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En Afrique et particulièrement au Bénin, l’élevage du porc constitue une activité génératrice de revenu. Toutefois, les acteurs de ce secteur sont confrontés à de nombreuses difficultés dont le parasitisme qui entraîne une baisse de production et de productivité. Le présent travail a pour but de faire une revue de littérature sur les parasites qui affectent l’élevage des porcs en Afrique et particulièrement au Bénin. De l’analyse des données collectées, il ressort que trois types d’élevage sont pratiqués au Bénin : l’élevage traditionnel, prédominant et pratiqué à 65%, l’élevage semi-intensif ou semi moderne à 32% et enfin l’élevage intensif ou moderne à 3%. L’amélioration des conditions d’élevage et particulièrement l’alimentation du porc indigène d’Afrique est favorable à l’expression de son potentiel zootechnique. Malgré l’optimalisation des rations, les performances zootechniques du porc local restent encore faibles par rapport à celles des races améliorées. Très peu d’étude sont abordé la prévalence des parasites internes du porc au plan national, mais parmi les parasites rapportés, on a noté : Ascaris suum, Strongyloides ransomi, Trichuris suis, le genre Hyostrongylus et d'autres parasites internes du porc. Il s’impose de mener une étude sur les parasites du porc au Bénin afin de déterminer la prévalence des différents parasites et le danger que ces derniers représentent pour le développement de cette filière. English title: Zootechnical importance and internal parasites of local pigs (Sus crofa domesticus) raised in Benin: bibliographic synthesis In Africa, and particularly in Benin, pig farming is an income-generating activity. However, the actors of this sector are confronted with many difficulties, including parasitism which leads to a decrease in production and productivity. The aim of this study is to review the literature on parasites affecting pig farming in Africa, articularly in Benin. From the analysis of the data collected, it appears that three types of livestock production are practised in Benin: traditional livestock production, which is predominant and practised at 65%, semi-intensive or semi-modern livestock production at 32% and finally intensive or modern livestock production at 3%. The improvement of breeding conditions and particularly the feeding of the indigenous African pig is favorable to the expression of its zootechnical potential. Despite the optimization of rations, the zootechnical performance of local pigs is still low compared to that of improved breeds. Very few studies have addressed the prevalence of internal parasites of pigs at the national level, but among the parasites reported were: Ascaris suum, Strongyloides ransomi, Trichuris suis, the genus Hyostrongylus and other internal parasites of pigs. It is necessary to conduct a study on pig parasites in Benin in order to determine the prevalence of the different parasites and the danger that they represent for the development of this sector.

This article aims to present the current state of the fight against gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants from Improved Traditional Drugs (DTI). A host of scientific documents were consulted by means of search engines to gather the information useful for this synthesis. The failure of conventional treatments has led to the use of new methods to treat digestive pathologies due to internal parasitism in herds of sheep and goats. These include, among others, herbal medicine, homeopathy, aromatherapy, the mixed grazing system for small and large ruminants, ... All plant parts of plants can be used in the preparation of remedies. Several scientific studies show that plants are full of chemical compounds that cause anthelmintic effects on gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants. Literature searches have revealed that studies on DTIs in the management of gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants are non-existent. In addition to the forms (decocted, macerated, infused, etc.) traditionally used by breeders, there are other forms that can be used to make DTIs from plant extracts. There are capsules, capsules, tablets etc. The placing on the market of DTIs requires official authorization based on the safety and reproducibility of the products. From the documents consulted, it appears that scientific research has not yet focused on the formulation of DTIs for the treatment of gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes in small ruminants. It will be useful to manufacture them to facilitate access to veterinary care and the sustainable management of animal health. Keywords: Improved Traditional Drugs; Gastrointestinal nematodes; Small ruminants, West Africa; Central Africa.

