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Zaključek športne kariere velja za posebno tranzicijo v življenju športnikov, v kateri je prisotno tveganje za različne težave in abstinenčne krize. Precej raziskav poroča o tem, da so nekateri športniki doživeli določene tranzicijske težave in negativna čustva po koncu kariere. Športniki, ki doživljajo stiske in težave po koncu kariere, pogosto niso deležni ustrezne socialne podpore oziroma redkeje iščejo strokovno pomoč. Na področju psihologije športa so na voljo različne intervencije in podporni programi. Zaradi celovite obravnave športnikov in kompleksnosti njihovih problemov po koncu kariere je možno predlagati alternativne oblike pomoči. V doktorski disertaciji smo zato želeli raziskati nekatere tranzicijske dejavnike in doživljanje športnikov po koncu kariere z vidika relacijske družinske terapije, ki predstavlja, s celovitejšim in globljim naslavljanjem tranzicijskih problemov, alternativno terapevtsko intervencijo. Doktorska disertacija z naslovom Abstinenčna kriza pri športnikih po koncu kariere z vidika relacijske družinske terapije je razdeljena na teoretični in empirični del. V teoretičnem delu smo najprej predstavili dosedanje raziskovanje fenomena zaključka športne kariere, kjer smo se osredotočili na teoretske pristope, razloge za konec kariere, njene posledice in dejavnike uspešne tranzicije. Nadaljevali smo z obravnavo izbranih dejavnikov, tj. športna identiteta, odvisnost od vadbe, čustveno procesiranje in abstinenčni simptomi depresije, tesnobe in stresa, ki smo jih raziskali v empiričnem delu. V tretjem delu smo predstavili model relacijske družinske terapije, s poudarkom na relacijskem preobratu v psihoanalizi in temeljnimi mehanizmi modela. V zadnjem delu teoretičnega dela smo predstavili teološki vidik kot integrativni del športa, tako da smo analizirali Sveto pismo z vidika športa in izpostavili hrepenenje v bibličnem kontekstu kot sinonim za tranzicijske spremembe po koncu kariere. Sledil je empirični del, ki smo ga razdelili na splošni kvantitativni del in posebni kvalitativni del. V kvantitativnem delu nas je zanimala raven in povezanost dejavnikov športne identitete, odvisnosti od vadbe, čustvenega procesiranja in abstinenčnih simptomov depresije, tesnobe in stresa pri športnikih po koncu kariere. V raziskavo se je prostovoljno vključilo 98 športnikov, ki so že končali s športno kariero. Na podlagi analize vprašalnikov smo na vzorcu ugotovili ravni navedenih dejavnikov, ki so dokaj primerljive z ostalimi raziskavami. Nadalje smo ugotovili, da obstaja pri športnikih po koncu kariere statistično pomembna povezanost med ravnijo športne identitete in ravnijo odvisnosti od vadbe, ravnijo čustvenega procesiranja ter ravnijo abstinenčnih simptomov in med ravnijo čustvenega procesiranja ter ravnijo abstinenčnih simptomov, medtem ko statistično pomembna povezanost med ravnijo odvisnosti od vadbe in čustvenim procesiranjem oziroma abstinenčnimi simptomi ne obstaja. V kvalitativnem delu raziskave smo v okviru procesa relacijske družinske terapije želeli bolje razumeti doživljanje težav in abstinenčnih kriz pri športnikih po koncu kariere. V raziskavo so se vključili trije udeleženci, nekdanji športniki, ki so se soočali s težavami po koncu kariere. Zanimala nas je možnost naslavljanja in reševanja težav z vidika relacijske družinske terapije ter predvsem značilnosti in oblike doživljanja abstinenčne krize ter težav po koncu kariere. Ugotovili smo, da je probleme in doživljanje športnikov po koncu kariere možno naslavljati in reševati z uporabo modela relacijske družinske terapije. Prav tako smo ugotovili, da je doživljanje abstinenčne krize možno vsebinsko razvrstiti na pet glavnih kategorij. Športniki po koncu kariere so tako izrazili težave in krize v povezavi s telesnimi reakcijami (neprijetne organske senzacije, spremembe telesnih funkcij, slabše telesno počutje in telesne poškodbe), čustvenim doživljanjem (temeljni afekti, duševne stiske, čustveno procesiranje in razna druga občutja), športno kariero (slovo od kariere, športna identiteta in športna vadba), odnosi (lastno doživljanje, odnosi v športu, družinski odnosi in socialna mreža) in poklicno-ekonomskim statusom (izobrazba, poklic in finance). Zaključke raziskave je potrebno razumeti z upoštevanjem omejitev, predvsem v zvezi s sestavo vzorca v prvem delu raziskave in manjšim vzorcem v drugem delu raziskave, prav tako je pri razumevanju doživljanja težav po koncu kariere potrebno upoštevati individualno komponento in specifičnost posameznika. Doktorska disertacija prispeva k boljšemu razumevanju abstinenčnih kriz in težav športnikov po koncu kariere, z možnostjo uporabe modela relacijske družinske terapije kot obliko podpore športnikov po koncu kariere. Disertacija nadalje prispeva k razvoju stroke in programov, ki se srečuje oziroma so namenjeni športnikom po koncu kariere. Career termination is considered to be a special transition in the lives of athletes, in which there is a risk of various problems and abstinence crises. A lot of research report that some athletes have experienced certain transition problems and negative emotions at the end of their careers. Athletes who experience hardships and problems at the end of their careers often do not receive adequate social support or rarely seek professional help. Various interventions and support programs are available in sport psychology. According to the comprehensive treatment of athletes and the complexity of their problems at the end of their careers, it is possible to suggest alternative forms of support. In the doctoral dissertation, we wanted to explore some transition factors and athletes' experience after career termination from the perspective of relational family therapy, which represents, with more comprehensive and deeper addressing of transition problems, an alternative therapeutic intervention. The doctoral dissertation entitled Abstinence crisis in athletes after career termination in the light of relational family therapy is divided into a theoretical and an empirical part. In the theoretical part, we first presented the previous research on the phenomenon of sport retirement, focusing on theoretical approaches, the reasons for career termination, its consequences, and the factors of a successful transition. We continued to address selected factors, i.e. athletic identity, exercise addiction, emotional processing, and abstinence symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, which we explored in the empirical part. In the third part, we presented a model of relational family therapy, emphasizing the relational shift in psychoanalysis and the basic mechanisms of the model. In the last part of the theoretical part, we presented the theological aspect as an integrative part of sport, by analyzing the Bible from the perspective of sport and highlighting longing in a biblical context as a synonym for post-career transition changes. Then followed an empirical part, which we divided into a general quantitative part and a special qualitative part. In the quantitative part, we were interested in the level and correlations of athletic identity, exercise addiction, emotional processing, and abstinence symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress among ex-athletes. 