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Rapid and accurate detection of goose parvovirus (GPV) is crucial for controlling outbreaks and mitigating their economic impact on the poultry industry. This study introduces recombinase polymerase amplification combined with the Pyrococcus furiosus argonaute (RPA-PfAgo) system, a novel diagnostic platform designed to address the limitations of traditional GPV detection methods. Capitalizing on the rapid DNA amplification of RPA and stringent nucleic acid cleavage by the PfAgo protein, the RPA-PfAgo system offers high specificity and sensitivity in detecting GPV. Our optimization efforts included primer and probe configurations, reaction parameters, and guided DNA selection, culminating in a detection threshold of 10 2 GPV DNA copies per microlitre. The specificity of the proposed method was rigorously validated against a spectrum of avian pathogens. Clinical application to lung tissues from GPV-infected geese yielded a detection concordance of 100%, surpassing that of qPCR and PCR in both rapidity and operational simplicity. The RPA-PfAgo system has emerged as a revolutionary diagnostic modality for managing this disease, as it is a promising rapid, economical, and onsite GPV detection method amenable to integration into broad-scale disease surveillance frameworks. Future explorations will extend the applicability of this method to diverse avian diseases and assess its field utility across various epidemiological landscapes., Competing Interests: DISCLOSURES The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Parvovirus B19 infection can cause chronic pure red cell aplasia in immunosuppressed hosts or acute and transient aplastic crisis in immunocompetent hosts. In dialysis patients, only transient aplastic crisis induced by parvovirus B19 infection has been reported. We herein report the first case of an adult dialysis patient who developed chronic pure red cell aplasia associated with parvovirus B19 infection. Repeated pneumonia and heart failure may contribute to an immunocompromised status, making the patient more vulnerable to parvovirus B19 infection. This case expands on the differential diagnosis of chronic anemia in patients undergoing dialysis.

A 13-year-old girl who had a kidney transplant four weeks prior presented with a 10-day history of fatigue, paleness, and headache. On physical examination, tachycardia and paleness were noted. Laboratory testing was notable for severe anemia and mild leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) were negative and for parvovirus B19 (PVB19) was positive. Despite lower immunosuppression and administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) it persisted for 15 months, and frequent red blood cell transfusions were needed. PVB19 is a less common but significant complication. The patient's clinical course demonstrates the importance of this complication and the challenges in its management. A notable void exists in the literature regarding standardized treatment protocols for PVB19-induced recurrent anemia after kidney transplant. This case indicates the need for further research and consensus to guide effective clinical interventions in similar cases., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Nonepisodic angioedema with eosinophilia (NEAE) is characterised by a single episode of angioedema localised to the extremities and peripheral eosinophilia. While NEAE can develop in response to infection or vaccination, NEAE associated with acute parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection is rare. We describe the case of a young woman with NEAE that developed during acute B19V infection. She presented with 1-week history of pruritus and polyarthralgia in the extremities, followed by the development of peripheral oedema, and was positive for anti-B19V IgM antibody. Her arthralgia improved within 2 weeks without any specific intervention; however, the oedema and pruritic erythema persisted and the peripheral eosinophil count increased. A short course of prednisolone therapy for suspected NEAE alleviated the symptoms, which have not recurred for more than 2 years. Thus, we believe that the patient was affected by NEAE and that NEAE can develop following acute B19 infection., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Plastic bronchitis (PB) is an uncommon and severe acute respiratory ailment characterized by the formation of casts in the trachea or bronchial tree. Some instances have been linked to human bocavirus (HBoV) infections., Case Presentation: In this report, we present a case of PB secondary to HBoV1 infection in a previously healthy pediatric patient. A 17-month-old male was admitted due to respiratory distress following 2 days of cough and fever. A preadmission chest X-ray revealed atelectasis of the left lung. Emergency electronic bronchoscopy and foreign body forceps were employed to remove casts, leading to improved breathing. High-throughput next-generation sequencing detected only HBoV1. A subsequent electronic bronchoscopy 2 days later showed no casts., Conclusions: PB associated with HBoV1 infection should be considered in children experiencing acute respiratory distress, and a second bronchoscopy intervention may not be necessary in cases related to HBoV1., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

In line with European trends, since 2023 Lombardy (Northern Italy) is experiencing a resurgence of measles and an increased number of reported cases of fever and rash. Measles discarded cases observed in our region within the context of measles and rubella surveillance from the first few months of 2024 (N = 30) were investigated for parvovirus B19 (B19V) and other rash-associated viruses. Thirteen cases tested positive for B19V DNA, representing a significant increase from previous years (on average 3 cases per year, p < 0.001) and ~40% of all B19V DNA-positive patients we detected since 2017. In 2024, B19V DNA-positive subjects spanned all ages, and the virus was predominant among adolescents and adults (84.6%). Two B19V infected patients were hospitalised, and likely cross-reacting anti-measles virus IgM were found in both. Our data align with the recent reports from the ECDC and various European countries, which are experiencing a surge in B19V infections, and underline the importance of comprehensive measles and rubella surveillance systems that can adapt to changing epidemiological trends., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Medical Virology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

In this study, we present four cases of Human Bocavirus (HBoV) infection in children aged between 1 month and 4 years. Among these cases, two siblings were hospitalized with similar symptoms. Among the four pediatric cases of patients with HBoV infection, three were associated with acute respiratory failure and spontaneous pneumothorax, and two of these presented with subcutaneous emphysema. The presented patients were young children, aged between 1 month and 4 years, two of whom were siblings, suggesting a possible intrafamilial transmission of HBoV1 infection. These cases highlight the importance of considering HBoV as a differential diagnosis in pediatric patients with respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. Early recognition and appropriate medical care are important in treating HBoV infection in young children.

