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Objective: To assess the prevalence rate of Hepatitis B and C among those patients who had tuberculosis in local community of Sindh, Pakistan. Study Design:Survey-based study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pathology, Liaquat University of Medical & health Sciences Jamshoro from 1stJanuary 2020 to 31stDecember 2020. Methodology: Five hundred and eighty nine confirmed cases of tuberculosis patients were enrolled. The patients were further analyzed to assess either HBV, HCV or both are present or absent. Results: Three hundred and forty one (57.8%) were males and 248 (42.1%) were females. The majority of participants were in the age group of 45-54 years 147 (24.9%).The residence detail showed that 167 (28.3%) belonged to urban areas. Further 143 (24.2%) had sickness history of 2-6 months, 239 (40.5%) had history of 6-12 months, The prevalence of hepatitis B and C among tuberculosis patients showed, 17.8% (n=105) with Hepatitis B, 26.3% (n=155) were diagnosed with hepatitis C, 15.7% (n=93) had Both Hepatitis B and C, however 236 (40.0%) had no history with hepatitis. Hepatitis C was most frequently found age of above 54 years, 55 (9.3%). Conclusion:The control of tuberculosis has remained one of the greatest goals globally till date, the higher risk of liver complications, along with the Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. Although the complications of Tuberculosis patients remain unsolved yet the possible efforts can be made to identify the earlier problems for the clinical prospective and a complete follow up of the records can optimize the management of Tuberculosis in co-existing conditions of hepatitis B and C. Key Words: Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Tuberculosis, Liver diseases

Objective: To assess the prevalence of hepatitis B and C among elderly patients at different clinical settings of three major cities of Sindh, Pakistan. Study Design: Cross sectional observational study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Department of Medicine, Muhammad Medical College, Mirpurkhas from 1st November 2020 to 30th June 2021. Methodology: One thousand and two hundred patients from three different cities of Sindh Province either gender, ages and type of hepatitis were recorded. Results: There were 60.83% males and 39.17% females. 35.83% patients belonged to age >50 years while the prevalence rate of hepatitis was 9.16, hepatitis C 10.33 and both was 4.83%. The patients of hepatitis C was found in females than males. Hepatitis B and C was also more prevalent in more than 50 years of age. Conclusion: The prevalence rate of Hepatitis B, C and both, however the male gender is at more risk of hepatitis possibility due to expended social life circle and other contributing risk factors such as blood transfusion, frequent physical contacts and exposure to contaminated instruments at salons. Key words: Prevalence, Hepatitis B & C, Gender

Introduction: Household waste management is one of the most important environmental and public health issue. In Pakistan like many developing countries house hold waste management remains a neglected area which leads to high burden of communicable diseases as well as creates environmental problems. Ineffective and inefficient household management caused by unplanned urbanization, unawareness of the community about waste management, low literacy rate etc. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge of medical and allied students as well as to compare this knowledge of these students. Material and Methods: Study was a cross sectional study carried out at ISRA University. Sample size was 120 including medical and Allied sciences. Inclusion criteria was all eligible students giving consent for participation in the study. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and Chi squire was applied with p value < 0.05 was considered significant. Informed consent sought from participants and ethical approval taken from ethical committee of university. Result: Among the sample of 120 students included in the study, the mean age of the participants was 20 years with standard deviation of 1.2 years. Out of these students, 27.8% were male and 67.2% were female. Sample included 50.9% MBBS students, 24(20.7%) Physiotherapy students and 23.3% of nursing students. Seventy-eight (65%) students belong to urban areas and 42(35%) belonged to rural areas. Practice of waste disposal among students was assessed and it revealed that 47(40.5%) throw their house hold waste in nearby container, 33(20(17.2%) told that house hold waste of their house is being thrown in the street and 10(8.6%) use other methods of disposal of waste. Practices of storage of waste was assessed and result revealed that 51(17.5%),27(17.5%) used card board boxes for storage of house hold waste,27(22.5%) bins or drums for storage of waste and remaining 21(17.5%) used other means for storage of waste. While assessing practice of separation of waste, 45 (37.5%) were practicing separation of waste and majority 75, (62.5%) were not separating household waste. Conclusion: Perception and practice of the house hold waste management was not satisfactory among students of this medical college, which depicts the poor condition of waste management both in rural and urban areas. There was a significant difference in knowledge of mbbs student comparison with nursing and physiotherapy students. Keywords: Household, MBBS, waste managent, environmental, public health

Pregnancy related anemia is often seen in medical practice and it has multifactorial etiology from poor socio-economic status to lack of proper antenatal care. Current work was based on assessing risk factors like age at marriage, age at first pregnancy, education status, socio-economic status, religious status, dietary habits, number of children, H/o abortion, H/o worm infestation, H/O Iron/Folic acid usage and regular visit for antenatal checkup in pregnant ladies in Mirpurkhas district of Sindh province of Pakistan. We found that 24.21% (46) women were having their hemoglobin levels >11gm/dl that is normal while majority of the women 67.37% (128) were suffering from moderate anemia with Hb% of 9-11gm/dl and 8.42%(16) women were found as severely anemic at a Hb% Conclusion: Poor socio-economic status, rural area and literacy were the main risk factors for anemia in pregnant women in Mirpurkhas. Key Words: Hemoglobin, Anemia, Literacy, Rural Area.

Pregnancy is a natural state where body requirements of nutrients get increased to fulfil the demands of the growing fetus. Anemia is the main presentation in pregnancy as the supply falls from the required needs. Current study evaluated this issue in anterior Sindh (Mirpurkhas) pregnant women for anemia. For this purpose, we included pregnant females with no other co-morbidity in an age range of 15-45years. We found 75.8% of the women were anemic while only 24.2% were having their hemoglobin in normal range. There was significant difference between rural and urban female p-0.005 while there was no significant difference among the two age groups(15-30Years) and (31-45Years) regarding anemia status p-0.17. Conclusion: Most of the pregnant women were suffering from anemia rural women were more affected as compared to urban women and there was no difference in anemia in terms of age groups. Key Words: Anemia, Pregnancy, Rural, Urban.

The objective of the current Cross Sectional Clinical survey was to measure and compare the risk factors of metabolic syndrome in type II diabetic patients in Mir Pur Khas district of Sindh Province in a medical camp for diabetic patients on 14/11/2017. There were 248 type II diabetic patients 124 from male and female genders were included through purposive sampling and type I diabetics and non-willing patients were excluded. Consent was taken before obtaining any sort of data. Blood pressure, weight, height, body fat , serum uric acid, RBS and serum cholesterol was measured though devise method. Collected data was analyzed on ANOVA using SPSS version22. There was no significant difference in between male and female genders in weight, blood pressure, cholesterol, uric acid and visceral fat and all these parameters were with in normal range. However there was significant variation between the two sexes in terms of age51.15+10.02 in males 46.97+10.94 in females (P=0.000) ,BMI 24.99+4.12 in male and 26.90+4.82 in females (P=0.002), plasma glucose184.31+84.69mg/dl in male and 219.27+95.75mg/dl (P=0.007) and total body fat 24.69+8.97 in males37.43+9.22 in females (P=0.000).The diabetic population under study was not at risk of metabolic syndrome as all the parameters search for were found with in normal range. There is no significant difference between the two genders except BMI, body fat and random blood sugar which was found high in female group. Key Words: Diabetes Mellitus, Metabolic Syndrome, RBS, Uric Acid, BMI