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The aim of this study was to examine the effect of delayed evening mealtime on sleep quality in young athletes. Twelve rugby players (age 15.8 ± 0.7 years) participated in a crossover within-participant design. Adolescents spent five consecutive days in each of two conditions, separated by a 2-week washout period: routine dinner (3.5 hr before bedtime) and late dinner (LD, 1.5 hr before bedtime). Other mealtimes as well as bedtime and wake-up time were usual and remained the same in both conditions. Their schedules, dietary intakes, and physical activity were controlled and kept constant throughout the study. Sleep was assessed using polysomnography on the first and the last nights in the individual rooms of the boarding school. An increase in total sleep time by 24 min (p = .001, d = 1.24) and sleep efficiency by 4.8% was obtained during LD (p = .001, d = 1.24). Improvement in sleep efficiency was mainly due to a lower wake after sleep onset (−25 min, p = .014, d = −3.20), a decrease of microarousals (−25%, p = .049, d = −0.64), and awakenings ≥90 s (−30%, p d = −0.97) in LD compared to routine dinner. There were no significant differences in sleep architecture except for a shorter slow-wave sleep (N3) latency (−6.9 min, p = .03, d = −0.778) obtained during LD. In this study, evening dinner 1.5 hr before bedtime leads to better quality and less fragmented sleep compared to evening dinner 3.5 hr before bedtime in young athletes.

Study Objectives To examine the effect of the timing of high-intensity exercise (afternoon vs. evening) on adolescent athletes’ bedtime psychological state, sleep quality, sleep staging, and next-day wellness/sleepiness according to chronotype. Methods Forty-two young athletes (morning type: n = 12, intermediate type: n = 14; evening type: n = 16) completed a randomized crossover study under free-living conditions. The counterbalanced sessions include: (AEX) afternoon (1:00–3:00 p.m.) and (EEX) evening (5:30–7:30 p.m.) high-intensity exercise. Sessions were conducted over three days each and were separated by a 1-week washout period. The time in bed was fixed (10:30 p.m.–7:30 a.m.). Sleep was assessed through ambulatory polysomnography. Results The effect of high-intensity exercise on sleep differs significantly depending on the time of exercise with lower sleep efficiency: SE (−1.50%, p Conclusions Exercise timing and chronotype affect the psychological state at bedtime and objective sleep in adolescent athletes. This also alters next morning signs of pre-fatigue and wellness which suggest that the consideration of both features is important to adolescent athletes’ recovery.

This study compares the effectiveness of a 12-week moderate exercise training program (METP), performed in the morning versus the evening, on sleep, physical activity, physical fitness, sleepiness, fatigue and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in overweight and obese patients. Sedentary and inactive overweight/obese adults (n = 36) were included in METP and randomized into two groups: morning group (GM) and evening group (GE). Twenty-eight participants successfully completed METP (3 × 90 min exercise session per week for 12 weeks, completion rates80%). Sleep, physical activity, and bedtime temperature were measured using accelerometry and infrared tympanic temperature during 3 separate weeks of the study (Week1, Week6, and Week12). Participants also took part in baseline and endpoint assessments including physical fitness as well as subjective physical activity, chronotype, sleep quality, sleepiness, fatigue and HRQoL. METP did not impact objective sleep quality differently between the two groups (morning vs evening). Bedtime and mid-sleep were advanced when METP was done in the morning whereas they were delayed when METP was practiced in the early evening (

Introduction Based on Anses's report (2016)[1][1], the French Public Health Policy emphasizes on health status improvement by acting on physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Since 2016, many countries have collected results of large epidemiological studies providing new insights into the effect of physical activity- and mainly sedentary-related behaviors on health. To date, behaviors inducing the highest risks are not identified. In this context, based on the data from the most recent French Food Consumption Survey “(Inca3 2017)”[1][2], Anses aims at characterizing the overweight and obesity risks related to physical fitness regarding the levels of physical activity (PA) and sedentary (SED) daily duration of children and adolescents. Methods For 11–17 year-old children, the PA and SED behavior were collected using an adapted Youth Risk Behavior Survey questionnaire. Physical activity and sedentary duration were compared to the thresholds considered as safe (Anses 2016): PA > 60 min/day and SED 20 min/day and SED >4h30/day) were set to disaggregate the population that does not reach these benchmarks, allowing to define nine profiles regarding the associated risks identified and updated in the literature. Profiles were compared according to BMI and age using Pearson chi-square tests. All statistical analysis were performed taking into account the survey complex sampling frame design and the individual weighting. Results The preliminary results show nine risk-based profiles of children and adolescents (n = 1285) related to the risk thresholds that can be identified. The most at risk profiles represented almost 50% of the 11-17 years old and were associated with the highest BMI. The highest sedentary (>4h30) profiles were observed in the oldest adolescents. However, among them, regarding the updated literature, those having a high physical activity level were considered as at lower risk. Conclusion Finally, definition of profiles based on risk thresholds, >60 min/day and >20 min/day for PA and allows to characterize the children and adolescents the most a risk in order to enhance the effectiveness of public health policy. The risk assessment could be further refined using accelerometer real time measurement of physical activity and sedentary behavior.