Introduction: Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV), Goose parvovirus (GPV), Duck circovirus, (DuCV) and Duck adenovirus 3 (DAdV-3) are important pathogens that cause high morbidity and mortality in ducks, causing huge economic loss for the duck industry., Methods: The present study, a quadruplex one-step real time quantitative PCR method for the detection of MDPV, GPV, DuCV, and DAdV-3 was developed., Results: The results showed that assay had no cross-reactivity with other poultry pathogens [Duck plague virus (DPV), Duck tembusu virus (DTMUV), H6 avian influenza virus (H6 AIV), New duck reovirus (NDRV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), H4 avian influenza virus (H4 AIV), Escherichia coli ( E. coli ), Muscovy duck reovirus (MDRV), Egg drop syndrome virus (EDSV), Pasteurella multocida ( P. multocida )]. The sensitivity result showed that the limits of detection for MDPV, GPV, DuCV, and DAdV-3 were 10, 10, 1 and 10 copies/µl, respectively; The coefficients of variation intra- and inter-method was 1-2%; The range of linear (109 to 103 copies/µL) demonstrated the R2 values for MDPV, GPV, DuCV, and DAdV-3 as 0.9975, 0.998, 0.9964, and 0.996, respectively. The quadruplex real time quantitative PCR method efficiency was 90.30%, 101.10%, 90.72%, and 90.57% for MDPV, GPV, DuCV, and DAdV-3, respectively. 396 clinical specimens collected in some duck sausages from June 2022 to July 2023 were simultaneously detected using the established quadruplex real time quantitative PCR method and the reported assays. The detection rates for MDPV, GPV, DuCV, and DAdV-3 were 8.33% (33/396), 17.93% (71/396), 33.58% (133/396), and 29.04% (115/396), respectively. The agreement between these assays was greater than 99.56%., Discussion: The developed quadruplex real-time quantitative PCR assay can accurately detect these four viruses infecting ducks, providing a rapid, sensitive, specific and accurate technique for clinical testing., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wang, Chen, An, Chen, Wang, Zhu, Yu, Xia and Zhang.)

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is one of the main pathogens causing toxic diarrhea in Chinese dogs, is the cause of large-scale epidemic of dogs, and poses a great threat to the dog industry in China. Rapid, sensitive, and specific CPV testing facilitates the timely diagnosis and treatment of sick dogs. The aim of this study was to build a LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12b platform for CPV detection. The loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique was combined with CRISPR-Cas12b analysis to establish a "two-step" and "one-tube" CRISPR/Cas12b rapid CPV method, respectively. The detection system was constructed with specific LAMP primers and single guide RNA (sgRNA) for the highly conserved short fragment of the CPV gene, which could be detected within 1 h without cross-reaction with the other viruses causing canine diarrhea. The detection limits of both "two-step" and "one-tube" CRISPR/Cas12b reactions were 10 -1 copies per μL, which was 100 times more sensitive than qPCR and LAMP. In order to achieve point-of-care testing (POCT) of CPV, a one-tube LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12b nucleic acid extraction and detection platform based on magnetic nanoparticle enrichment technology was established to achieve "sample in-result out". The results of this method for simulated samples were compared with those of quantitative real-time PCR; the results showed 100% consistency, and the time was shorter, which could be used to detect the diseased dogs earlier and provide a basis for clinical diagnosis. The LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12b method established in this study provides a sensitive and specific method for rapid detection of CPV, and provides technical support for rapid diagnosis of CPV.

Purpose of Review: Viral infections continue to burden allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. We review the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of human herpesvirus (HHV)-6, HHV-8 and parvovirus B19 following HCT., Recent Findings: Advances in HCT practices significantly improved outcomes but impact viral epidemiology: post-transplant cyclophosphamide for graft-versus-host disease prevention increases HHV-6 reactivation risk while the impact of letermovir for CMV prophylaxis - and resulting decrease in broad-spectrum antivirals - is more complex. Beyond the well established HHV-6 encephalitis, recent evidence implicates HHV-6 in pneumonitis. Novel less toxic therapeutic approaches (brincidofovir, virus-specific T-cells) may enable preventive strategies in the future. HHV-8 is the causal agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, which is only sporadically reported after HCT, but other manifestations are possible and not well elucidated. Parvovirus B19 can cause severe disease post-HCT, frequently manifesting with anemia, but can also be easily overlooked due to lack of routine screening and ambiguity of manifestations., Summary: Studies should establish the contemporary epidemiology of HHV-6, and other more insidious viruses, such as HHV-8 and parvovirus B19 following HCT and should encompass novel cellular therapies. Standardized and readily available diagnostic methods are key to elucidate epidemiology and optimize preventive and therapeutic strategies to mitigate the burden of infection., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: This study investigated clinical and laboratory characteristics of human bocavirus type 1 (HBoV1)-plastic bronchiolitis (PB), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP)-associated plastic bronchitis (PB) and MP-NPB in children, highlighting inflammation, coagulation, and bronchoscopic needs., Methods: Data on preschool children with PB during HBoV1 or MP infection were collected, comparing MP-PB to severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia., Result: Compared with the MP-PB group, the HBoV1-PB group, with younger children, had significantly milder clinical symptoms but higher WBC counts (p = .028). The MP-PB group exhibited notably elevated Fibrinogen (p = .045) and d-dimer levels (p < .001). When contrasting the MP-PB with the MP-NPB group, children in MP-PB group still had higher levels of d-dimer and increased inflammatory indicators such as C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, lactate dehydrogenase, and interleukin-6, which were significantly elevated compared with the MP-NPB group. MP-PB showed a higher prevalence of plastic bronchial casts in lower lobes (p = .016) and a dominance of neutrophils in BALF cytology. Additionally, children in the MP-PB group tended to undergo a greater number of bronchoscopies., Conclusion: This study identifies key differences in plastic bronchitis in children due to HBoV1 and MP, highlighting HBoV1's milder inflammation in younger kids and MP's link to severe inflammatory and coagulation responses, guiding clinical diagnosis and treatment., (© 2024 The Author(s). Immunity, Inflammation and Disease published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Parvovirus B19(B19) is a DNA virus. The most common B19 disease is erythema infectiosum (fifth-disease). PCR and ELISA are sensitive for detecting of acute disease. However, it is not clear which test better and the relationship between laboratory tests and clinical findings., Objective: To discuss the clinical and laboratory characteristics of pediatric patients infected with B19., Study Design: 236 children were examined. Children with at least one positive molecular or serological test were included. Positive serum B19-DNA and/or B19-IgM was considered an acute B19 infection., Results: B19DNA was detected in 80.8 % of acute cases. Serological tests were less positive. Acute B19 infection was observed in 24 patients. Only 17 patients were positive for B19 DNA, 3 for IgM and 4 for both. The sensitivity of B19 DNA is 87.5 %. However, this rate is 29.2 % for B19 IgM., Conclusion: B19-DNA and IgM together provide a better, highly accurate diagnosis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Potential prognostic indicators have been associated with decreased survival during canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE), such as body weight, sex, and clinicopathological parameters. Few studies reported the prognostic factors for CPE in Italy; therefore, the aim of this study was to identify prognostic factors associated with the survival of dogs admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Perugia University, naturally infected with canine parvovirus. Seventy-six medical records of dogs with a definitive diagnosis of parvoviral infection admitted from 2017 to 2021 have been reviewed and included in the study. From medical records were extracted data on signalment, history, clinical examination, hematology, serum biochemistry, treatments, progression of clinical signs during hospitalization and outcome. The data have been subjected to univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. Our results showed winter season, male sex, dog ownership, small breed, normal sensory status, normal heart rate, normal hydration status, abdominal pain, increased capillary reperfusion time, and normal white blood cell count as positive prognostic factors. The survival model confirmed that parameters such as male sex, small breed, and ownership increased the survival rate during hospitalization. Data reported in the present study are partially in agreement with previous studies and added new information on the possible prognostic factors in dogs affected by CPE in Italy.