The objective of this study is to synthesize knowledge on the pharmacological properties, phytochemistry and toxicity of Eleusine indica. To achieve this, specific keywords were used to explore scientific databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Researchgate. The scientific data collected show that Eleusine indica has antidiabetic, antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-trypanosomal, antihelmintic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiurolithiasic, antiviral, phytoremediating, hepatoprotective and phytoremediating properties. These pharmacological properties are associated with a richness of the herb in secondary metabolites. It has been reported, the presence of alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, saponins, cardiac glycosides and anthracene glycosides in several extracts of the plant. In addition, schaftoside (C-glycosyl-6-C-arabinosyl-8 apigenin) and vitexin (apigenin-8-C-glucoside) were isolated from aerial parts. Toxicologically, an absence of toxicity was noted. All this makes Eleusine indica, a plant with an interesting pharmacological potential, which should be valorized by further work and the development of phytodrugs.

In the search for new molecules capable of treating intestinal parasitosis with less risk in the short, medium and long term, the potential of medicinal plants is explored. Psidium guajava is plant used traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders and intestinal parasitosis. According to the synthesis of reviews presented here, very few studies have been devoted to the evaluation of anthelmintic activities of Psidium guajava. Psidium guajava has secondary metabolisms responsible for its demonstrated biological activities and reported medicinal uses. The leaves and fruits of Psidium guajava contain essential oils that know a great variation in the content of compounds. Geographic and edaphic conditions, and genetic factors are factors that influence the composition of essential oils. The direct consequence is the observation of several chemotypes of essential oils of Psidium guajava. Further studies are important to demonstrate the efficacy of Psidium guajava in the treatment of intestinal parasitosis.

Small ruminants farming is a traditional activity mostly practiced by local populations in developing countries since several centuries. Nowadays, due to many biotic and climatic factors, it faces various problems which damage smallholders’ income especially those related to gastrointestinal parasites. In opposite to the chemical drugs use in controlling those parasites, medicinal plants have been investigated with fewer side effects on both the meat quality and the environment. This current study aimed at reviewing Haemonchus contortus prevalence in small ruminants across the world and present medicinal plants that have been investigated in the last decades. H. contortus is identified as the most significant nematode parasite in small ruminants due to its high prevalence reported by many studies. Its presence in small ruminants results in a loss of feed absorption and disturbance of nutrient metabolism, which lead to poor performance and significant economic loss in the herds, especially in rural areas of developing countries. For the past decades, its control was mainly based on the use of chemical anthelmintics; whose use has been limited due to several factors like the irrational and misuse. Recently, the use of medicinal plants has been identified as alternatives methods of its control with conclusive results. Parts of plants or the whole plants of several plant species were reported to be relevant to control H. contortus infection in small ruminants such as: Bridelia ferruginea, Mitragyna inermis, Combretum glutinosum, Hagenia abyssinica, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Leucaena leucocephala, Phytolacca icosandra, Eucalyptus staigeriana, Carica papaya, Newbouldia laevis and Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides. Key words: Economic losses, gastrointestinal nematodes, chemical anthelmintics, medicinal plants, poor performance.

Napoleonaea vogelii, Lecythidaceae family is a tropical evergreen shrub widely distributed in the coastal regions of West African countries including Benin. It is a medicinal plant whose leaves and bark are of great utility in traditional medicine. Despite its importance, it is little used in ethnoveterinary medicine and its pharmacological basis in this field and especially in the treatment of parasitic diseases caused by Haemonchus contortus is very little documented. This review aims to synthesise existing data on the chemical composition, pharmacological and zootechnical usefulness of N. vogelii and to identify the gaps of these works in order to propose research perspectives. Google Scholar database was used to gather the majority of useful information available on N. vogelii. The results showed that of the 23 publications included in the present study, 60.87% dealt distinctly with the pharmacological properties of N. vogelii. These properties include anthelmintic, antidiabetic, wound healing, antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties and N. vogelii contains many secondary metabolites including alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides which give it its pharmacological properties. The Correspondence Factor Analysis performed for the variables extracts and chemical compounds showed that the presence of a given chemical compound is not dependent on the type of extract. This work has gathered information on N. vogelii and found that the species has powerful therapeutic potentials but very little use in traditional veterinary medicine. More research is needed on this plant to make available ethnoveterinary pharmacological data to enable proper use in the treatment of animal diseases in general and gastrointestinal parasitosis of small ruminants in particular.