98 athletes who have already finished their sports careers voluntarily joined the survey. Based on the analysis of the questionnaires, we determined the levels of these factors in the sample, which are quite comparable to other surveys. We further found that there is a statistically significant correlation between the level of athletic identity and the level of exercise addiction, the level of emotional processing and the level of abstinence symptoms, and between the level of emotional processing and the level of abstinence symptoms, in ex-athletes. There is no statistically significant correlation between the level of exercise addiction and emotional processing or abstincence symptoms in ex-athletes. In the qualitative part of the research, we wanted to better understand the experience of problems and abstinence crises in ex-athletes using the process of relational family therapy. The study included three participants, former athletes who faced problems after the end of their careers. We were interested in the possibility of addressing and solving problems from the relational family therapy perspective, and especially the characteristics and forms of experiencing an abstinence crisis and problems after career termination. We found that the problems and experiences of ex-athletes can be addressed and solved using the model of relational family therapy. We also found that the experiencing of the abstinence crisis can be divided into five main categories. After the end of their careers, athletes expressed problems and crises in connection with bodily reactions (unpleasant organic sensations, changes in bodily functions, poor physical well-being, and injuries), emotional experiences (basic emotions, mental distress, emotional processing, and various other feelings), sports career (farewell to career, athletic identity, and sports practice), relationships (own experience, relationships in sports, family relationships and social network) and occupational economic status (education, profession, and finance). The conclusions of the research should be understood by considering the limitations, especially regarding the composition of the sample in the first part of the research and the small sample in the second part of the research. The doctoral dissertation contributes to a better understanding of abstinence crises and problems of ex-athletes, with the possibility of using the model of relational family therapy as a form of support for ex-athletes. The dissertation further contributes to the development of the discipline and the programs that meet or are intended for ex-athletes.

Teoretični del magistrskega dela obravnava vzroke, škodljive razsežnosti in posledice problematične uporabe interneta med mladostniki, osamljenost in socialno podporo ter dognanja o medsebojnih vplivih in učinkih na psihofizično zdravje in življenje mladostnikov. V empiričnem delu so na vzorcu mladostnikov zadnje triade osnovnih šol prikazane statistično pomembne povezanosti med problematično uporabo interneta, osamljenostjo in socialno podporo. Razlike v problematični uporabi interneta, občutenju osamljenosti in podpori družine glede na kraj bivanja niso potrjene, prav tako ni razlikovalni faktor imetje hišnih ljubljenčkov v problematični uporabi interneta in občutenju osamljenosti. Smo pa ugotovili, da se problematična uporaba interneta in osamljenost statistično pomembno razlikujeta glede na spol. Potrdili smo, da se problematična uporaba interneta glede na različno stopnjo obiskovanega razreda razlikuje le, če upoštevamo učinek spola. Potrdili smo tudi, da se doživljanje osamljenosti statistično pomembno razlikuje glede na dnevno porabo časa mladostnikov na internetu. Z regresijsko analizo smo napovedali spremenljivko osamljenosti na osnovi neodvisnih spremenljivk spola, kraja bivanja, imetja živali, socialne podpore in problematične uporabe interneta pomembno bolje, kot če bi pri vseh vrednostih odvisne spremenljivke napovedali povprečje neodvisnih spremenljivk. The theoretical part of the Master's thesis deals with the causes, harmful dimensions and consequences of problematic internet use among adolescents, loneliness, and perceived social support and findings on the interactions and effects on the psychophysical health and life of adolescents. In the empirical part, a sample of adolescents from the last triad of elementary schools (aged 13-15) was studied and shows statistically significant connections between problematic internet use, loneliness and perceived social support. Differences in problematic internet use, experiencing loneliness and having family support, related to place of residence have not been confirmed, nor is owning a pet being a distinctive factor in problematic internet use and experiencing loneliness. However, we found that problematic internet use and loneliness differed statistically significantly between genders. We confirmed that problematic internet use varies between the classes attended, but only when we also take the gender into consideration. We also confirmed that experiencing loneliness differs statistically significantly depending on the daily time spent on the internet. By regression analysis, we predicted the loneliness variable based on independent variables of gender, place of residence, owning a pet, perceived social support, and problematic Internet use significantly better than predicting the average of independent variables for all values of the dependent variable.