A 19-year-old male patient with high-risk acute B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia received haploidentical stem cell transplantation. He developed anemia repeatedly and parvovirus B19 nucleic acid was positive in blood plasma. The patient was diagnosed with cold agglutinin syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction including respiratory failure and hepatitis. In the conflict between viral infection and the treatment of cold agglutinin syndrome, we provided supportive treatment, complement inhibitors to control hemolysis, and antiviral therapy. After timely glucocorticoid and immunosuppressant therapy, the patient had achieved a good response.

Human parvovirus B19 (HPVB19) belongs to Parvoviridae, a genus of erythrovirus, and has been associated with various human diseases, and HPVB19 infection is one of the most important causes of refractory anemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). This study retrospectively analyzed 24 patients with HSCT combined with HPVB19 infection to collate and summarize the clinical presentation, treatment, and regression of patients with combined HPVB19 infection after allo-HSCT and provide experience in the management of HPVB19 infection after allo-HSCT. The median age of the patients with HPVB19 infection was 25 years, and the median time of infection occurrence was +107 days after transplantation, and 22 (91.7% ) had anemia with a median hemoglobin (HGB) level of 77.5 (46-149) g/L, and 13 (54.2% ) had new-onset anemia or persistent decline in HGB. The median length of hospital stay was 19 days. Among patients with new-onset anemia or persistent decline in HGB, the mean increase in HGB after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin and/or antiviral therapy was 15.69 g/L, and treatment was effective in 10 (76.92% ) patients. HPVB19 infection should be alerted to the development of refractory anemia after HSCT; despite the lack of specific treatment, the overall prognosis of HPVB19-infected patients is good.

From April 2023 to May 2024, an unusual epidemic of parvovirus B19 (B19V) infections occurred in France. The number of B19V IgM-positive serologies was four times higher than in the previous epidemic in 2019. Clinical data from emergency networks corroborated this observation. Morbidity and mortality consequences were observed in children through all data sources. In adults, the increase was only observed in laboratory-confirmed data. Physicians and decisionmakers should be informed in order to better prevent, diagnose and manage at-risk patients.

We report an epidemic of parvovirus B19 infections in Denmark during the first quarter of 2024, with a peak incidence 3.5 times higher than during the most recent epidemic in 2017. In total, 20.1% (130/648) of laboratory-confirmed cases were pregnant. Severe adverse outcomes were observed among 12.3% (16/130) of pregnant people and included foetal anaemia, foetal hydrops and miscarriage. Parvovirus B19 infection is not systematically monitored, but a national laboratory-based surveillance system is currently being established in Denmark.

Importance: Although the risk of parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy and subsequent risk of adverse fetal outcome are low, understanding management practices is essential for proper treatment of fetuses with nonimmune hydrops fetalis. In addition, continued investigation into delivery management, breastfeeding recommendations, and congenital abnormalities associated with pregnancies complicated by parvovirus B19 infection is needed., Objective: This review describes the risks associated with parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy and the management strategies for fetuses with vertically transmitted infections., Evidence Acquisition: Original articles were obtained from literature search in PubMed, Medline, and OVID; pertinent articles were reviewed., Results: Parvovirus B19 is a viral infection associated with negative pregnancy outcomes. Up to 50% of people of reproductive age are susceptible to the virus. The incidence of B19 in pregnancy is between 0.61% and 1.24%, and, overall, there is 30% risk of vertical transmission when infection is acquired during pregnancy. Although most pregnancies progress without negative outcomes, viral infection of the fetus may result in severe anemia, congestive heart failure, and hydrops fetalis. In addition, vertical transmission carries a 5% to 10% chance of fetal loss. In pregnancies affected by fetal B19 infection, Doppler examination of the middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity should be initiated to surveil for fetal anemia. In the case of severe fetal anemia, standard fetal therapy involves an intrauterine transfusion of red blood cells with the goal of raising hematocrit levels to approximately 40% to 50% of total blood volume. One transfusion is usually sufficient, although continued surveillance may indicate the need for subsequent transfusions. There are fewer epidemiologic data concerning neonatal risks of congenital parvovirus, although case reports have shown that fetuses with severe anemia in utero may have persistent anemia, thrombocytopenia, and edema in the neonatal period., Conclusions and Relevance: Parvovirus B19 is a common virus; seropositivity in the geriatric population reportedly reaches 85%. Within the pregnant population, up to 50% of patients have not previously been exposed to the virus and consequently lack protective immunity. Concern for parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy largely surrounds the consequences of vertical transmission of the virus to the fetus. Should vertical transmission occur, the overall risk of fetal loss is between 5% and 10%. Thus, understanding the incidence, risks, and management strategies of pregnancies complicated by parvovirus B19 is essential to optimizing care and outcomes. Further, there is currently a gap in evidence regarding delivery management, breastfeeding recommendations, and the risks of congenital abnormalities in pregnancies complicated by parvovirus B19. Additional investigations into optimal delivery management, feeding plans, and recommended neonatal surveillance are needed in this cohort of patients.