The ability to produce muscle power during sprint acceleration is a major determinant of physical performance. The comparison of the force-velocity (F-v: theoretical maximal force, F

Sleep is bi-directionally linked to energy balance. This crossover study design will evaluate the acute effect of a moderate energy deficit (500 kcal) induced by diet, exercise, or mixed (−250 kcal by diet and 250 kcal by exercise) on sleep and the next morning’s appetitive responses. The study sample comprises 24 healthy young adults. The experimental measurements will be conducted in a naturalistic, momentary manner and partly assessed by the participants. The participants will undergo a run-in period in order to stabilize their sleep schedules and provide them with training on the study protocol and measurements. Indirect calorimetry will be used to determine their resting metabolic rate and peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak). Then, they will take part in a control session (CTL), followed by three energy deficit sessions in random order: a diet-induced energy deficit session (DED), an exercise-induced energy deficit session (EED), and a mixed energy deficit session (MED). All experimental sessions will be separated by a one-week washout. The participants’ sleep will be monitored by ambulatory polysomnography, and the next morning’s appetitive response will be evaluated via ad libitum food intake, appetite sensations, and food reward, measured by a food liking and wanting computerized test.

In recent years, running has dramatically increased in children and adolescents, creating a need for a better understanding of running gait in this population; however, research on this topic is still limited. During childhood and adolescence multiple factors exist that likely influence and shape a child’s running mechanics and contribute to the high variability in running patterns. The aim of this narrative review was to gather together and assess the current evidence on the different factors that influence running gait throughout youth development. Factors were classified as organismic, environmental, or task-related. Age, body mass and composition, and leg length were the most researched factors, and all evidence was in favour of an impact on running gait. Sex, training, and footwear were also extensively researched; however, whereas the findings concerning footwear were all in support of an impact on running gait, those concerning sex and training were inconsistent. The remaining factors were moderately researched with the exception of strength, perceived exertion, and running history for which evidence was particularly limited. Nevertheless, all were in support of an impact on running gait. Running gait is multifactorial and many of the factors discussed are likely interdependent. Caution should therefore be taken when interpreting the effects of different factors in isolation.

This work studied the acute effects in healthy adults of evening exercise timing on their quality of sleep and dietary intake over the following 12 h. Sixteen men and women, (age: 22.3 ± 1.4 years; BMI: 20.8 ± 1.4 kg/m2, intermediate chronotype) took part in three randomized crossover sessions spread over three consecutive weeks: control session (CTL), 1 h exercise session at 6:30 pm (E6:30) and 1 h exercise session at 8:30 pm (E8:30), in which exercise finished 4 h and 2 h before habitual bedtime, respectively. Exercise was an outdoor run at 60% HRmaxth. Energy expenditure and sleep were ambulatories monitored by accelerometry under free-living condition. Ad-libitum dinner and breakfast were used to measure subsequent energy intake and proportion of that energy derived from each macronutrient. Evening exercise did not disrupt sleep. Improvement in sleep quality compared to the control condition was observed only when exercise was performed 4 h before habitual bedtime (WASO: p

Despite the importance of sleep monitoring in the context of sport, few studies to date examined night-to-night sleep variability among adolescent athletes. This study compared night-to-night sleep variation between junior rugby players and age-matched non-athlete adolescents across seven consecutive nights of the in-season competitive phase. This investigation is based on data from a single centre, observational prospective study including 30 adolescents (15 junior rugby players and 15 non-athlete age-matched controls). Sleep was continuously monitored using ambulatory electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. While the non-athlete controls catch-up on their sleep debt during the weekend by delaying their wake-up time, junior rugby players opt for an earlier bedtime to cope with sport-related travel (Fri: −00:57 h:min; p TST: + 5.8%; P SE: + 3.8%; p N2: + 5.4%; p N3: + 4.5; p

This study aimed to determine the short-term effect of two isocaloric diets differing in the ratio of protein–carbohydrate on melatonin levels, sleep, and subsequent dietary intake and physical activity in healthy young men. Twenty-four healthy men took part in a crossover design including two sessions of three days on isocaloric diets whether high-protein, low-carbohydrate (HPLC) or low-protein, high-carbohydrate (LPHC) followed by 24-h free living assessments. Sleep was measured by ambulatory polysomnography pre-post-intervention. Melatonin levels were assessed on the third night of each session on eight-point salivary sampling. Physical activity was monitored by accelerometry. On day 4, participants reported their 24-h ad-libitum dietary intake. LPHC resulted in better sleep quality and increased secretion of melatonin compared to HPLC. A significant difference was noted in sleep efficiency (p < 0.05) between the two sessions. This was mainly explained by a difference in sleep onset latency (p < 0.01) which was decreased during LPHC (PRE: 15.8 ± 7.8 min, POST: 11.4 ± 4.5 min, p < 0.001). Differences were also noted in sleep staging including time spent on REM (p < 0.05) and N1 (p < 0.05). More importantly, REM latency (PRE: 97.2 ± 19.9 min, POST 112.0 ± 20.7 min, p < 0.001) and cortical arousals (PRE: 7.2 ± 3.9 event/h, POST 8.5 ± 3.3 event/h) increased in response to HPLC diet but not LPHC. On day 4, 24-h ad-libitum energy intake was higher following HPLC compared to LPHC (+64 kcal, p < 0.05) and explained by increased snacking behavior (p < 0.01) especially from carbohydrates (p < 0.05). Increased carbohydrates intake was associated with increased cortical arousals.