Avtorica je v magistrskem delu raziskovala, v povezavi s čim starši otrok s kronično boleznijo doživljajo občutje žalosti, jeze in strahu. V teoretičnem delu opredeli pojem kronična bolezen, otrokovo bolezen opredeli kot travmatični dogodek ter spregovori o odzivih staršev. V nadaljevanju je opredelila pojem družina, orisala dinamiko odnosov, predstavila čustveno doživljanje staršev otrok s kronično boleznijo ter navedla relacijsko družinsko terapijo kot obliko psihosocialne pomoči družinam. V empiričnem delu je predstavljena raziskava, v kateri je sodelovalo 12 intervjuvancev, en oče in 11 mater. Udeleženci so bili stari od 31 do 43 let. Avtorica je uporabila vnaprej pripravljen polstrukturiran intervju, ki je zajemal sledeča področja: izkušnja diagnostičnega procesa, starševstvo, partnerski in družinski odnosi, odnosi z zdravstveno stroko, podpora staršem, negotova prihodnost, poslabšanje bolezni in oskrba otroka. Rezultati so pokazali, da starši otrok s kronično boleznijo, žalost, jezo in strah doživljajo v povezavi z diagnostičnim postopkom, načinom spoprijemanja z boleznijo, z negotovo prihodnostjo, v odnosih s člani družine, v odnosih z zdravstvenim osebjem ter ob spoprijemanju z raznimi ovirami, življenjskimi izzivi ter prejemanju pomoči. Izkazalo se je, da je žalost najpogosteje prisotno občutje, čemur sledi občutje strahu in šele nato občutje jeze. Otrokova kronična bolezen vpliva na otroka ter celoten družinski sistem, znotraj katerega pride do reorganizacije vlog in sprememb. Starši in celotna družina se morajo sprijazniti z boleznijo ter odkriti in razviti ustrezne strategije spoprijemanja z otrokovo boleznijo, kar je dolgotrajen proces, ki zahteva mnoge prilagoditve in odrekanja na različnih področjih. Otrokova kronična bolezen lahko na družino vpliva negativno ali pozitivno in pri starših poleg žalosti, jeze in strahu, prebuja paleto najrazličnejših različno intenzivnih občutij, ki posledično vplivajo na nadaljnje spoprijemanje z boleznijo. This thesis researches, when and in connection with what, parents of the chronically diseased children experience sadness, anger, and fear. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the definition of the chronic disease, defines children’s condition as a traumatic event and addresses the parents’ reactions. What is more, it defines the term family, describes the dynamic of relations, depicts emotional experience of parents of diseased children, and suggests relation family therapy as a form of psychosocial help for the families. The empirical part presents the research with 12 interviewees, one father and eleven mothers. The participants are aged from 31 to 43. For the purposes of the interviews a semi-structured interview was used and it covers the following areas: the experience of the diagnostic process, parenthood, family and partnership relations, relations with the medical profession, parents’ support, insecure future, deterioration of the disease, and care of their children. The results show that parents experience sadness, anger, and fear connected with the diagnosis procedure, ways of dealing with the disease, insecure future, family relations, relations with the medical profession, dealing with different obstacles, life challenges and accepting help. The results show that the most common feeling is sadness, followed by fear and then anger. Child’s disease affects the child together with the whole family, and therefore leads to reorganisation of family roles and many changes. Parents, together with the whole family, have to accept the disease and discover and develop different strategies of coping with the disease and the situation as it is a long term process which demands adjustments and sacrificing in different areas. Child’s chronic disease can negatively or positively affect the family. Furthermore, it awakens various intense feelings in the parents alongside with sadness, anger, and fear, and that affects further dealings with the disease.

Namen našega dela je bil raziskati prisotnost anksioznosti, depresivnosti, stresa, sposobnost spoprijemanja s čustvi ter podaljšanega žalovanja pri osebah z izkušnjo izgube bližnje osebe. Zanimale pa so nas tudi razlike v anksioznosti, depresivnosti, stresu, spoprijemnju s čustvi in podaljšanem žalovanju glede na vrsto in čas od izgube. Raziskava je zajemala 250 udeležencev, od tega 210 ženskega in 40 moškega spola. Povprečna starost udeležencev je bila 44 let. V naš vzorec smo zajeli vse starostne skupine. Prisotnost motnje podaljšanega žalovanja pri udeležencih smo ocenjevali z Vprašalnikom o motnji podaljšanega žalovanja (PGD). Za merjenje prisotnosti depresije, anksioznosti in stresa smo uporabili Lestvico za merjenje prisotnosti depresije, anksioznosti in stresa (DASS 21), za merjenje spoprijemanja s čustvi pa smo uporabili krajšo verzijo vprašalnika Na čustva usmerjeno spoprijemanje (EAC). Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da se upad funkcionalnosti pri žalujočih statistično pomembno razlikuje od spoprijemanja s čustvi v procesu žalovanja. Potrdili smo, da obstaja statistično pomembna razlika v doživljanju anksioznoznosti in depresije glede na vrsto izgube oziroma koga smo izgubili, in sicer sta anksioznost in depresivnost močneje prisotni pri tistih, ki so izgubili ožjega družinskega člana. Motnja podaljšanega žalovanja se je pomembno razlikovala med udeleženci, ki so doživeli izgubo v zadnjih treh letih, v primerjavi s tistimi, pri katerih je od izgube preteklo več kot tri leta. Prav tako smo potrdili razliko v vseh merjenih spremenljivkah glede na to, ali so udeleženci doživljali prigovarjanje okolice k čimprejšnji vključitvi v vsakdanje življenje ali ne. Smrt bližnje osebe povzorči hudo stisko in globoko zareže v življenje posameznika. Žalujoči izgubijo občutek varnosti in težko najdejo nov smisel v življenju. Porajajo se zelo močna čustva in občutja, zato potrebujejo veliko podpore, sočutja, sprejetosti in predvsem slišanosti, kjer pa ni prostora za svetovanje. Žalujoči lahko skozi obrede žalovanja izrazijo čutenja in misli v simboličnem svetu. S tem si lajšajo žalovanje in dajejo pomen smrti. Žalujočim omogočajo, da se ob njih povežejo, sodelujejo in se podpirajo, kar ima za žalujoče veliko vrednost pri nadaljnjih korakih v življenju. A purpose of our work was to research the presence of anxiety, depression, stress, ability to cope with emotions and prolonged grief in individuals with experience of losing a loved one. In addition, their differences in regards to a type and time passed from the loss were also in our interest. The research encompassed 250 participants, 210 of women and 40 of man genders. All age groups were included. The average age of the participants was 44 years. With a special questionnaire Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD), presence of prolonged grief disorder was assessed and evaluated. For quantitative measures of distress including presence of depression, anxiety and stress, a designated scale Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS 21) was utilized. For measurement of coping with emotions, a short version of a questionnaire of coping with emotions Emotion Approach Coping scale (EAC) was used. Results of the research revealed that decrease of functionality of the mourners is dependent on their ability to cope with emotions and thus statistically significantly differ. The results of the study showed that the decline in functionality in mourners is statistically significantly different from coping with emotions in the grieving process. We statistically confirmed that an important difference exists in the experience of anxiety and depression with respect to the type of the loss or who we lost. Namely, anxiety and depression are prevalent in those who lost a close relative. The prolonged grief disorder significantly differs among participants who experienced the loss in the last three years and those who experienced their loss more than three years ago. Also, we confirmed a difference in all measured variables depending on whether the participants experienced or not counseling support from their environment toward their anticipating re-integration into their daily life. Passing of a loved one causes major distress and deep scars in the life of an individual. The mourners lose their sense of security and realize that finding their new meaning in life is difficult. Very strong emotions and feelings are coming through. Hence, these individuals need a lot of support, compassion, acceptance and above all being heard where there is no room for advice. The mourners can express their feelings and thoughts symbolically through mourning rituals. By doing so, they alleviate their grief and can better grasp the meaning of death. Also, these rituals enable mourners to connect and cooperate as well as support each other. This gives a high value to the mourners in their next steps in life.