Viral infections are major causes of mortality in solid-organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Parvovirus B19 (B19V) are among the common viral infections after transplantation and were recommended for increased screening in relevant guidelines. Therefore, the development of rapid, specific, and cost-effective diagnostic methods for EBV and B19V is of paramount importance. We applied Fluorescence of Loop Primer Upon Self-Dequenching Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (FLOS-LAMP) for the first time to develop a novel multiplex assay for the detection of EBV and B19V; the fluorophore attached to the probe are self-quenched in unbound state. After binding to the dumbbell-shaped DNA target, the fluorophore is dequenched, resulting in fluorescence development. The novel multiplex FLOS-LAMP assay was optimized by testing various ratios of primer sets. This novel assay, with great specificity, did not cross-react with the common virus. For the detection of EBV and B19V, the limits of detection could reach 969 and 798 copies/μL, respectively, and the assay could be completed within 25 min. Applying this novel assay to detect 200 clinical transplant individuals indicated that the novel assay had high specificity and good sensitivity. We developed multiplex FLOS-LAMP assay for the detection of EBV and B19V, which has the potential to become an important tool for clinical transplant patient screening.

Human bocavirus (HBoV) 1 is considered an important pathogen that mainly affects infants aged 6-24 months, but preventing viral transmission in resource-limited regions through rapid and affordable on-site diagnosis of individuals with early infection of HBoV1 remains somewhat challenging. Herein, we present a novel faster, lower cost, reliable method for the detection of HBoV1, which integrates a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay with the CRISPR/Cas12a system, designated the RPA-Cas12a-fluorescence assay. The RPA-Cas12a-fluorescence system can specifically detect target gene levels as low as 0.5 copies of HBoV1 plasmid DNA per microliter within 40 min at 37°C without the need for sophisticated instruments. The method also demonstrates excellent specificity without cross-reactivity to non-target pathogens. Furthermore, the method was appraised using 28 clinical samples, and displayed high accuracy with positive and negative predictive agreement of 90.9% and 100%, respectively. Therefore, our proposed rapid and sensitive HBoV1 detection method, the RPA-Cas12a-fluorescence assay, shows promising potential for early on-site diagnosis of HBoV1 infection in the fields of public health and health care. The established RPA-Cas12a-fluorescence assay is rapid and reliable method for human bocavirus 1 detection. The RPA-Cas12a-fluorescence assay can be completed within 40 min with robust specificity and sensitivity of 0.5 copies/μl., (© 2023 The Authors. Animal Models and Experimental Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of The Chinese Association for Laboratory Animal Sciences.)

Canine parvovirus is a highly contagious pathogen affecting domestic dogs and other carnivores globally. Monitoring CPV through continuous genomic surveillance is crucial for mapping variability and developing effective control measures. Here, we developed a method using multiplex-PCR-next-generation sequencing to obtain full-length CPV genomes directly from clinical samples. This approach utilizes tiling and tailed amplicons to amplify overlapping fragments of roughly 250 base pairs. This enables the creation of Illumina libraries by conducting two PCR reaction runs. We tested the assay in 10 fecal samples from dogs diagnosed with CPV and one CPV-2 vaccine strain. Furthermore, we applied it to a feline sample previously diagnosed with the feline panleukopenia virus. The assay provided 100 % genome coverage and high sequencing depth across all 12 samples. It successfully provided the sequence of the coding regions and the left and right non-translated regions, including tandem and terminal repeats. The assay effectively amplified viral variants from divergent evolutionary groups, including the antigenic variants (2a, 2b, and 2c) and the ancestral CPV-2 strain included in vaccine formulations. Moreover, it successfully amplified the entire genome of the feline panleukopenia virus found in cat feces. This method is cost-effective, time-efficient, and does not require lab expertise in Illumina library preparation. The multiplex-PCR-next-generation methodology facilitates large-scale genomic sequencing, expanding the limited number of complete genomes currently available in databases and enabling real-time genomic surveillance. Furthermore, the method helps identify and track emerging CPV viral variants, facilitating molecular epidemiology and control. Adopting this approach can enhance our understanding of the evolution and genetic diversity of Protoparvovirus carnivoran1., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Canine enteric coronavirus (CCV) and canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) are the main pathogens responsible for acute gastroenteritis in dogs, and both single and mixed infections are common. This study aimed to establish a double-labeling time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA) to test and distinguish CCV and CPV-2 diseases., Methods: A sandwich double-labeling TRFIA method was established and optimized using europium(III) (Eu 3+ )/samarium(III) (Sm 3+ ) chelates. CCV/CPV-2 antigens were first captured by the immobilized antibodies. Then, combined with Eu 3+ /Sm 3+ -labeled paired antibodies, the Eu 3+ /Sm 3+ fluorescence values were detected after dissociation to calculate the CCV/CPV-2 ratios. The performance, clinical performance and methodology used for laboratory (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and stability) testing were evaluated., Results: A double-label TRFIA for CCV and CPV-2 detection was optimized and established. The sensitivity of this TRFIA kit was 0.51 ng/mL for CCV and 0.80 ng/mL for CPV-2, with high specificity for CCV and CPV-2. All the accuracy data were less than 10%, and the recovery ranged from 101.21 to 110.28%. The kits can be temporarily stored for 20 days at 4 °C and can be stored for 12 months at temperatures less than - 20 °C. Based on a methodology comparison of 137 clinically suspected patients, there was no statistically significant difference between the TRFIA kit and the PCR method. Additionally, for CCV detection, the clinical sensitivity was 95.74%, and the clinical specificity was 93.33%. For CPV-2 detection, the clinical sensitivity was 92.86%, and the clinical specificity was 96.97%., Conclusion: In this study, a double-label TRFIA kit was prepared for CCV and CPV-2 detection with high laboratory sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, stability, clinical sensitivity and specificity. This kit provides a new option for screening/distinguishing between CCV and CPV-2 and may help improve strategies to prevent and control animal infectious diseases in the future., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In this study, we devised a nanogold lateral flow immunoassay (LFA-CPV antigen test) for detecting canine parvovirus (CPV) in living attenuated CPV vaccines. We conducted instrumental characterization of the prepared nanogold particles and the developed LFA-CPV antigen test was rigorously evaluated for its performance verification including limit of detection, sensitivity, specificity, selectivity and accuracy. The LFA-CPV antigen test demonstrated strong performance when assessed against qPCR using different batches of live attenuated CPV vaccines, indicated a sensitivity of 96.4%, specificity of 88.2%, and an overall accuracy of 95%. These results suggest that the developed LFA-CPV antigen test could serve as a viable alternative for evaluation live attenuated CPV vaccines, and provide it as a point of care test for CPV diagnosis, offering a potential substitute for traditional laboratory methods, particularly qPCR., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed to detect and distinguish goose parvovirus (GPV), waterfowl reovirus (WRV), and goose astrovirus (GAstV). Three pairs of primers were designed based on conserved regions in the genomic sequences of these enteric viruses and were used to specifically amplify targeted fragments of 493 bp from the viral protein 3 (VP3) gene of GPV, 300 bp from the sigma A-encoding gene of WRV, and 156 bp from the capsid protein-encoding gene of GAstV. The results showed that the primers can specifically amplify target fragments, without any cross-amplification with other viruses, indicating that the method had good specificity. A sensitivity test showed that the detection limit of the multiplex PCR method was 1 × 10 3 viral copies. A total of 102 field samples from Muscovy ducks with clinically suspected diseases were evaluated using the newly developed multiplex PCR method. The ratio of positive samples to total samples for GPV, WRV, and GAstV was 73.53% (75/102) for multiplex PCR and was 73.53% (75/102) for routine PCR. Seventy-five positive samples were detected by both methods, for a coincidence ratio of 100%. This multiplex PCR method can simultaneously detect GPV, WRV, and GAstV, which are associated with viral enteritis, thereby providing a specific, sensitive, efficient, and accurate new tool for clinical diagnosis and laboratory epidemiological investigations., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to estimate the serological status and dynamic changes in the prevalence of Parvovirus B19 (PVB19) antibodies within the general population residing in the northern part of the Republic of Serbia (Province of Vojvodina) during a 16-year period. Serum samples were analyzed for Human PVB19-specific IgM and IgG antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Throughout the study period, the overall seroprevalence was 49.51%. Approximately 10% of patients exhibited a serologic profile positive for PVB19 IgM antibodies. Notably, seroprevalence varied significantly, ranging from 9.12% in the pediatric cohort (ages 1-4 years) to 65.50% in the adult demographic (40-59 years old). Seroprevalence was higher (51.88%) among women compared to men (42.50%). Immunologically naive pregnant women in the age groups 26-36 and 36-45 years had 45% (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.31-1.00) and 52% (OR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.24-0.94) lower odds of having negative IgM and IgG compared to those in age group 16-25 years old. Improved knowledge of the epidemiology of PVB19 may assist clinicians in the differential diagnosis of PVB19 clinical manifestations. The PVB19 detection is particularly important for monitoring individuals in risk groups such as women of reproductive age, medical staff, patients with hematological disorders, and those with immunodeficiency.