Study Objectives Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is one of the most common pediatric rheumatic disease. However, sleep alteration associated with this autoimmune disease remain unclear. We aimed in this systematic review and meta-analysis to compare sleep duration, quality, and architecture in JIA subjects with those in their healthy peers. Methods Systematic search performed in PubMed, EMBase, Cochrane, and PsycINFO databases included 19 studies in the qualitative synthesis of which 10 met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. Results Pooled results from subjective methods indicated pronounced sleep disturbances and complaints in youth with JIA compared with their healthy counterparts. This was further confirmed by increased difficulty maintaining sleep (wake after sleep onset [WASO]; standardized mean differences [SMD]: −0.69; CI: −1.29 to −0.09, p = .02) and a tendency to increased difficulty initiating sleep (sleep onset latency [SOL]; SMD: −0.29; CI: −0.60 to 0.03, p = .07). There were no remarkable differences in sleep duration or sleep architecture between JIA patients and healthy controls. High heterogeneity was found for several outcomes. This could be explained by the different methods used as well as associated sleep disorders, medication, and comorbidities. Conclusions Although included studies were methodologically diverse, the summarized results of our review and meta-analysis bring evidence that children with JIA present more fragmented sleep compared to healthy peers. Thereby, the implementation of strategies to manage and improve sleep in this population are needed and might have a beneficial effect on the symptoms and functions of JIA. Statement of Significance We observed that youth with Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) present pronounced sleep disturbances compared to their healthy counterparts: Meta-analysis found more difficulty maintaining sleep and a tendency to increased sleep latency in youth with JIA. However, results show discrepancies due to the different materials and methods used. Larger sample and further disentanglement of sample composition, considering associated sleep disorders, medication and comorbidities should be addressed in future studies.

Background: A better understanding of the influence of energy balance on sleep in adolescents, particularly those with obesity, could help develop strategies to optimize sleep in these populations. The purpose of this study was to investigate sleep under ad libitum-vs-controlled diets adjusted to energy requirement (eucaloric) among adolescents with obesity and their normal weight controls. Methods: Twenty-eight male adolescents aged between 12 and 15 years, n = 14 adolescents with obesity (OB: BMI ≥ 90th centile) and n = 14 normal weight age matched controls (NW), completed an experimental protocol comprising ad libitum or eucaloric meals for three days, in random order. During the third night of each condition, they underwent in home polysomnography (PSG). Results: An interaction effect of energy intake (EI) was detected (p &lt, 0.001). EI was higher during ad libitum compared to the eucaloric condition (p &lt, 0.001) and in OB compared to NW (p &lt, 0.001) in the absence of any substantial modification to macronutrient proportions. Analyses of energy intake distribution throughout the day showed a significant interaction with both a condition and group effect during lunch and dinner. Sleep improvements were noted in OB group during the eucaloric condition compared to ad libitum with reduced sleep onset latency and N1 stage. Sleep improvements were correlated to reduced EI, especially during the evening meal. Conclusion: Simply adjusting dietary intake to energy requirement and reducing the energy proportion of the evening meal could have therapeutic effects on sleep in adolescents with obesity. However, positive energy balance alone cannot justify worsened sleep among adolescents with obesity compared to normal weight counterparts.

International audience; Young athletes must contend with the constraints of elite sports on top of school commitments and the physiological processes associated with adolescence. This study assessed week and weekend sleep and schedule of activities in elite adolescent rugby players during the in-season competitive phase compared with age-matched non-athlete controls. 32 adolescents (GR: 16 elite rugby players, GC: 16 controls) from the same boarding school filled out a daily schedule of activities and a sleep diary, and wore a multichannel electroencephalogram for 14 days. They later filled out questionnaires on their sleep quality, sleepiness, and perceived stress. Both groups showed insufficient sleep duration during the week (

Objectives: This study aims to assess the validity, internal consistency, implementation, and feasibility of a sequence of tests, the Vitality Test Battery, designed to measure physical fitness, at a large scale in French older adults.Methods: A total of 528 volunteers (age ≥60 years) took the battery of 10 tests: 6-min walk, trunk strength, hand grip strength, medicine ball throwing, 30-s chair stand, flexibility, balance, plate tapping, ruler drop, and dual task.Results: Internal consistency was high, with the Cronbach alpha coefficients at around 0.77, explaining 64% of the variance. The test–retest correlations (0.3–0.6) between the items were acceptable and displayed an internal consistency property. Although five components explained 65% of the variance, all the items were kept because their eigenvalues were near to 0.9. External consistency was validated by a significant decrease in fitness scores (p < 0.001) with age and body mass index.Discussion: The Vitality Test Battery is a safe, valid tool for assessing physical fitness in persons aged over 60 years.