Raziskava skozi interpretativno fenomenološko analizo predstavlja doživljanje osebnostne rasti in medosebnih odnosov pri študentih zakonske in družinske terapije, programa izpopolnjevanja na Teološki fakulteti, Univerze v Ljubljani. Šest udeležencev je proces osebnostne rasti tekom študija opisalo kot intenzivno doživljanje različnih čutenj, ki so pomembno vplivala na njihovo soočanje s samim seboj. Tekom procesa osebnostne rasti so se naučili regulacije čutenj in spoznali pomembnost nežne skrbi zase, s čimer so se nekateri prvič srečali. Prav tako so doživeli izkušnjo postavljanja razmejitev, ki je pomembno vplivala tako na odnos do sebe kot na medosebne odnose s pomembnimi drugimi. V medosebnih odnosih se integracija posameznikove osebnostne rasti kaže predvsem v večjem razumevanju in sprejemanju staršev in družine, postavljanju jasnih meja, medtem ko se v partnerskem odnosu že prepoznava novo izkušnjo odnosov, ki omogočajo skupno rast in razvoj. Pri tem je pomembno izpostaviti pripravljenost na sodelovanje s strani partnerjev, kar bistveno lažje pripomore k rasti. Izsledki omogočajo oblikovanje smernic za delo s študenti z namenom večje pozornosti na njihovo doživljanje in spremembe, ki se prebujajo vzporedno s študijem in so hkrati z njim tesno prepletene. Pri tem se zaveda omejitev in pomembnosti nadaljnjih raziskav. The study uses interpretative phenomenological analysis to highlight the experience of personal growth and interpersonal relationships among students of marital and family therapy, training program at the Faculty of Theology in University of Ljubljana. Six participants described the process of personal growth during the study as an intense experience of different feelings that influenced their coping with themselves. During the proces of personal growth, they learned to regulate their senses and realized the importance of gentle self – care, something some encountered the first time. They also had experienced setting boundaries, that affected relationship toward themselves and interpersonal relationhips with important others. In interpersonal relationships, the integration of individuals personal growth is mainly reflected in greater understanding and accepting parents and families, setting clear boundaries, while in a partnership a new experience of relationship is already recognized that enable joint growth and development. In doing so, it is important to highlight the willingness of partners to cooperate, which makes growth much easier. The results enable the development guidelines for working with students in order to pay more attention to their experience and changes that are waking up in parallel with the study and are at the same time closely interwined with it. In doing so, the research is aware of the limitations and importance of further research.

Zaradi pomanjkanja tovrstnih raziskav in literature na slovenskem območju smo si z našo raziskavo zadali nalogo preučiti poporodno posttravmatsko stresno motnjo (PP-PTSM), njeno prevalenco v slovenski populaciji in komorbidnost s poporodno depresijo (PPD). Zanimal nas je tudi vpliv travme iz otroštva tako na razvoj PP-PTSM kot tudi na PPD. Vprašalnik je v celoti izpolnilo 361 žensk, ki so rodile v zadnjih 12 mesecih, delno pa 434 žensk, a smo jih zaradi izpolnitve vsaj dveh vprašalnikov vseeno vključili v raziskavo. Večina (72,1 %) udeleženk je bilo starih od 25 do 35 let. Za merjenje poporodnega depresivnega razpoloženja smo uporabili Edinburško lestvico poporodne depresije – EPDS, z Lestvico porodne travme – CityBiTS smo merili poporodno PTSM, izkušnje travme v otroštvu in mladostništvu pa smo ocenjevali z retrospektivnim merskim instrumentom CTQ. Pri 116 udeleženkah je bila izmerjena visoka verjetnost depresije. 10 udeleženk je izpolnjevalo vse kriterije za PP-PTSM. Največ udeleženk (17,3 %) je v otroštvu doživelo emocionalno zanemarjanje, temu sledijo emocionalna zloraba (10,9 %), fizično zanemarjanje (10,6 %), spolna zloraba (9,7 %) in fizična zloraba (5,8 %). Zaznali smo razlike v izraženosti depresivnega razpoloženja in simptomov PTSM med skupinama žensk, ki so porodile zdravega otroka, in tistimi, ki so izgubile otroka med nosečnostjo, po porodu ali s prisotnimi zdravstvenimi zapleti pri novorojencu. Skupini, razdeljeni glede na izkušnjo poroda, se razlikujeta v izraženosti depresivnega razpoloženja. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali povezavo med travmo iz otroštva in pojavnostjo simptomov PPD in PP-PTSM. Na našem vzorcu sta s PP-PTSM najizraziteje povezana emocionalna zloraba in fizično zanemarjanje, s PPD pa emocionalna zloraba. Analiza je pokazala tudi visoko, statistično pomembno korelacijo med simptomi PPD in PP-PTSM. Due to the lack of such research and literature in Slovenian language, our study aimed to investigate postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder (PP-PTSD), its prevalence in the Slovenian population and comorbidity with postpartum depression (PPD). We were also interested in the impact of childhood trauma on the development of both PP-PTSD and PPD. The questionnaire was fully completed by 361 women who gave birth in the past 12 months. 434 completed the survey only partially, but were still included because they completed at least two of the questionnaires. Majority (72.1 %) participants were between 25 and 35 years old. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to measure postnatal depressed mood, the Childbirth Trauma Scale (CityBiTS) was used to measure postnatal PTSD, and childhood and adolescent trauma experiences were assessed with the CTQ retrospective instrument. 116 participants were measured as having a high probability of depression and 10 participants met full criteria for PP-PTSM. Most female participants (17.3 %) experienced emotional neglect in childhood, followed by emotional abuse (10.9 %), physical neglect (10.6 %), sexual abuse (9.7 %) and physical abuse (5.8 %). We found differences in the expression of depressed mood and symptoms of PTSD between the groups of women who gave birth to a healthy baby and those who lost a baby during pregnancy, after delivery or with medical complications for the newborn. The two groups divided according to the experience of childbirth differ in the expression of depressed mood. The results of the study showed an association between childhood trauma and the incidence of PPD and PP-PTSD symptoms. In our sample, emotional abuse and physical neglect are most strongly associated with PP-PTSD, while emotional abuse is most strongly associated with PPD. The analysis also showed a high statistically significant correlation between PPD symptoms and PP-PTSD.