The study aims to approach Canine Parvovirus (CPV) diagnosis using multi-method biotechnological techniques including molecular, serological, and hematological analyses. CPVs are causing severe global viral diseases with high dog mortality. Samples were taken from 52 unvaccinated dogs exhibiting symptoms between 2020 and 2021. These included stool, blood, serum, and patient data. CPV genomic DNA was extracted from fresh stools, with DNA concentration and purity measured using Nano drop-spectrophotometry. CPV genomic DNA was detected via RT-PCR in 29 samples (55.8%), CPV IgM-Ab and IgG-Ab were detected in the sera through ELISA in 27 samples (51.9%), and Canine parvovirus antigens were identified in the stool samples by immunochromatography in 20 samples (38.5%). Utilizing canine-specific quantitative ELISA kits, the average level of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was determined to be 4.66 g/L (with a range of 3.27 to 6.05 g/L). Hematological analysis revealed lymphopenia in 89.6%, leucopenia in 44.8%, anemia in 68.9%, and low hematocrit in 82.8%. All the dogs examined were under 1 year of age, among which 21 (72.4%) were up to 3 months old, and 8 (27.6%) were up to 6 months old, testing positive for CPV. The highest CPV positivity, at 93.1% (n=27), was observed among dogs with outdoor access. The results indicated that hematological parameters and CRP alone were not specific for CPV diagnosis, but provided valuable data for prognosis and differential diagnosis. No significant differences were observed in RT-PCR and ELISA results. However, a noticeable reduction in positivity rates was evident in lateral immunochromatographic viral antigen detection in stool.

Acute respiratory infections represent the leading cause of morbimortality in children and viruses are the main etiological agents. Here we describe the clinical characteristics and evolution of infants admitted to intensive care unit with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) due to Human Bocavirus 1 mono-infection in patients without previous comorbidity. We also compared them with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cases. Of 141 cases included (age 5.43 ± 4.54 months, 52% male), 80% had at least 1 virus detected. RSV was the most frequent in the series (71.6%) followed by HBoV1 (28%). Five cases of HBoV1 mono-detection were identified. Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome was present in both groups, HBoV1 and RSV. The clinical presentation and evolution of HBoV1 single infection was similar to RSV. HBoV1 should be included among the agents investigated in cases of SARI in infants., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Maria Pilar Adamo reports financial support was provided by National Agency for the Promotion of Research, Technological Development and Innovation of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of Argentina., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Human bocaviruses were first described between 2005 and 2010, identified in respiratory and enteric tract samples of children. Screening studies have shown worldwide distribution. Based on phylogenetic analysis, they were classified into four genotypes (HBoV1-4). From a clinical perspective, human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is considered the most relevant, since it can cause upper and lower acute respiratory tract infection, mainly in infants, including common cold, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, as well as wheezing in susceptible patients. However, the specific processes leading to structural, biochemical, and functional changes resulting in the different clinical presentations have not been elucidated yet. This review surveys the interactions between the virus and target cells that can potentially explain disease-causing mechanisms. It also summarises the clinical phenotype of cases, stressing the role of HBoV1 as an aetiological agent of lower acute respiratory infection in infants, together with laboratory tests for detection and diagnosis. By exploring the current knowledge on the epidemiology of HBoV1, insights into the complex scenario of paediatric respiratory infections are presented, as well as the potential effects that changes in the circulation can have on the dynamics of respiratory agents, spotlighting the benefits of comprehensively increase insights into incidence, interrelationships with co-circulating agents and potential control of HBoV1., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Purpose: Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is one of the major attributing factors of under-five mortality and morbidity all over the world. Viruses are the most common cause of ARI. Due to the availability of molecular techniques, new viruses are getting isolated from children with ARI. With the above background, the present study was conducted to enlighten on the pathogenic role of human bocavirus (HBoV) in children with ARI., Methodology: This retrospective study was conducted over a period of >3 years duration. The clinical and laboratory data of the patients with signs and symptoms of ARI were retrieved and analyzed. Clinical profiles and outcome of the patients detected of having HBoV mono or co-infections were further analyzed in details., Results: A total of 237 respiratory samples were subjected to respiratory panel by fast track diagnosis (FTD) multiplex polymerase chain reaction (multiplex PCR), of which 10 samples (mono-infection ​= ​4) were detected with the presence of HBoV. The clinical details of 8 cases were studied in details (details of rest 2 cases were missing). All the children were less than 3 years of age, with different co-morbid conditions such as low birth weight (n ​= ​4), cholestatic jaundice (n ​= ​1), operated case of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (n ​= ​1), pancytopenia (n ​= ​1), and primary immune deficiency (n ​= ​1). Their clinical course did not improve following antibiotic administration, 2 succumbed to death while the rest 6 cases were discharged., Conclusion: The present study highlights the fact that HBoV may not be an innocent bystander in the childhood ARI. Larger studies employing appropriate diagnostic modalities are needed to emboss it as a true pathogen and not merely a bystander., (Copyright © 2023 Indian Association of Medical Microbiologists. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Parvovirus testing is not done in routine clinical practice; thus, it is possible that reported parvovirus cases are just the tip of the iceberg of total prevalence. We present a single-center retrospective analysis of 22 events of parvovirus B19 anemia in 20 renal transplant recipients, among which 2 patients had recurrence., Materials and Methods: For this descriptive analytical study, parvovirus B19 disease was defined as parvovirus infection (detection by real-time polymerase chain reaction) in the presence of anemia with clinical symptoms or bone marrow biopsy findings consistent with the diagnosis. Study duration was 18 months, from June 2021 through December 2022, and patients were enrolled from a single center., Results: All patients detected with the virus had received induction with thymocyte globulin and were on standard triple drug immunosuppression. Mean age was 32 ± 12 years with median time to diagnosis of 2 months after transplant. Anemia was observed in all patients with mean hemoglobin level at presentation of 6.02 ± 1.28 g/dL. Creatinine at presentation was 1.49 mg/dL (interquartile range, 0.92-2.69 mg/dL). The most common presentation was asymptomatic patient with evaluation for anemia. During therapy, the highest median creatinine level was 2.0 mg/dL (interquartile range, 1.38-3.2 mg/dL), which was significantly higher than that at presentation (P < .018). After therapy, median creatinine level was 1.3 mg/dL, which was not significantly higher than the baseline level, demonstrating a mostly transient graft dysfunction., Conclusions: Parvovirus B19 is a relatively underreported disease in renal transplant recipients, with patients presenting with anemia and the disease causing transient graft dysfunction. Parvovirus B19 infection responds well to a decrease in immunosuppression and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy.

Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that has been classically attributed to inadequate production of endogenous erythropoietin. 1 Though there are many other common causes of refractory anemia in CKD like iron deficiency, vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiency, noncompliance to dialysis and erythropoietin therapy rare causes like blood loss, bone marrow failure, infections causing aplastic crisis like CMV, parvovirus B19 should be ruled out. Parvovirus has an extreme tropism for erythroid cells and is an uncommon cause of anemia in patients with CKD on maintenance dialysis (MHD) and on erythropoietin. 2 Here we are reporting a rare case of refractory anemia in a patient of CKD on MHD secondary to parvovirus-related aplastic crisis. How to cite this article : Gade K, Londhe C, Pednekar S, et al. A Case of Refractory Anemia in Patient of Chronic Kidney Disease and the Challenges in its Management. J Assoc Physicians India 2023;71(10):94-95., (© Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2023.)

Background: Previous serological studies of human bocavirus (HBoV) 1 could not exclude cross-reactivity with the other three HBoVs, particularly HBoV2., Methods: To search for genotype-specific antibodies against HBoV1 and HBoV2, the divergent regions (DRs) located on the major capsid protein VP3 were defined through viral amino acid alignment and structure prediction. DR-deduced peptides were used as antigens to harvest corresponding anti-DR rabbit sera. To determine their genotype specificities for HBoV1 and HBoV2, these sera samples were used as antibodies against the antigens VP3 of HBoV1 and HBoV2 (expressed in Escherichia coli) in western blotting (WB), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and bio-layer interferometry (BLI) assays. Subsequently, the antibodies were evaluated with clinical specimens from pediatric patients with acute respiratory tract infection by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA)., Results: There were four DRs (DR1-4) located on VP3 with different secondary and tertiary structures between HBoV1 and HBoV2. Regarding the reactivity with VP3 of HBoV1 or HBoV2 in WB and ELISA, high intra-genotype cross-reactivity of anti-HBoV1 or HBoV2 DR1, DR3, and DR4, but not anti-DR2, was observed. Genotype-specific binding capacity of anti-DR2 sera was confirmed by BLI and IFA, in which only anti-HBoV1 DR2 antibody reacted with HBoV1-positive respiratory specimens., Conclusion: Antibodies against DR2, located on VP3 of HBoV1 or HBoV2, were genotype specific for HBoV1 and HBoV2, respectively., (© 2023. Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine.)