Disturbed sleep is common in adolescents. Ingested nutrients help regulate the internal clock and influence sleep quality. The purpose of this clinical trial is to assess the effect of protein tryptophan (Trp)/large neutral amino acids (LNAAs) ratio on sleep and circadian rhythm. Ingested Trp is involved in the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle and improvement of sleep quality. Since Trp transport through the blood&ndash, brain barrier is competing with LNAAs, protein with higher Trp/LNAAs were expected to increase sleep efficiency. This randomized double-blind controlled trial will enroll two samples of male adolescents predisposed to sleep disturbances: elite rugby players (n = 24) and youths with obesity (n = 24). They will take part randomly in three sessions each held over a week. They will undergo a washout period, when dietary intake will be calibrated (three days), followed by an intervention period (three days), when their diet will be supplemented with three proteins with different Trp/LNAAs ratios. Physical, cognitive, dietary intake, appetite, and sleepiness evaluations will be made on the last day of each session. The primary outcome is sleep efficiency measured through in-home electroencephalogram recordings. Secondary outcomes include sleep staging, circadian phase, and sleep-, food intake-, metabolism-, and inflammation-related biochemical markers. A fuller understanding of the effect of protein Trp/LNAAs ratio on sleep could help in developing nutritional strategies addressing sleep disturbances.

International audience; Aim: To assess muscle function and functional abilities in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Methods: Fourteen children with JIA and 14 healthy controls matched for age and sex were included. Muscle characteristics, both structural (thickness, cross-sectional area (CSA) and fascicle angle) and qualitative (intermuscular adipose tissue : IMAT) were assessed on thigh muscles using ultrasound and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Muscle function and functional abilities were determined from the assessment of maximal voluntary isometric contraction force (MVIC) of the knee extensors and vertical jump performance. Results: No significant difference in MVIC force was observed between both groups. However, squat jump height was significantly reduced in children with JIA (18.3 ± 5.4 vs 24.3 ± 7.9 cm, p

BACKGROUND Although adolescence and obesity are related to impaired sleep duration and quality, exercise was admitted as a nonpharmacological treatment for sleep and better control of energy balance. OBJECTIVES To investigate the acute effects of intense exercise on sleep and subsequent dietary intake. METHODS Sixteen adolescent girls with obesity (age 13.7 ± 1.1 years, weight 82.7 ± 10.2 kg, body mass index (BMI) 30.5 ± 3.4 kg/m2 , fat mass (FM) 39.2 ± 3.1%, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) 8.6 ± 2.8, paediatric daytime sleepiness scale (PDSS) 19.6 ± 5.9) took part in two experimental sessions in a random order: Control (CTL) and Exercise (EX). The two sessions were identical except for a continuous ergocycle exercise bout lasting 40 minutes and performed at 70% VO2max at the end of the morning of EX. Energy expenditure and sleep were measured by accelerometry and next-morning dietary intake in an ad libitum meal. RESULTS Higher sleep duration (P

Purpose: To examine the effect of drop height on vertical jumping performance in children with respect to sex and maturity status. Methods: Thirty-seven pre-pubertal, 71 circa-pubertal, and 69 post-pubertal boys and girls performed, in a randomized order, 2 squat jumps, 2 countermovement jumps, and 2 drop jumps (DJ) from heights of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 cm. The trial with the best jump height in each test was used for analysis. Results: No significant sex × maturity status × jump type interaction for jump height was observed. However, on average, the children jumped higher in the countermovement jump than in squat jump and DJs (+1.2 and +1.6 cm, P Conclusions: Children, independent of sex and maturity status, performed best in the countermovement jump, and no performance gain was obtained by dropping from heights of 20 to 70 cm. During maturation, the use of drop heights between 20 and 40 cm may be considered in plyometric training, but the optimum height must be obtained individually.