V magistrskem delu nas je zanimala osebnostna rast žensk skozi materinstvo. V teoretičnem delu so predstavljene teme, kot je tranzicija v materinstvo od odločitve za otroka dalje in pregled sprememb v odnosih ženske, predstavljen pa je tudi sistem navezanosti ter vpliv travme na življenje posameznika. Empirični del pa vsebuje metodologijo in rezultate raziskave procesa osebnostne rasti ženske skozi materinstvo, pri čemer smo se osredotočili na spremembe v ženski od odločitve za otroka, skozi nosečnost, porod, poporodno obdobje in do obdobja malčka. Posebna pozornost je usmerjena v spremembe v odnosih matere, tako bližnjih kot širših. Raziskavo in analizo smo izvedli po metodi osnovane teorije, v kateri smo empirične podatke pridobili s pomočjo polstrukturiranih intervjujev z ženskami, ki so v zadnjih štirih letih prvič postale matere. Rezultati so pokazali spremembe v lastnostih mater in njihovih odnosih, ki lahko vodijo v osebnostno rast. Pokazali so se tudi dejavniki spodbude rasti in ovire ter splošne značilnosti rasti. Raziskava je pokazala, da materinstvo tako predstavlja priložnost za osebnostno rast ženske, ki se lahko pozitivno odraža v njenem odnosu do sebe in do otroka. This master's thesis explores the personal growth of women trough their experience of motherhood. The theoretical part introduces such topics as the transition into motherhood, from the decision to have a child onwards, and changes in women’s relationships, then offers an overview of the system of attachment and the effect of trauma on a person’s life. The empirical part presents the methodology and analysis of the research on women's personal growth process trough motherhood with the emphasis on changes in a woman that occur from the decision to have a child, trough pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum period and their child’s toddlerhood. Special attention is paid to changes in the mother's close and outer relationships circles. The research and analysis was conducted by applying the grounded theory method, using data from semi-structured interviews with women who became first-time mothers in the last four years. The results show changes in mothers’ personal traits and their relationships, which might lead to personal growth. The findings also show factors of growth encouragement and obstructions, as well as some general traits of women who personally grow through motherhood. Our research shows that the experience of motherhood represents an opportunity for personal growth for a woman, which can have a positive effect on her relationships.

V pričujočem magistrskem delu avtorica raziskuje čustveno doživljanje prve nosečnosti, poroda in poporodnega obdobja pri materah. V teoretičnem delu magistrskega dela predstavi ključne dogodke in fiziološki proces nosečnosti. Osredotoči se na doživljanje ženske v prvi nosečnosti, opiše spremembe na njenih možganih, na telesu, hormonske spremembe in z njimi povezane čustvene spremembe ter nihanje razpoloženja. Predstavi sprejemanje sebe in lastnega spreminjajočega se telesa ter pomembnost partnerjeve podpore v času nosečnosti. Predstavi pomen vzpostavljanja odnosa z otrokom že tekom nosečnosti. Dotakne se tudi odnosa med nosečnico in njeno materjo med nosečnostjo. Predstavi čustvene in duševne stiske, ki se lahko pojavijo med nosečnostjo. V nadaljevanju predstavi pomembnost priprave na porod in opiše fiziološki potek poroda ter zdravstvene ukrepe ob nepravilnostih pri porodu. Opiše pomembnost prisotnosti partnerja pri porodu. V zadnjem delu teoretičnega dela predstavi poporodno obdobje ter z njim povezane spremembe na fizičnem in psihičnem področju pri ženski. Predstavi dojenje kot ključni in osnovni stik z otrokom, odnos s partnerjem po porodu in na koncu sam odnos z otrokom. V empiričnem delu s pomočjo kvalitativne fenomenološke metodologije avtorica raziskuje povezanost fenomena doživljanja nosečnosti, poroda in poporodnega obdobja. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih šest žensk, ki so prvič rodile pred več kot šestimi meseci in manj kot štirimi leti. Pet žensk je rodilo vaginalno, ena je imela urgentni carski rez. Na podlagi intervjujev, ki jih je avtorica opravila z udeleženkami, ugotavlja, kako so ženske doživljale fenomen prve nosečnosti, poroda in poporodnega obdobja in kako bi si lahko to izkušnjo še izboljšale in olajšale. Rezultati so pokazali, da so ženske večinoma dobro sprejemale svoje spreminjajoče se telo in v času nosečnosti dobile s partnerjeve strani veliko podpore. Partnerjeva podpora se je kot ključna izkazala tudi med porodom. Raziskava je pokazala, da je bil prvi stik z otrokom pri večini udeleženk začudenje in niso doživele navala pozitivnih čustev ob prvem srečanju z otrokom. Rezultati kažejo tudi, da so se ženske premalo pripravile na poporodno obdobje, ki jih je zelo presenetilo predvsem iz čustvenega in doživljajskega vidika. V tem obdobju se je za večino udeleženk kot ključna pri premagovanju izzivov spet izkazala partnerjeva podpora. In the present master's thesis, the emotional experiences of first pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period of mothers who give birth are explored. The theoretical part of the master's thesis presents the key events and the physiological process of pregnancy. The focus is on the experience of the pregnancy by a first-time mother, changes in her brain, body, hormonal changes and related emotional changes, and mood swings. Moreover, the author focuses on the acceptance of the physical and emotional changes, and the importance of the partner’s support during pregnancy. The importance of establishing a relationship with the child during pregnancy as well as the relationship between a pregnant woman and her mother during pregnancy are described in detail. The author also touches upon the emotional and mental distress that can occur during pregnancy. In addition, the importance of preparation for childbirth and the physiological course of childbirth are presented, as well as health measures in the event of congenital anomalies. The author also mentions the importance of a partner's presence at birth. The last part of the theoretical part describes the postpartum period and related physical and emotional changes. The author presents breastfeeding as a crucial and basic contact with the child. Lastly, the relationships between the mother and her partner and child are described. Using a qualitative phenomenological methodology, the connection between pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period of first-time mothers was investigated. The study included six women who gave birth for the first time more than six months ago and less than four years ago. Five women gave vaginal birth, and one had an emergency caesarean birth. Based on the findings of the interviews carried out by the author, it is determined how women experienced their first pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period, and how this experience could be further improved and facilitated. The results show that women mostly accepted their changing bodies and received a lot of support from their partners during pregnancy. Partner support has shown to be crucial during childbirth. The research showed that the first contact with the child was a surprise for most of the participants and they did not experience a surge of positive emotions when they first met the child. The results also show that women were not sufficiently prepared for the postpartum period and were surprised by it especially due to strong emotions and their own experiences. During this period, for most of the participants, the partner's support proved to be central to overcoming the challenges.