This study presents the diversity of anthelmintic plants in the cotton zone of Central Benin. The aim was to identify the medicinal anthelmintic plants used by small ruminant breeders in cotton zone of Central Benin to treat gastrointestinal parasites. Three hundred and sixty breeders were selected during individual semi-structured face-to-face interviews. Different quantitative indices of cultural importance were calculated in order to determine the level of use of plant species. Jaccard similarity index (JI) was calculated and Pearson’s correlation was determined for Use Value (UV) and Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC). In this study, a total of 99 medicinal species, of which 63 have anthelmintic potential, were listed, including Khaya senegalensis, Launaea taraxacifolia, Napoleonaea vogelii, Momordica charantia and Vernonia amygdalina, which all had UV and RFC above 20%. Each of them had a Fidelity Level above 50% and an Informant Agreement Rate (IAR) value close to one. Pearson’s correlation showed a significant correlation between RFC and UV with r = 0.94, and the studies were clearly independent (IJ &lt, 50%). This study showed that the cotton zone of Central Benin represents 4% of the total flora of Benin, with many anthelmintic plants such as Launaea taraxacifolia and Napoleonaea vogelii that require further investigation.

Bridelia ferruginea (Euphorbiaceae) and Mitragyna inermis (Rubiaceae) are two plants of the beninese pharmacopeia used in vivo for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in small ruminant...

To contribute solutions to the problem of animal protein shortage for human consumption in Cameroon, a study was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Dschang- Cameroon to evaluate the effects of inclusion levels of Tithonia diversifolia leaf meal (TDLM) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of rabbits. The leaves were chopped, boiled for 5 minutes, drained, sundried, milled and analysed for proximate composition in the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition. The leaf meal was used to formulate 4 experimental diets containing 0% (control) 15, 20 and 25% of the TDLM, corresponding to T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. A total of 40 (20 males and 20 females) 2-months-old rabbits, weighing 1000 ± 125g were randomly assigned to the 4 dietary treatments in a 4 x 10 replicates in a completely randomized design. The live weights of the animals were evaluated weekly for 9 weeks. Eight (8) rabbits (4 males and 4 females) per treatment were randomly selected and sacrificed for carcass evaluation. The data collected were then submitted to one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Mean differences were separated using Duncan. The results showed that incorporation of TDLM induced a decrease in daily feed consumption. The least daily feed intake was observed in treatment T3 (109.14g/d) while the highest daily weight gain (24.49g/d) and the least feed conversion ratio (4.61) were also observed in the same treatment T3. However, no significant differences were observed for these parameters (P>0.05) between the treatments although daily weight gain was higher and feed conversion ratio lower in the males as compared to the females. Carcass yield (C.Y.) was higher in the control T1 (52.39%) though comparable (P>0.05) with all the other treatments. Abdominal fat was significantly (P 0.05) observed in organs weights. Although there were significant differences between organs of different sexes, no regular pattern was maintained. These all signified nutritional adequacy at all levels of inclusion of TDLM, improving growth performance at the inclusion level of 25%. T. diversifolia leaves boiled for 5 minutes, sundried and milled can therefore be used as an alternative ingredient which when included in the rations of rabbits up to 25%, still compares well with conventional ingredients in growth and carcass performance irrespective of the sex. However, the use of TDLM could significantly reduce the cost of feeding and enhance meat production as it is relatively more abundant as compared to other ingredients