IntroductionStress and obesity are two public health issues. The relationship between obesity and stress is biological through the actions of stress on the major hormones that regulate appetite (leptin and ghrelin). Many spa resorts in France specialise in the treatment of obesity, but no thermal spa currently proposes a specific programme to manage stress in obesity. The ObesiStress protocol has been designed to offer a new residential stress management programme. This thermal spa treatment of obesity implements stress management strategies as suggested by international recommendations.Methods and analysis140 overweight or obese participants with a Body Mass Index of >25 kg/m2 and aged over 18 years will be recruited. Participants will be randomised into two groups: a control group of usual practice (restrictive diet, physical activity and thermal spa treatment) and an intervention group with stress management in addition to the usual practice. In the present protocol, parameters will be measured on five occasions (at inclusion, at the beginning of the spa (day 0), at the end of the spa (day 21), and at 6 and 12 months). The study will assess the participants’ heart rate variability, cardiac remodelling and function, electrodermal activity, blood markers, anthropometric profile, body composition, psychology and quality of life via the use of questionnaires and bone parameters.Ethics and disseminationThe ObesiStress protocol complies with the ethics guidelines for Clinical Research and has been approved by the ethics committee (CPP Sud-Est VI, Clermont-Ferrand - ANSM: 2016-A01774-47). This study aimed to highlight the efficacy of a 21-day thermal spa residential programme of stress management in obesity through objective measurements of well-being and cardiovascular morbidity. Results will be disseminated during several research conferences and articles published in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberNCT03578757.

Objectif Une analyse qualitative et quantitative (meta-analyse) a ete realisee pour comparer le sommeil des enfants et adolescents atteints d’arthrite juvenile idiopathique (AJI) et de maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin (MICI) avec celui des sujets temoins apparies par l’âge. Methodes En accord avec le standard PRISMA, 24 etudes ont ete inclues dans la revue systematique dont 11 ont ete eligibles pour la meta-analyse. Les donnees ont ete compilees a l’aide du logiciel (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, version 2 ; Biostat, Englewood, NJ). Les differences moyennes normalisees des Hedges (SMD) ont ete calculees a l’aide d’un modele a effets aleatoires. Resultats Une augmentation des perturbations du sommeil evalue subjectivement a ete notee chez les sujets malades. La meta-analyse a revele une duree de sommeil inchange. En revanche, chez les patients, des difficultes d’endormissement (SOL = SMD : −0,59 ; IC a 95 % : −0,82, −0,36, p Conclusion Cette etude revele l’existence d’une alteration du sommeil chez les populations pediatriques atteintes d’AJI ou MICI.

Objectif Cette etude compare l’effet d’un programme d’activite physique adaptee (APA) (12 semaines), mis en place le matin vs le soir, sur le sommeil, la perte de poids, les capacites physiques, la fatigue, la somnolence et la qualite de vie d’adultes en surpoids ou obeses. Methodes (n = 36) adultes obeses ou en surpoids (âge : 57 ± 10,05 ans ; IMC : 35,6 ± 6,62 kg/m2) ont ete randomises en deux groupes (GM : APA a 9 h 00) et (GS : APA a 18 h 30). Le sommeil et l’activite physique ont ete mesures par accelerometrie (S1 : 1re semaine et S12 : derniere semaine). Les sujets ont participe a des evaluations pre- et post-programme comprenant la composition corporelle (impedancemetrie), les capacites physiques (batterie de tests physiques), la qualite de sommeil subjective (IQSP), la somnolence (ESS), le niveau d’AP (IPAQ-SF), la fatigue (Pichot) et la qualite de vie (SF-36). Resultats Le moment de la pratique de l’APA n’a pas eu d’impact sur la quantite et la qualite du sommeil, excepte un retard de l’heure du coucher chez GS comparee a GM (IC a 95 % (47,46 ; 146,98 min), p Conclusion Le programme d’APA realisee le soir n’a pas altere le sommeil chez les adultes en surpoids ou obeses.

Epub ahead of print; Physical activity (PA) is essential for children throughout their growth and maturation. It improves physiological and psychological health and limits the risk of developing metabolic disorders. However, some chronic physiological and metabolic diseases may lead to decreased PA. The diversity of outcomes in the literature offers no consensus for physical activity and sedentary levels in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A literature review and a meta-analysis were carried out with original studies from a Medline database search. Only high-quality studies (STROBE checklist) written in English comparing PA level or sedentary behavior (SB) between children with the disorders and their healthy peers were considered. The aim was to examine PA and SB in children with JIA or IBD compared to their healthy peers. The literature review and meta-analysis identified decreased PA and increased time spent in SB in these populations, which may exacerbate both their lower physical fitness and the symptoms of their health disorders. Results nevertheless show discrepancies due to the different materials and methods used and the variables measured. Further studies are needed to establish a gold standard method for assessing PA level in these populations.