V magistrskem delu smo raziskovali doživljanje mater z izkušnjo poporodne depresije. V teoretičnem delu, ki je bil namenjen pregledu literature, smo zaobjeli področje nosečnosti in materinstva ter področje različnih stisk in duševnih motenj v obporodnem obdobju, pri čemer smo največ poudarka namenili poporodni depresiji. Zadnje poglavje teoretičnega dela smo posvetili zaščitnim dejavnikom in virom pomoči. Drugi del magistrske naloge je bil namenjen raziskovanju, za katerega smo uporabili fenomenološko psihološki pristop, ki nam je kot tak omogočal poglobljen vpogled v doživljanje posamezne udeleženke. Izvedli smo pet intervjujev in oblikovali splošne opise doživljanja individualnih psihičnih struktur, v nadaljevanju smo oblikovali skupni opis doživljanja mater z izkušnjo poporodne depresije. Ugotovili smo, da so bile za vse udeleženke ključnega pomena spremembe doživljanja po rojstvu otroka, ki so bile močno povezane z neizpolnjenimi pričakovanji glede materinstva in z doživljanjem slabe partnerske podpore in podpore bližnjih, navedeno je doprineslo k hudim čustvenim stiskam udeleženk, ki so bile obarvane z afekti žalosti, jeze, strahu in sramu ter z občutji tesnobe. Na koncu raziskave izpostavimo pomanjkljivosti in smernice za nadaljnje raziskovanje, ki se nam tekom raziskave odpirajo. Ta raziskava nam omogoča globlji vpogled v doživljanje mater z izkušnjo poporodne depresije in je kot taka uporabna za širšo publiko z namenom, da bi se dalo večji poudarek na duševno zdravje žensk po porodu in na doživljanje materinstva, ki ga sodobna družba rada spregleda. Hkrati pa so rezultati lahko v pomoč strokovnjakom s področja psihologije in psihoterapije ter vsem tistim, ki se ukvarjajo s tovrstno tematiko in z delom z ljudmi. In this master's thesis, we studied the experience of mothers who have dealt with postpartum depression. In the theoretical part, in which literature was overviewed, we studied the fields of pregnancy and motherhood as well as different issues and mental disorders in the peripartum period, focusing on postpartum depression. The last chapter of the theoretical part examines protective factors and sources of assistance. For the second part of the master's thesis, a research was conducted by adopting the phenomenological and psychological approach, which provided a more detailed insight into participants’ feelings. Five interviews were conducted. We prepared general descriptions of how mothers experience individual psychological structures and, later on, a common description of feelings of mothers who experienced postpartum depression. We determined that, according to all participants, the most important factor was changes in their feelings in the postpartum period, closely associated with unfulfilled expectations regarding motherhood and with the lack of support by their partner and close ones. This resulted in severe emotional trauma of participants, accompanied by feelings of sadness, anger, fear, shame and anxiety. At the end of the research, we underline its shortcomings and present guidelines for further research. This research provides a deep insight into feelings of mothers who experienced postpartum depression. It can be applied to a wider public in order to raise awareness about mental health of women in the postpartum period and the perception of motherhood, which are often overlooked by the modern society. At the same time, the research results may be helpful for experts in the fields of psychology and psychotherapy as well as all those who work in this field and who work with people in general.

Odraslost je obdobje, ko posameznik konča s šolanjem, prične z iskanjem službe, se zaposli, prične skrbeti zase, skratka, se odseli od doma. Takrat prične opravljati različne pomembne družbene vloge. V tem obdobju so še posebej na udaru ženske, ki poleg skrbi zase, opravljanja gospodinjskih del in službe, skrbijo še za druge in se soočajo s številnimi težavami in stresnimi situacijami. Ženske namreč dvakrat pogosteje kot moški zbolevajo za depresijo, kar povezujejo s hormonskim ravnovesjem, bolj stresnim načinom življenja, soočenje z nasiljem in zlorabam ter nenehnim razmišljanjem. Živimo v času, kjer je doživljanje stresa nekaj čisto normalnega. Vsi ga kdaj občutimo. Je pa res, da posamezne stresorje dojemamo drugače. Nekomu nekaj povzroči stres, drugemu drugo. Problem nastane, ko je tega stresa preveč. Pretirano doživljanje negativnega stresa lahko vodi v doživljanje simptomov tesnobnosti in depresivnosti ali celo do različnih motenj in bolezni. Ljudje se zaradi pretiranega doživljanja stresa najpogosteje srečajo s tesnobo in depresijo. Pri tesnobi gre za nekajminutne neprijetne čustvene in vedenjske simptome, ki lahko sprožijo tudi napad panike, medtem ko gre pri depresiji za simptome, ki vztrajajo dlje časa ter je glavni simptom doživljanje neskončne žalosti. Stres, simptome tesnobnosti in depresivnosti lahko obvladujemo z različnimi strategijami. V našem delu se posvečamo sprostitvenim tehnikam. Sprostitvene tehnike izzovejo sprostitev, ki bistveno zniža učinke stresa na telo in um. Med drugim vadba le-teh upočasni srčni utrip, znižuje krvni tlak, upočasni dihanje in izboljšuje prebavo. Namen raziskave, izvedene med dvanajstimi aktivnimi ženskami, je bil preveriti, kako kratka, a redna uporaba sprostitvenih tehnik vpliva na razbremenitev stresa, doživljanja simptomov depresivnosti in tesnobnosti, na zmožnost osredotočenega zavedanja in sprejemanja sedanjega trenutka ter na zadovoljstvo z življenjem aktivnih žensk. V raziskavi smo uporabili kvazieksperimentalno metodo, in sicer enoskupinski predtest-posttest načrt kot pripomoček je bila izbrana mobilna aplikacija s sprostitvenimi tehnikami. Analiza rezultatov je pokazala, da ima redna vadba sprostitvenih tehnik pomemben vpliv na doživljanje stresa. Na podlagi ugotovitev v teoretičnem delu in kazalnikov v naši raziskavi lahko rečemo tudi, da imajo sprostitvene tehnike pozitiven vpliv na doživljanje simptomov depresivnosti in tesnobnosti, na zmožnost osredotočenega zavedanja in spoprijemanja sedanjega trenutka ter na zadovoljstvo z življenjem aktivnih žensk. Ugotovili smo tudi, da ni ene najboljše in najučinkovitejše sprostitvene tehnike, temveč lahko ob redni in vestni vadbi z vsako tehniko dosežemo