En Afrique subsaharienne et au Benin, peu de travaux ont ete consacres au traitement des maladies du lapin. Dans le but d’ameliorer le schema therapeutique des lapins dont l’importance est considerable dans cette zone, une attention particuliere est accordee a Moringa oleifera pour ses vertus nutritionnelles et pharmacologiques. Une etude phytochimique et antiparasitaire a donc ete entreprise a cet effet. Le criblage phytochimique et l’analyse quantitative ont revele la presence et la haute teneur de grands groupes de composes chimiques a activite antiparasitaire comme les phenols totaux (384.09mgGAE/50g), flavonoides (0,019mgRE/50g), tanins (9,60.10- 6mgCE/50g) saponosides, derives quinoniques. Trois rations alimentaires granulees a base de feuilles de Moringa oleifera (0, 5, 10 et 15% d’incorporation) ont ete testees sur les parasites gastrointestinaux des lapins. L’etude parasitologique effectuee par coproscopie quantitative a permis de montrer que les rations alimentaires de 5%, 10% et 15% d’incorporation ont ete efficaces a hauteur de 97,58 % et 97,57% sur les oocystes de coccidies ; 97,74 et 99,04 sur les œufs d’helminthes de lapins selon les methodes de POWER et de COLES. Cette etude justifie donc l’utilisation traditionnelle des feuilles de Moringa oleifera pour le traitement des parasitoses gastrointestinales des lapins. In sub-Saharan Africa and Benin, little work has been devoted to the treatment of rabbit diseases. For improving the rabbit’s treatment whose importance is considerable in this region, special attention is given to Moringa oleifera for its nutritional and pharmacological properties. Phytochemical and anthelmintic studies were therefore undertaken to this effect. Phytochemical screening and quantitative analysis revealed the presence and the high content of large groups of chemical compounds with anthelmintic activity such as total phenols (384.09mgGAE/50g), flavonoids (0.019mgRE/50g), tannins (9.60.10-6 mgCE/50g), saponins, and quinone derivatives. The formulation of three granulated rations containing incorporation 5, 10 and 15% of powdered leaves of Moringa oleifera has been tested on gastrointestinal nematodes of rabbits. The parasitological study by quantitative coproscopy has shown that the granulated food ration with incorporation of 15% leaf powder of Moringa oleifera is effective on gastrointestinal parasites up to 97.58 % and 97.57% on oocysts of coccidia, 97.74 and 99.04 on helminth eggs of rabbits calculated by the POWER and COLES methods. This study has justified the traditional use of Moringa oleifera leaves for the treatment of gastrointestinal parasite of rabbits.

Background: Small ruminant health problems still represent a major constraint in Benin. Thus, to treat goats and sheep diseases, breeders use medicinal plants. However, little scientific work has been done on the traditional knowledge of these plants.The specific objectives of the current study were (i) to document the traditional knowledge regarding the disease groups treated and the medicinalplants used in the health and zootechnical management of small ruminants in Benin and (ii) to assess the effect of sex, ethnicity, agroecological zone and herd sizeassociatedwith them. Methods: To achieve these objectives, an ethnoveterinary survey was conducted in different agroecological zones from September 2018 to February 2019. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 506 breeders and farmers and took into account the identity of the respondents, the plants used to treat the ailmentsfor improving the productivity of sheep and goats, the parts used and the method of preparation of the recipes. The data were analyzed through the calculation the Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Fidelity Level (FL), and Consensus Factor of the Informant (CFI). Descriptive statistics and multivariate analyses were applied to our data using the software R and Minitab. The symptoms recordedfrom the respondents were categorized into 10 disorder groups using the second version of the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC). Results: Ten (10) categories of disorders were treated by the people surveyed. These are mainly disorders of the digestive system (D) (49.34%) and disorders related to pregnancy and parturition (W) (20.15%). A total of 101 species medicinal plantsbelonging to 42 families and 90 genera were recorded. The most represented families are Leguminosae (21.57%) and Euphorbiaceae (6.86%). The most cited speciesare Zanthoxylumzanthoxyloides (Lam.) Watermann, Khayasenegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss, Strigahermonthica (DeliIe) Benth. and Adansoniadigitata L. Sex, ethnicity, agroecological zone and herd size are the socioeconomic and environmental factors that influence the level of ethnoveterinary knowledge. Conclusions: Results showedthe high diversity of medicinal species used to treat small ruminant’sdiseasesin Benin. Chemical and biological analyzes are needed to test the effectiveness of the main inventoried plants. Keywords : Ethnoveterinary, sheep, goats, Benin.