The effect of exercise on sleep remains controversial in athletes especially in junior athletes. This study tested the acute effect of additional intense rugby training on sleep, next-day dietary intake, and physical performances in adolescent rugby players compared to a day with regular exercise. 17 male rugby players in the national under-17 category (age: 15.7 +/- 1.1 years, height: 1.78 +/- 0.1 m, weight: 84.4 +/- 13.6 kg, BMI: 26.6 +/- 3.8 kg/m(2), fat mass: 14.5 +/- 3.4%, VO2max Yo-Yo test: 52.1 +/- 4.4 mL/min/kg, evening chronotype) took part in this study. The athletes completed two 36-h experimental sessions in random order: a regular exercise program (REP) vs. an intensified exercise program (IEP) at a 1-week interval. Physical activity and sleep data were collected using accelerometers. Performance tests were conducted the next morning after an ad libitum breakfast. Sleep improved during intensive training (TST: + 26 min, SL: - 4%, WASO: - 39%, SE: + 8.5%) with moderate effect size. There was no next-day difference in calorie intake from breakfast, but macronutrient composition shifted toward proteins (regular: 15.4 +/- 6.1% vs. intensive: 18.9 +/- 7.4%, ES = - 0.650 [- 1.13; - 0.18]). There were no significant differences in Wingate test performance or spatial awareness task time. However, performance in submaximal tests improved. Acute intensified training results in increased sleep duration and quality without disturbing next-day performance or dietary intake in young rugby players.

For a list of the members of the HERCCULE group, see the acknowledgments section:Borderon, C (Borderon, Corinne); Bourdier, P (Bourdier, Pierre); Caron, N (Caron, Nicolas); Chaus-Set, A (Chaus-Set, Aurelie); Courteix, D (Courteix, Daniel); Duche, P (Duche, Pascale); Echaubard, S (Echaubard, Stephane); Fel, S (Fel, Solenne); Kanold, J (Kanold, Justyna); Merlin, E (Merlin, Etienne); Paysal, J (Paysal, Justine); Pereira, B (Pereira, Bruno); Ratel, S (Ratel, Sebastien); Rochette, E (Rochette, Emmanuelle); Rouel, N (Rouel, Nadege); Sarret, C (Sarret, Catherine); Terral, D (Terral, Daniel); Usclade, A (Usclade, Alexandra); Background/objectivesSurvival rates in children diagnosed with malignant brain tumors exceed 70%. A higher risk of dyslipidemia, central obesity, and insulin resistance has been reported among these children. We investigated substrate utilization during submaximal exercise.Design/methodsTen brain tumor survivors and 10 healthy children were matched by sex, age, and Tanner stage. Participants completed a submaximal incremental exercise test to determine their fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates.ResultsThe relative oxygen volume (VO2) peak was significantly higher in the control group than in the survivors of childhood brain tumors (43.3 ± 11.9 and 32.4 ± 10.2 mL/kg /min, P = .04). At the same relative exercise intensity, there was no difference in the carbohydrate or lipid oxidation rate between the two groups, or in the maximal fat oxidation (MFO) rate, or in the heart rate or percentage of VO2 peak to reach MFO. Healthy children achieved MFO at significantly higher muscular power than did brain tumor survivors (47.9 ± 20.8 and 21.8 ± 9.6 W, P = .003).ConclusionBecause child brain tumor survivors are less physically fit than healthy children, and substrate utilization during submaximal exercise is not different, physical activity should be promoted for child brain tumor survivors.

The aim of this study was to measure the impact, at 24 h post-exercise, of a single exercise bout on plasma inflammatory markers such as calprotectin, IL-6, sIL-6 R, sgp130 and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).Twelve children with JIA attended the laboratory on three consecutive days (control day, exercise day and 24 h post-exercise), including a 20-min exercise bout on a cycle-ergometer at 70% of max. HR at 8:30 a.m. on day 2. Plasma concentrations of calprotectin, IL-6, sIL-6 R, sgp130, cortisol, ACTH and DHEA were measured on venous blood samples taken every day.at rest and at 8:30, 8:50, 9:30, 10:30 a.m. and 12:00, 3:00, 5:30 p.m.A single exercise bout increased plasma calprotectin 1.7-fold (pPhysical activity in children with JIA results in a slight transient systemic inflammation but seems to be followed by counter-regulation at 24 h post-exercise with a decrease in proinflammatory markers.