sprostitveni odziv. Uporabnice so bile nad pozitivnimi vplivi redne vadbe sprostitvenih tehnik presenečene vse so čutile pozitivne spremembe in se strinjajo, da bodo z uporabo nadaljevale. Adulthood is the period when an individual finishes school, starts looking for a job, gets a job, starts taking care of himself, in short, moves away from home. It is then that he begins to perform various important social roles. During this period, women are particularly affected, who, in addition to taking care of themselves, doing housework, and working, also take care of others and face many problems and stressful situations. Women are twice as likely as men to suffer from depression, which they associate with hormonal balance, a more stressful lifestyle, coping with violence and abuse, and constant thinking. We live in a time where experiencing stress is something completely normal. We all feel it sometimes. However, it is true that we perceive individual stressors differently. To some, something causes stress, to others something else. The problem, however, arises when there is too much of this stress. Excessive experience of negative stress can lead to experiencing symptoms of anxiety and depression, or even to various disorders and illnesses. People are most likely to experience anxiety and depression due to excessive stress. Anxiety is a few minutes of unpleasant emotional and behavioural symptoms that can also trigger a panic attack, while depression consists of symptoms that persist for a long time and the main symptom is experiencing endless sadness. Stress, symptoms of anxiety and depression can be managed through a variety of strategies. In our work we focus on relaxation techniques. Relaxation techniques evoke relaxation, which significantly reduces the effects of stress on the body and mind. Among other things, exercise slows the heart rate, lowers blood pressure, slows breathing and improves digestion. The purpose of the study, conducted among twelve active women, was to examine how short but regular use of relaxation techniques affects stress relief, experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety, the ability to focus on and accept the present moment, and life satisfaction of active women. In the research, we used a quasi-experimental method, namely one group with a pretest-posttest plan, and a mobile application with relaxation techniques was chosen as an aid. Analysis of the results showed that regular practice of relaxation techniques has a significant impact on experiencing stress. Based on the findings in the theoretical part and indicators in our study, we can also say that relaxation techniques have a positive impact on experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety, on the ability to focus and cope with the present moment and on being satisfied with your life as an active woman. We also found that one single best and most effective relaxation technique does not exist, but we can achieve a relaxation response with each technique with regular and conscientious exercise. The users were surprised by the positive effects of regular practice of relaxation techniques, all felt positive changes and agreed to continue using them.

Namen magistrskega dela je bilo raziskati pojavnost odtujenega odnosa med partnerjema, in povezanost samospoštovanja z agresivnim vedenjem partnerja in kakovostjo partnerskega odnosa. Zanimalo nas je, kolikšna je stopnja samospoštovanja glede na agresivno vedenje partnerja in kakšna je kakovost partnerskih odnosov glede na posameznikovo samospoštovanje. Vzorec je zajemal 266 udeležencev (od tega 84,2 % žensk in 15,8 % moških), ki so izpolnili Vprašalnik zakonske nezadovoljnosti – MDS, Vprašalnik agresije – AQ in Rosenbergovo lestvico samospoštovanja – RSES. Ugotovili smo, da posamezniki z nižjim samospoštovanjem pogosteje izražajo agresijo in so manj zadovoljni s svojim partnerskim odnosom, kar se posledično povezuje z nizko kakovostjo partnerskega odnosa. Prav tako smo ugotovili, da obstajajo statistično pomembne razlike v partnerski odtujenosti glede na čas trajanja partnerske zveze, kajti posamezniki, ki so v partnerski zvezi manj časa, so si v primerjavi s posamezniki, ki so v partnerski zvezi dlje časa, bolj odtujeni, bolj odtujeni so si tudi tisti partnerji, ki imajo otroke. Na podlagi raziskave smo ugotovili, da ne prihaja do statistično pomembnih razlik med agresijo in udeležbo v partnerski terapiji, v nobeni od pod dimenzij agresije. Raziskava ponuja spoznanja in nov pogled o povezanosti tovrstnih konstruktov, pušča odprt prostor za nadaljnje raziskave ter lažje razumevanje še tako zapletenega področja, kot so partnerski odnosi. The purpose of the master's thesis was to investigate the occurrence of an alienated relationship between partners, and the relationship between self-esteem and aggressive partner behavior and the quality of the partnership. We were interested in the level of self-esteem in relation to the aggressive behavior of the partner and the quality of the partner relationship in relation to the individual's self-esteem. The sample included 266 participants (of which 84.2% were women and 15.8% were men) who completed a marital dissatisfaction questionnaire - MDS, an aggression questionnaire - AQ and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale - RSES. We found that individuals with lower self-esteem are more likely to express aggression and are less satisfied with their partnership, which in turn is associated with a low quality partnership. We also found that there are statistically significant differences in partner alienation according to the duration of the partnership, because individuals who are in a partnership for less time are more alienated compared to those who are in a partnership for a longer period of time. Those partners who have children are also more alienated. Based on our research, we found that there are no statistically significant differences between aggression and participation in partner therapy in any of the sub-dimensions of aggression. The research offers insights into and a new perspective on the interconnectedness of such constructs, leaving open space for further research and easier understanding of even such a complex area as partnerships.