Several medicinal plants are used like fodder in the animal diet. The impact on the blood parameters of these plants is not always known. The present study aims to determine the influence of Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina leaves meal on the biochemical and haematological parameters of growing rabbits. Ninety-six rabbits New Zealand with 35 to 40 days old were used. The animals were randomly divided into 8 groups of 12 rabbits. Groups O0, O5, O10, O15, V0, V5, V10 and V15 received the ration contain 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of Ocimum gratissimum or Vernonia amygdalina leaf meals respectively. All the rabbits had a blood sample taken. For Ocimum gratissimum, the RBC number, haemoglobin levels, glycaemia, total protein content, and PCV of the animals were not significantly different (p 0.05). The results showed significant (P

International audience; The need for new anthelmintic with no chemical residues is becoming urgent. In a program aiming at the evaluation of plant as sources of new active molecules, the anthelmintic activities of the essential oils (EOs) obtained from either Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides seeds or Newbouldia laevis leaves were evaluated against Strongyloides ratti by analyzing the results of two in vitro bioassays. These two plants and their tested parts were retained after an ethnopharmacology survey that confirmed their use by small-scale farmers for treatment of small ruminants affected by digestive helminths. The plants were harvested in Benin, and their EO were obtained by hydrodistillation. The EO yield of extraction was 0.65% (w/w) of for Z. zanthoxyloides seeds and 0.05% (w/w) for N. laevis. The chemical compositions of the two EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The major constituents of the EO from Z. zanthoxyloides consisted of the following compounds: gamma-terpinene (18 %), undecane (15 %), valencene (8.3 %), decanal (8.3 %), and 3-carene (6.7 %). In contrast, the major constituents of the EO from N. laevis leaves consisted of the following compounds: beta-caryophyllene (36 %) and eugenol (5.8 %). An egg-hatching inhibition (EHI) assay was developed and a larval migration inhibition assay was used on S. ratti to examine the effects of the EOs and to evidence their inhibitory concentrations (IC50 and IC90) values on this nematode. Furthermore, the toxicity of the two EOs on Vero cell line was evaluated. When tested on S. ratti egg hatching, the two EOs resulted in similar IC50 values (19.5 and 18.2 mu g/ml for Z. zanthoxyloides and N. laevis, respectively), which were about sevenfold higher than that of the control (thiabendazole, IC50 = 2.5 mu g/ml). Larval migration was inhibited at similar concentrations for: Z. zanthoxyloides (IC50 = 46 mu g/ml), N. laevis (IC50 = 51 mu g/ml), and the control [levamisole (IC50 = 36 mu g/ml)]. No cytotoxicity was found on Vero cells because both EOs had IC50 values higher than 50 mu g/ml. Therefore, we have concluded that the EOs from two plants, used in folk medicine, may contain compounds with anthelmintic activity and could be used as improved traditional medicines or, at least, as food additives in a combined treatment for the control of helminth infections.