Objective: Identifying viral genomes in human heart tissues is critical for disease diagnosis and assessment of cardiovascular damage. Human heart tissue samples obtained during a biopsy procedure are routinely used to test for the presence of viruses, as guided by clinical manifestations and prognosis. Furthermore, heart tissue samples obtained post-mortem or during a cardiac transplant procedure serve as a valuable research tool, as they allow for an in-depth assessment of cardiac pathology that can aid in our understanding of molecular pathways associated with disease. Because viral nucleic acid constitutes only a small portion of each sample's genetic material, appropriate methods are necessary for positive viral genome identification., Results: Snap-frozen heart tissue samples obtained either post-mortem or during a cardiac transplant procedure were used to develop conditions for detection of Parvovirus B19. Briefly, total DNA was isolated from the heart tissue under varying conditions. A PCR-based assay with Parvovirus B19 specific primers was implemented to detect the presence of the viral genome, followed by Sanger Sequencing. The mechanical disruption of the heart tissue, as well as the cardiac tissue processing methods, had a significant effect on the DNA quality and the ability to detect the Parvovirus B19 genome., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Guidelines recommend that dogs are vaccinated for canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV), and canine adenovirus (CAV) every 3 years. Alternatively, their antibody titers are measured and vaccines given when titers fall below a protective threshold. In this study, a point-of-care (POC) assay was compared to hemagglutination inhibition (for CPV) and virus neutralization (for CAV and CDV) assays to predict the need for revaccination Ninety-two dogs presented for vaccination were enrolled. The POC assay indicated protective titers against CDV in 79/80, CPV in 89/90, and CAV in 91/91 dogs with reference standard antibody measurements that were over a protective threshold. The sensitivity of the POC assay for to detect protective concentrations of CDV antibodies was 99% (95% confidence interval [CI 95%], 93.3-99.9%). Ten dogs were falsely considered protected against CDV by the POC assay with a specificity of 17% (CI 95%, 3.0-44.8%). The sensitivity of the POC assay for protective concentrations of CPV titers was 99% (CI 95%, 93.9-99.9%). The sensitivity of the POC assay to detect protective concentrations of CAV antibodies was 100% (CI 95%, 95.9-100%). Only classifying high-positive CDV and CPV titers on the POC assay as protective improved assay specificity to 100%, but sensitivity decreased to 51% and 76% respectively. This POC assay had a high sensitivity for the detection of protective antibody titers; however, some dogs were falsely categorized as protected, especially for CDV., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement None of the authors has any financial or personal relationships that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The aim was to describe the prevalence, molecular epidemiology and clinical manifestations of human bocavirus (HBoV) in patients attended at a tertiary hospital in Barcelona, Spain., Methods: From October 2014 to May 2017, respiratory specimens from paediatric patients were collected for respiratory viruses' laboratory-confirmation. Phylogenetic analyses from partial VP1 sequences were performed from all HBoV laboratory-confirmed specimens. Clinical features were retrospectively studied., Results: 178/10271 cases were HBoV laboratory-confirmed. The median age was 1.53 (IQR 1.0-2.3). Co-detection was highly reported (136; 76%). All viruses belonged into HBoV1 genotype but one into HBoV2. Non-reported mutations were observed and two sites were suggestive to be under negative selection. 61% (109/178) cases had lower RTI (LRTI), of whom 84 had co-detections (77%) and 76 had comorbidities (70%). LRTI was the cause of hospitalization in 85 out of 109 cases (78%), and no differences were found regarding severity factors during hospitalization between co- and single-detections, except for median length of respiratory support, which was longer in cases with co-detections., Conclusions: Close monitoring of predominant HBoV1 showed a high similarity between viruses. The presence of comorbidities might explain the high prevalence of LRTI. Symptomatology in HBoV single-detected cases suggest that HBoV is a true pathogen., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.)

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with compromised immunity are prone to hemophagocytic syndrome secondary to opportunistic infections.This paper reports a rare case of hemophagocytic syndrome secondary to human parvovirus B19 infection in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient,and analyzes the clinical characteristics,aiming to improve the diagnosis and treatment of the disease and prevent missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis.

Background: Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is frequently codetected with other viruses, and detected in asymptomatic children. Thus, the burden of HBoV1 respiratory tract infections (RTI) has been unknown. Using HBoV1-mRNA to indicate true HBoV1 RTI, we assessed the burden of HBoV1 in hospitalized children and the impact of viral codetections, compared with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)., Methods: Over 11 years, we enrolled 4879 children <16 years old admitted with RTI. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were analyzed with polymerase chain reaction for HBoV1-DNA, HBoV1-mRNA, and 19 other pathogens., Results: HBoV1-mRNA was detected in 2.7% (130/4850) samples, modestly peaking in autumn and winter. Forty-three percent with HBoV1 mRNA were 12-17 months old, and only 5% were <6 months old. A total of 73.8% had viral codetections. It was more likely to detect HBoV1-mRNA if HBoV1-DNA was detected alone (odds ratio [OR]: 3.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.7-8.9) or with 1 viral codetection (OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1-3.3), compared to ≥2 codetections. Codetection of severe viruses like RSV had lower odds for HBoV1-mRNA (OR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.19-0.61). The yearly lower RTI hospitalization rate per 1000 children <5 years was 0.7 for HBoV1-mRNA and 8.7 for RSV., Conclusions: True HBoV1 RTI is most likely when HBoV1-DNA is detected alone, or with 1 codetected virus. Hospitalization due to HBoV1 LRTI is 10-12 times less common than RSV., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society.)

Viral infections can lead to transplant dysfunction, and their possible role in rejection is described. In total, 218 protocol biopsies performed in 106 children at 6, 12 and 24 months after transplantation were analyzed according to Banff '15. RT-PCR for cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, BK virus and Parvovirus B19 was performed on blood and bioptic samples at the time of transplant and each protocol biopsy. The prevalence of intrarenal viral infection increases between 6 and 12 months after transplantation (24% vs. 44%, p = 0.007). Intrarenal Parvovirus B19 infection is also associated with antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) (50% ABMR vs. 19% T-cell-mediated rejection, p = 0.04). Moreover, Parvovirus infection is higher at 12 months of follow-up and it decreases at 48 months (40.4% vs. 14%, p = 0.02), while in 24% of grafts, Parvovirus is already detectable at the moment of transplantation. Intrarenal Parvovirus B19 infection seems to be related to ABMR in pediatric kidney recipients. The graft itself may be the way of transmission for Parvovirus, so performance of a PCR test for Parvovirus B19 should be considered to identify high-risk patients. Intrarenal Parvovirus infection presents mainly during the first-year post-transplantation; thus, we recommend an active surveillance of donor-specific antibodies (DSA) in patients with intrarenal Parvovirus B19 infection during this period. Indeed, it should be considered a treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins in patients with intrarenal Parvovirus B19 infection and DSA positivity, even in the absence of ABMR criteria for kidney biopsy.

The single-stranded DNA virus known as human bocavirus 1 (HBoV-1) is an icosahedral, linear member of the Parvoviridae family. In 2005, it was discovered in nasopharyngeal samples taken from kids who had respiratory tract illnesses. The HBoV genome is 4.7-5.7 kb in total length. The HBoV genome comprises three open-reading frames (ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3) that express structural proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3), viral non-coding RNA, and non-structural proteins (NS1, NS1-70, NS2, NS3, and NP1) (BocaSR). The NS1 and NP1 are crucial for viral DNA replication and are substantially conserved proteins. Replication of the HBoV-1 genome in non-dividing, polarized airway epithelial cells. In vitro , HBoV-1 infects human airway epithelial cells that are strongly differentiated or polarized. Young children who have HBoV-1 are at risk for developing a wide range of respiratory illnesses, such as the common cold, acute otitis media, pneumonia, and bronchiolitis. The most common clinical symptoms are wheezing, coughing, dyspnea, and rhinorrhea. After infection, HBoV-1 DNA can continue to be present in airway secretions for months. The prevalence of coinfections is considerable, and the clinical symptoms can be more severe than those linked to mono-infections. HBoV-1 is frequently detected in combination with other pathogens in various reports. The fecal-oral and respiratory pathways are more likely to be used for HBoV-1 transmission. HBoV-1 is endemic; it tends to peak in the winter and spring. This Review summarizes the knowledge on HBoV-1., Competing Interests: The authors declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Mohammadi.)