Objective In a context of inflammatory disease such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), we do not know what impact physical activity may have on a deregulated immune system. The objective is to measure the impact of a single bout of exercise on plasma inflammatory markers such as calprotectin, IL-6, sIL-6R, sgp130, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Methods Twelve children with JIA performed a nonexercise control day and a consecutive day that included a 20 min exercise bout at 70% of max-HR at 08:30 am. Venous blood samples were taken at 08:30, 08:50, 09:30, 10:30 am, and 12:00 pm to measure plasma concentrations of calprotectin, IL-6, sIL-6R, sgp130, cortisol, and ACTH. Pain was evaluated at 08:30, 08:50 am, and 06:00 pm. Results There was a transient twofold increase in postexercise self-evaluated pain (p = 0.03) that disappeared in the evening. A single bout of exercise resulted in a 1.7-fold increase in plasma calprotectin (p < 0.001) but not IL-6 and its soluble receptors. Calprotectin levels returned to baseline within 3 hours after cessation of exercise. Conclusion Acute exercise in children with JIA induced slightly musculoskeletal leg pain and transient increased plasma calprotectin levels but not IL-6 levels. Trial registration in ClinicalTrials.gov, reference number NCT 02502539, registered on 29 May 2015.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by persistent joint inflammation that manifests as joint pain and swelling and limited range of joint motion. In healthy subjects, the literature reports that physical activity has an anti-inflammatory effect. In JIA patients, exercise could be used as a therapeutic tool to counteract disease-related inflammation and thereby improve clinical symptoms, although transient flare of pain could be the price to pay. Indeed, in patients with a chronic inflammatory disease, physical activity is prone to exacerbate underlying inflammatory stress. Physical activity improves quality of life and symptoms in JIA patients, but the mechanisms of action remain unclear. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced immune and hormonal changes. Data on the impact of acute and chronic physical activities on the secretion of hormones and other molecules such as miRNA or peptides involved in the inflammatory process in JIA was compiled and summarized, and the key role of the biological effect of muscle-derived interleukin 6 in the exercise-induced modulation of pro/anti-inflammatory balance is addressed. We also go on to review the effect of training and type of exercise on cytokine response. This review highlights the beneficial effect of physical exercise in children with JIA and potential effect of exercise on the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory response.

Excess body weight composes an important limitation to exercise in obese youth. The aim of this study was to compare the perceived exertion of obese adolescents between weight-bearing (WB; running) and non-weight-Bearing (NWB; cycling) exercises performed at moderate (55% VO2max) and high (75% VO2max) intensities. Twenty-four obese adolescents were recruited. After assessment of their body composition and physical capacities, they had to complete four isoenergetic exercise sessions: (1) a cycling session performed at 55% of their maximal capacities (NWB-55%); (2) a cycling session set at 75% (NWB-75%); (3) a running session at 55% (WB-55%); and (4) a running session at 75% (WB-75%). Perceived exertion was assessed using a visual scale at regular interval. While no significant difference between WB and NWB modalities was observed, the adolescents expressed a significantly lower rate of perceived exertion (RPE) during exercises at 55%VO2max (P0.0001). An intensity × modality interaction revealed that RPE was lower at 75% VO2max during NWB exercises (P0.05). While obese adolescents expressed lower RPE during exercise at moderate intensity whatever its modality, low level of perceived exertion has been observed during high-intensity exercises and especially during NWB. High-intensity exercise appears well tolerated in adolescents when their body weight is supported.

Acute exercise has been shown to induce nutritional adaptations in obese and lean inactive youth but it remains unclear whether youth with a high level of physical activity experience such exercise-induced energy intake and appetite modifications.14 (15- to 16-year-old) male elite rugby players completed sessions on three separate occasions: (1) a control session (CON); (2) an exercise session (EX) and; (3) a rugby session (RUGBY). The energy induced by the rugby and exercise sessions was matched (Polar Team2 pro technology), and participants' energy intake, food preferences (ad libitum buffet meals) and appetite feelings (Visual Analogue Scales) were assessed throughout the experimental days.The energy intake during lunch and snack time was not different between conditions. Dinner time energy intake was significantly increased after RUBGY compared to CON with respectively 969 ± 145 kcal and 777 ± 183 kcal (p 0.05). The energy intake at dinner time was significantly increased during EX (1185 ± 199 kcal) compared to both CON (p 0.001) and RUGBY (p 0.01). None of the appetite feelings investigated were modified between sessions.Adolescent elite rugby players regulate their energy intake differently depending on the nature of their training; independently of the energy expended. This demonstrates the need for energetic and nutritional education to optimize their physical fitness and performance.

Objective While indexes have been proposed to estimate total and abdominal adiposity in adults, the assessment of adiposity among obese adolescents remains difficult in clinical setting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical applicability of total and visceral and fat mass indexes in obese adolescents. Methods One hundred and thirty, 12–16 year old obese adolescents were enrolled in the study. Anthropometric characteristics [Height, weight, waist (WC), and hip (HC) circumferences] were measured and body composition assessed by Dual X-Ray absorptiometry (DXA) assessed. High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C) and Triglycerides (TG) plasma concentrations were assessed from fasting blood samples. Body Adiposity indexes (BAI) were calculated from formulas taking into account, height, weight, and WC, and for the Visceral Adiposity indexes, a formula including WC, HDL-C, and TG. Results Both the BAI and Pediatric Body Adiposity Index (BAIp) were significantly correlated to the percentage of total body fat assessed by DXA (DXA %FM; P