En elevage des petits ruminants, la gestion des parasitoses gastro-intestinales reste une preoccupation majeure a laquelle l’ethnopharmacopee est associee. La presente etude vise a comparer l’effet combine des poudres, puis des extraits methanoliques de deux plantes ( Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides et Newbouldia laevis ) sur les parasites gastro-intestinaux des agneaux Djallonke. Ainsi, les effets anthelminthiques de la consommation de la poudre de feuilles des deux plantes ont ete evalues pour des traitements sur un et trois jours consecutifs. Les poudres ont ete administrees separement a la dose de 3,8 g/kg de poids vif pour chaque plante, puis combinees a hauteur de 50% de cette dose pour chaque plante (Mixte 1) et a hauteur de 100% de la meme dose (Mixte 2). Quant a l’extrait methanolique, un traitement sur trois jours consecutifs a ete teste a la dose de 0,6 g/kg de poids corporel. Le traitement de trois jours avec les poudres de feuille a induit une reduction significative (p ≤ 0,01) de l’excretion fecale des oeufs avec une efficacite plus marquee pour Z. zanthoxyloides et les traitements mixtes. L’administration des extraits methanoliques pendant trois jours a montre apres sacrifice des animaux et denombrement des nematodes une diminution significative (p ≤ 0,05) du nombre de vers adultes de T. colubriformis avec Z. zanthoxyloides , Mixte 1 et Mixte 2 et de H. contortus avec Z. zanthoxyloides , N. laevis et Mixte 2. Par contre, les reductions d’excretion des oeufs induites par les traitements avec les extraits seuls ou combines ne sont pas significatives (p > 0,05). Les poudres des feuilles de Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides et Newbouldia laevis administrees separement ou en combinaison sur trois jours consecutifs perturbent donc la prolificite de H. contortus et de T. colubriformis pendant que l’application des extraits methanoliques des deux plantes, seules ou associees, affectent leur viabilite. Ces deux plantes de meme que leurs combinaisons a bonne dose pourraient alors constituer une alternative a la chimiotherapie pour controler les principaux parasites gastro-intestinaux. © 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots cles: Agneaux Djallonke, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides , Newbouldia laevi s, Haemonchus contortus , Trichostrongylus colubriformis , OPG English Abstract The management of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in small ruminant production remains a major concern which associates ethnopharmacology. This study aimed at comparing the combination of powders and methanol extracts of two plants ( Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides and Newbouldia laevis ) on gastrointestinal parasites of Djallonke lambs. Thus, the anthelmintic effects of the consumption of the two plants leaves powder were evaluated for treatment on one and three consecutive days. The powders were separately administered at the dose of 3.8 g/kg body weight for each plant and then combined with 50% of this dose to each plant (Mixed 1) and up to 100% of the same dose (Mixed 2). For the methanol extract, a treatment on three consecutive days was tested at the dose of 0.6 g/kg body weight. The three-day treatment with the leaves powder induced a significant reduction (p ≤ 0.01) fecal excretion of eggs with a greater efficacy for Z. zanthoxyloides and mixed treatments. The administration of the methanol extracts for three days showed after the slaughtering of animals and enumeration of nematodes a significant reduction (p ≤ 0.05) of the number of adult worms of T. colubriformis with Z. zanthoxyloides , Mixed 1 and 2 and H. contortus with Z. zanthoxyloides , N. laevis and Mixed 2. In contrast, the egg excretion reductions induced by treatments with extracts alone or combined, are not significant (p> 0.05). Leaves powders of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides and Newbouldia laevis administered separately or in combination on three consecutive days therefore disturb the prolificacy of H. contortus and T. colubriformis while the application of methanolic extracts of both plants alone or in combination, affect their viability. Both plants and their combinations, at correct doses could then, as an alternative to chemotherapy, control major gastrointestinal parasites. © 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Djallonke lambs, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides , Newbouldia laevis , Haemonchus contortus , Trichostrongylus colubriformis , EPG

The Somba cattle (Bos Taurus brachyceros sp), located in Benin and Togo, has a severe reduction of its livestock in recent decades. The aim of this study was to determine the causes of this phenomenon, in order to propose new approaches of conservation. The study consisted of surveys with targeted farmers and cattle. The results indicate that Somba cattle are not cared for both in terms of food and health, justifying its low performance and high mortality rate. The parameters covered by the study vary from one mode of farming to another. For individual parameters, entrusted farming is more interesting. In more than 80% of the farms of this mode, age at first calving is around 36 months, whereas it is of 42 months in the home farming, and have an inter calving period of 14 months which is also less than 24 months in the second case. Demographic parameters seem more interesting than home farming. Then, the mortality rate is 13.46% in home farming against 16.61% in entrusted farming. Regarding to external factors, health monitoring is lax in both modes. Food is a great concern especially during the dry season. The absorption by zebu was often mentioned as the main cause of the decrease of Somba cattle livestock. The present study shows that high mortality due to an absence of health monitoring is the basis of the sharp decline in the number of Somba cattle. The influence of zebu is currently marginal because 96.22% of cattle at the farm level respondents are Somba breed. Keywords: Parameters, individuals, demographic, livestock, conservation, mortality