latin American countries.

The book summarises the main features of the Canadian federal and provincial tax legislation which apply to mining operations. The federal and provincial income tax systems, as well as the various provincial royalty regimes, are explained in understandable, non-technical language, with appropriate references being made to the relevant legislation to facilitate further pursuit by the technically-oriented reader. In addition, other topics which may be of interest and that relate to Canadian mining taxation are covered. The text makes ample use of illustrations, including detailed calculations (as appendices) of the tax burden on a hypothetical ten-year mining operation. The commentary is based on the federal and provincial legislation that was in effect as of 31 March 1990, and includes references, where appropriate, to certain bills and draft legislation which had been presented as of that date. The book is divided into five parts: Introduction; Income taxes; Provincial mining taxes; Topical matters; and the Appendices., The book summarises the main features of the Canadian federal and provincial tax legislation which apply to mining operations. The federal and provincial income tax systems, as well as the various provincial royalty regimes, are explained in understandable, non-technical language, with appropriate references being made to the relevant legislation to facilitate further pursuit by the technically-oriented reader. In addition, other topics which may be of interest and that relate to Canadian mining taxation are covered. The text makes ample use of illustrations, including detailed calculations (as appendices) of the tax burden on a hypothetical ten-year mining operation. The commentary is based on the federal and provincial legislation that was in effect as of 31 March 1990, and includes references, where appropriate, to certain bills and draft legislation which had been presented as of that date. The book is divided into five parts: Introduction; Income taxes; Provincial mining taxes; Topical matters; and the Appendices.

Biuret added to regular urea foliar sprays induced leaf yellowing and leaf tip dieback and at higher rates reduced plant crop yield by about 6%. The biuret impurity ranged from the equivalent of 0·5 to 0·4% biuret content in urea or 105 to 837 mg biuret per plant. Fruit yield was reduced at the 3 · 0 and 4 · 0% impurity levels but there was no significant difference between 0 · 5, 1·0 and 2 · 0% biuret impurity levels.

The 25 resource allowance is a permitted deduction in computing taxable income from mining and petroleum. The rules relating to the deduction are complex, and the importance of the deduction, which can readily exceed 25 of net income, is frequently underestimated., The 25 resource allowance is a permitted deduction in computing taxable income from mining and petroleum. The rules relating to the deduction are complex, and the importance of the deduction, which can readily exceed 25 of net income, is frequently underestimated.

Higher taxes, higher prices, incentives and a 'Canadianisation' policy mark the principle features of the new National Energy Program. The possible future implications for the Canadian resource industries are examined., Higher taxes, higher prices, incentives and a 'Canadianisation' policy mark the principle features of the new National Energy Program. The possible future implications for the Canadian resource industries are examined.

The Canadian tax rules that apply to a foreign investment in a Canadian mining company include some attractive features, such as the ability to effect a return of share capital at any time without attracting Canadian tax. Careful planning can ensure that the tax consequences of an investment in Canada are minimised., The Canadian tax rules that apply to a foreign investment in a Canadian mining company include some attractive features, such as the ability to effect a return of share capital at any time without attracting Canadian tax. Careful planning can ensure that the tax consequences of an investment in Canada are minimised.

Canada's complex tax systems and the differences between the provinces' tax regimes are outlined., Canada's complex tax systems and the differences between the provinces' tax regimes are outlined.

The Canadian tax treatment of mining operations outside Canada is not as attractive as the treatment of Canadian operations. Canadian companies planning to invest abroad face a complex set of rules. The main tax considerations which should be taken into account when investing outside Canada are summarised., The Canadian tax treatment of mining operations outside Canada is not as attractive as the treatment of Canadian operations. Canadian companies planning to invest abroad face a complex set of rules. The main tax considerations which should be taken into account when investing outside Canada are summarised.

The relationship between mine evaluation, the tax system and economic risk is addressed., The relationship between mine evaluation, the tax system and economic risk is addressed.

During hard times, the focus on tax issues changes direction slightly. Mining companies contemplate the tax treatment of transactions and circumstances which are the product of a difficult financial environment. Some of these issues are discussed. These include: debt settlement; operating losses; and exploration and development., During hard times, the focus on tax issues changes direction slightly. Mining companies contemplate the tax treatment of transactions and circumstances which are the product of a difficult financial environment. Some of these issues are discussed. These include: debt settlement; operating losses; and exploration and development.

The Canadian mining industry is concerned about the rising level of non-profit taxes which threaten the industry's competitive advantage. The government shares this concern. Mines mininsters in Canada have set up a committee to produce an action plan to address the country's declining global competitiveness. The tax regime is to be included in discussions., The Canadian mining industry is concerned about the rising level of non-profit taxes which threaten the industry's competitive advantage. The government shares this concern. Mines mininsters in Canada have set up a committee to produce an action plan to address the country's declining global competitiveness. The tax regime is to be included in discussions.

Prior to 1972, the income generated by a new mine was exempt from income tax for the first three years of commercial production. After a 20 year absence, the former three-year exempt period has reappeared in a number of submissions made by industry to government. Concerns about the mining industry's international competitiveness have resulted in a wide range of suggested solutions, including the restoration of the three-year exemption. Industry and government are advised to consider the costs of this solution as it could means that some potential mines would be worse off., Prior to 1972, the income generated by a new mine was exempt from income tax for the first three years of commercial production. After a 20 year absence, the former three-year exempt period has reappeared in a number of submissions made by industry to government. Concerns about the mining industry's international competitiveness have resulted in a wide range of suggested solutions, including the restoration of the three-year exemption. Industry and government are advised to consider the costs of this solution as it could means that some potential mines would be worse off.

The pendulum in Ottawa has swung dramatically from fiscal policy to monetary policy over the last few years. International trends indicate that the pendulum has to start its swing the other way, if Canada's mining industry is to maintain a pre-eminent position in the global mining arena., The pendulum in Ottawa has swung dramatically from fiscal policy to monetary policy over the last few years. International trends indicate that the pendulum has to start its swing the other way, if Canada's mining industry is to maintain a pre-eminent position in the global mining arena.

Some generous tax rules can considerably enhance the tax savings pertaining to a particular expenditure or project. A basic tax knowledge, and careful tax planning, can optimise government participation in a project., Some generous tax rules can considerably enhance the tax savings pertaining to a particular expenditure or project. A basic tax knowledge, and careful tax planning, can optimise government participation in a project.

The effect of the April 27 1989 budget on the Canadian mining industry is discussed., The effect of the April 27 1989 budget on the Canadian mining industry is discussed.

Modifications to the Canadian tax system are discussed., Modifications to the Canadian tax system are discussed.

Canadian Tax Reform proposals are thought likely to lead to a decline in flow-through funding after 1988. The junior exploration sector relies heavily on flow-through to finance its programmes. Various solutions to the problems posed by tax reform are discussed., Canadian Tax Reform proposals are thought likely to lead to a decline in flow-through funding after 1988. The junior exploration sector relies heavily on flow-through to finance its programmes. Various solutions to the problems posed by tax reform are discussed.

The Canadian Exploration Incentive Programme (CEIP) which was announced by the federal government on 3 May, 1988, promises to maintain the viability of flow-through shares as a finance mechanism which has proven to be so crucial to the health of the junior exploration sector., The Canadian Exploration Incentive Programme (CEIP) which was announced by the federal government on 3 May, 1988, promises to maintain the viability of flow-through shares as a finance mechanism which has proven to be so crucial to the health of the junior exploration sector.