Background Acute intensive exercise has been shown to induce a decreased subsequent daily energy intake in obese adolescents without altering the subjective appetite feelings. It is however unclear whether or not those nutritional adaptations to acute exercise are affected by the adolescents' weight status. The aim of this study was to compare the energy intake and macronutrient preferences, appetite feeling and energy expenditure response to acute exercise between lean and obese adolescents. Methods Ten obese and nine normal weight 12-15 year old adolescents randomly completed a session with a 30 minute cycling exercise at 75% VO2max and a sedentary session. During both sessions energy expenditure was assessed using Armband, ad libitum energy intake measured by weighing at both lunch and dinner time and appetite feelings assessed using visual analog scales. Results Daily, morning and afternoon energy expenditure were significantly higher in obese than in normal weight adolescents (p < 0.001). Total energy expenditure was significantly higher during EX (1086 ± 157 kcal) compared to SED (853 ± 154 kcal) in lean (p < 0.05) but not significantly different in obese (respectively 1865 ± 222 and 1803 ± 232 kcal). Afternoon energy expenditure was significantly lower during EX compare to SED in obese (p < 0.05) but not in normal weight adolescents. Lunch, dinner and total daily energy intake were significantly reduced after the exercise session in obese (p > 0.05) but not in lean adolescents. No group or condition effects were observed on subjective appetite feelings. Discussion Post exercise spontaneous energy intake and energy expenditure are reduced in obese but not in normal weight adolescents, without appetite feeling changes. Acute exercise may have a greater impact on energy balance through the induced decreased energy intake in the absence of significant change in energy expenditure in obese youth.

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International audience; Our purpose was to investigate the effect of obesity in prepubertal children on the hormonal response to exercise performed under different conditions of nutrient availability. Prepubertal obese (age, 10.3 +/- 1.8 years; % body fat, 36.1 +/- 6.1; n = 9) and lean (age, 9.2 +/- 1.6 years; % body fat, 22.2 +/- 4.1; n = 7) children completed 2 experimental sessions in which they performed a 30 min of cycling exercise at 50% of their maximal aerobic power either 1 h (T1h) or 3 h (T3h) after a standardized breakfast. Plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), IGF binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), and IGFBP-3 levels were assessed at baseline and after exercise. Urine was collected during the sessions, and catecholamine and glucocorticoid excretions were analyzed. A significant time effect was observed for IGFBP-1; postexercise levels decreased in lean and obese children (p

SummaryWhat is already known about this subject Acute exercise may lead to subsequent energy expenditure compensation. Intensive exercise may favor a higher compensation than low or moderate exercises. What this study adds This post-exercise compensation might occur only in overweight/obese youth and not in lean. This work used objective measures of energy expenditure compare to previous work. Background Physical activity is mainly used in weight control strategies to favour energy expenditure. Some evidence suggests that exercise might not have the expected impact on energy balance, and may actually cause a decrease in the subsequent physical activity energy expenditure. Objective To question the impact of an acute exercise session of varying intensities on daily energy expenditure in lean and obese adolescents. Methods Data from three separate studies conducted in lean and obese 12–15 years old adolescents (study 1: 12 obese; study 2: 10 obese and nine lean; study 3: 15 obese) have been used. Daily energy expenditure (DEE) was assessed in studies 1 and 2 during an exercise condition with an exercise bout at 70%VO2max (EX) and a rest day (REST) (using Actiheart and Armbands, respectively). In study 3, DEE was assessed in calorimetric chambers during (i) a high intensity exercise condition (HIE - 75%VO2max) and (ji) a condition with a low intensity exercise (LIE - 40%VO2max) and (iii) a rest condition (REST). Results Morning energy expenditure was significantly higher during the exercise conditions whatever the intensity compared with rest. Afternoon energy expenditure was significantly lower following HIE compared to the rest condition in studies 2 and 3. Afternoon energy expenditure was not significantly different between LIE and REST in study 2. Total DEE was not significantly different between conditions in the three studies. Conclusion Obese adolescents seem to show a compensatory response to an acute session of HIE (>70%VO2max) by decreasing their following physical activity energy expenditure. Although HIE favours body composition, physical fitness and metabolic profile improvements, this induced compensatory energy expenditure response has to be considered to optimize its effect on weight loss.

The concept of metabolic flexibility describes the ability of skeletal muscle to switch between the oxidation of lipid as a fuel during fasting periods to the oxidation of carbohydrate during insulin stimulated period. Alterations in energy metabolism in adults with obesity, insulin resistance and/or type 2 diabetes induce a state of impaired metabolic flexibility, or metabolic inflexibility. Despite the increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in obese children and youth, less is known about the factors involved in the development of metabolic inflexibility in the paediatric population. Metabolic flexibility is conditioned by nutrient partitioning in response to feeding, substrate mobilization and delivery to skeletal muscle during fasting or exercising condition, and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Our aim in this review was to identify among these factors those making obese children at risk of metabolic inflexibility. The development of ectopic rather than peripheral fat storage appears to be a factor strongly linked with a reduced metabolic flexibility. Tissue growth and maturation are determinants of impaired energy metabolism later in life but also as a promising way to reverse metabolic inflexibility given the plasticity of many tissues in youth. Finally, we have attempted to identify perspectives for future investigations of metabolic flexibility in obese children that will improve our understanding of the genesis of metabolic diseases associated with obesity.