Infections due to human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human bocavirus (HBoV) can mediate the release of several pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, which are usually associated with disease severity in children. In this study, the change in the expression profile of cytokines and chemokines were determined during HRSV, HBoV, and HRSV coinfection with HBoV in 75 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) samples, positive real-time reverse transcriptase PCR Assay (rRT-PCR) for HRSV ( n = 36), HBoV ( n = 23) infection alone or HRSV coinfection with HBoV ( n = 16). The samples were collected from hospitalized children. qPCR-based detection revealed that the levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-33, and G-CSF were significantly ( p < 0.05) greater in patients than in controls. IL-4, IL-17, GM-CSF, and CCL-5 were significantly elevated in children with HRSV coinfection with HBoV than in other groups ( p < 0.05). TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-33 in children with HRSV were significantly increased in severe infections compared to mild infections. Whereas, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-33 were significantly increased in severe infection in compared a mild infection in children with HBoV. Further large-scale investigations involving isolates are needed to enhance our knowledge of the association between viral infections and cytokine expression patterns during the different stages of HRSV and HBoV infection.

Aim: Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) has been associated with respiratory tract infections in children. We aimed at retrospectively describing patient characteristics, seasonality, pre-existing medical conditions, codetections, clinical manifestations and complications of HBoV1 infection in relation to viral load in the child population in Stockholm, with the overarching aim of elucidating the clinical significance of HBoV1., Methods: We included all hospitalised children 0-17 years testing positive for HBoV1 by real-time polymerase chain reaction on nasopharyngeal aspirates 1 July 2008-30 June 2019. Patients with HBoV1 single detection, high viral load expressed as an HBoV1-DNA cycle threshold (Ct) < 25, or both, were separately analysed. We retrieved information on pre-existing conditions and clinical course from the medical records., Results: We found 768 episodes in 727 children, 496 (64.6%) male and 441 (60.7%) previously healthy. The median age was 17.6 months. Most (476/768, 62.0%) episodes occurred during December-March. HBoV1 was in 549 episodes (71.5%) codetected with other viruses. Ct < 25 was independently associated with young age, single detection of HBoV1 and presentation early in the epidemic season. We saw few differences in clinical manifestations between the subgroups., Conclusion: Our findings are consistent with primary HBoV1 infection causing mild-to-severe respiratory tract manifestations in young children., (© 2023 Foundation Acta Paediatrica. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Chicken parvovirus (ChPV), chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV) and fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) are avian viruses that have emerged in recent years and have endangered the global poultry industry, causing great economic loss. In this study, a multiplex fluorescence-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification (mLAMP) assay for detecting ChPV, CIAV and FAdV-4 was developed to simultaneously diagnose single and mixed infections in chickens. Three primer sets and composite probes were designed according to the conserved regions of the NS gene of ChPV, VP1 gene of CIAV and hexon gene of FAdV-4. Each composite probe was labelled with a different fluorophore, which was detached to release the fluorescence signal after amplification. The target viruses were distinguished based on the colour of the mLAMP products. The mLAMP assay was shown to be sensitive, with detection limits of 307 copies of recombinant plasmids containing the ChPV target genes, 749 copies of CIAV and 648 copies of FAdV-4. The assay exhibited good specificity and no cross-reactivity with other symptomatically related avian viruses. When used on field materials, the results of the mLAMP assay were in 100% agreement with those of the previously published PCR assay. The mLAMP assay is rapid, economical, sensitive and specific, and the results of amplification are directly observable by eye. Therefore, the mLAMP assay is a useful tool for the clinical detection of ChPV, CIAV and FAdV-4 and can be applied in rural areas.

Plastic bronchitis (PB) is a rare and severe respiratory disease characterized by the formation of branching mucus casts, resulting in airway obstruction. PB can be divided into two types. Type 1 PB is primarily caused by inflammatory casts that result from allergic diseases. In type 2 PB, mucinous casts are produced in association with congenital heart disease. PB is also associated with viral respiratory infections, particularly the influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus, which is the most common pathogen affecting pediatric patients. Herein, we report a case of severe type 1 PB caused by human bocavirus (HBoV)1 in a child. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of a nasopharyngeal swab revealed the presence of respiratory syncytial virus and human parainfluenza virus 3. However, no viruses other than HBoV1 were detected in mucus casts by real-time PCR. Consequently, we suggest that HBoV can cause PB in pediatric patients, and direct and comprehensive PCR of bronchial casts may be useful for identifying the etiologic agents.

Parvovirus B19 has been identified to infect pregnant women and cause anemia, spontaneous abortion, and fetal death. Given the significance of parvovirus B19 complications, this study aims to determine the seroprevalence and geographical distribution of parvovirus B19 antibodies in pregnant women to improve health control policies in the community. Online international databases and national Persian databases were used to define appropriate studies published between 2000 and January 2021. The quality of all papers was determined by a Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) checklist. The statistical analyses were performed using the Stata version 11 package (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA) software. Heterogeneity among the primary studies was calculated using Cochran's Q-test and I2 index. The Egger test and the funnel plot chart with a significance level of less than 0.1 were used to evaluate the publishing bias. The seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 IgG antibodies among pregnant and non-pregnant women in Iran was assessed in 12 primary studies. Our finding showed that the seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 IgG antibodies among pregnant women varies from 21% to 76%. Combining the results of 5 primary studies based on the random effect model, the seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 IgG antibody among pregnant women in Iran was estimated to be 54% (95% CI:33-76). The seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 IgM antibodies has been reported in 9 studies. By combining the results of these studies using a random effect model, the seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 IgM antibody among pregnant women was estimated to be 3% (95% CI: 1-6). Generally, it is suggested that appropriate screening programs should be performed for the treatment and prevention of diseases. According to this point, the prevalence of parvovirus B19 is low among pregnant women, but it can cause serious manifestations such as hydrops fetalis and severe anemia, therefore, antibody determination using ELISA can be recommended for all pregnant women.