V magistrskem delu smo raziskovali čustveno doživljanje mladih odraslih žensk s podaljšanim bivanjem v izvorni družini. V teoretičnem delu smo predstavili vpliv najzgodnejših odnosov posameznika na nadaljnje doživljanje sebe in odnosov v odrasli dobi. Prav tako smo se dotaknili pomembnih teoretičnih spoznanj, ki so se pojavila v dobljenih rezultatih naše raziskave. Empirični del je bil namenjen raziskovanju čustvenega doživljanja mladih odraslih žensk s podaljšanim bivanjem v njihovi izvorni družini, pri tem pa je bilo eno pomembnejših meril to, da so vse mlade odrasle ženske redno zaposlene. Z uporabo deskriptivne psihološke fenomenološke raziskave smo pridobili vpogled v čustveno doživljanje petih udeleženk raziskave. Rezultate udeleženk raziskave smo ovrednotili in analizirali individualne opise njihovih doživljanj, nato pa smo zapisali še splošni opis glavnih komponent čustvenega doživljanja mladih odraslih žensk s podaljšanim bivanjem v izvorni družini. Ugotovili smo, da na samo doživljanje bivanja mladih odraslih žensk doma v precejšnji meri vpliva odnos udeleženk z njihovimi starši, obenem pa smo prišli do ugotovitev, da večina udeleženk naše raziskave ni zadovoljna z bivanjem doma. Ob tem smo ugotovili, da udeleženke, ki do staršev gojijo prijetna čustva, tudi bivanje v skupnem gospodinjstvu s starši doživljajo kot zadovoljivo, udeleženke, ki do svojih staršev gojijo neprijetna čustva, pa doživljanje doma opisujejo kot nezadovoljivo. Hkrati smo v raziskavi poskušali pridobiti vpogled tudi v želje udeleženk za prihodnost in pri tem ugotovili, da si večina udeleženk raziskave v prihodnosti želi osamosvojitve. Pridobili smo tudi vpogled v tiste ovire, ki mladim odraslim preprečujejo, da bi se dokončno osamosvojili, pri tem pa prišli do ugotovitev, da so razlogi zapleteni in povezani, a vendar bi lahko rekli, da starši igrajo pomembno vlogo – s finančno podporo doma ali pa s svojim nezavednim (ne)spodbujanjem mladega odraslega k dokončni osamosvojitvi in odhodom od doma. The master's thesis explores the emotional experience of young adult women with extended residence in their family of origin. The theoretical part presents the influence of the earliest relationships of an individual on the continued sense of self and relationships in adulthood. Important theoretical findings that emerge in the results of our research are discussed as well. The empirical part is dedicated to the study of the emotional experience of young adult women with extended residence in their family of origin, with one of the more important criteria being that all young adult women are regularly employed. An insight into the emotional experience of the five research participants has been gained with the use of a descriptive psychological phenomenological method. The results are evaluated and individual descriptions of their experiences analyzed. After that, a general description of the main components of the emotional experience of young adult women with extended residence in the family of origin is recorded. It has been discovered that young adult women’s experience of living at home is significantly influenced by the relationship of the participants with their parents. At the same time, it has been concluded that most of the research participants are not satisfied with living at home. It has been determined that the participants who cultivate pleasant feelings towards their parents also experience their life in a joint household with their parents as satisfactory. However, participants who cultivate unpleasant feelings towards their parents describe the experience at home as unsatisfactory. At the same time, this research tries to gain an insight into the wishes of the participants for the future. The findings indicate that most of the research participants want independence in the future. The obstacles that prevent young adults from becoming fully independent come to light as well. The reasons are generally complex and interconnected, but it could be said that parents play an important role - with financial support at home or with unconscious (dis)encouragement of young adults when it comes to their full independence and leaving home.

Magistrsko delo je posvečeno doživljanju odnosa z očetom in vplivu slednjega na samospoštovanje pri mladih odraslih ženskah. V teoretičnem delu je zajet pregled vsebin s področja sodobnih družbenih izzivov mladih odraslih žensk, samospoštovanja, očetovstva in vloge očeta pri mladih odraslih ženskah ter vpliv odnosa z očetom na intimne partnerske odnose. V empiričnem delu je bil namen s kvalitativno metodo tematske analize raziskati doživljanje odnosa z očetom in doživljanje vpliva slednjega na samospoštovanje pri mladih odraslih ženskah. V raziskavi je sodelovalo osem udeleženk, starih od 25 do 30 let. Štiri udeleženke so bile v času intervjuvanja samske, štiri pa v partnerskem odnosu. Tematska analiza je pokazala pet glavnih tem. V okviru teme lastno samospoštovanje smo odkrivali, kako se udeleženke spoštujejo v odnosu oče – hči smo preverjali, kakšen je njun odnos. Raziskovali smo, kako hčere prepoznavajo očetovo samospoštovanje, se z njimi pogovarjali o intimnih odnosih, o preteklih oz. sedanjih partnerjih in z njimi prepoznavali podobnosti in razlike med očetom in partnerjem. Raziskava je osvetlila pomembnost vloge očeta pri doživljanju hčere, zlasti v povezavi z doživljanjem lastnega samospoštovanja in doživljanjem vseh ostalih odnosov. This master’s thesis seeks to understand father’s relationship and its impact on the self-respect of young adult women. The theoretical part includes a review of topics dealing with modern social challenges of young adult women, self-respect, fatherhood and the role of the father in the lives of young adult women as well as the impact the father’s relationship has on their intimate partner relationships. The purpose of the empirical part was to use the qualitative method of thematic analysis and study how young adult women experience father’s relationship and what impact self-respect has on them. The study included eight women participants aged between 25 and 30. At the time of the study four participants were single and four were in a relationship. The thematic analysis revealed five main topics. Within the scope of self-respect, we discovered how the participants respect themselves and investigated the father-daughter relationship. Furthermore, we studied how daughters identify father’s self-respect, discussed intimate relationships, past and present partners and together identified the similarities and differences between fathers and partners. The study brought to light the importance of the role fathers have in their daughter's perception of her relationships, in particular relating to self-respect and other relationships.

Številne raziskave se osredotočajo na iskanje povezav med posameznimi vidiki narcisizma, samospoštovanja in doživljanja bližnjih medosebnih odnosov. To področje raziskovanja je kompleksno in vsebuje še mnogo neznank. Ker v tuji in domači literaturi nismo zasledili podobnih raziskav, smo se v naši osredotočili na ugotavljanje povezanosti med narcisizmom, samospoštovanjem ter doživljanjem bližnjih medosebnih odnosov. Zanimalo nas je, ali je narcisizem povezan z izobrazbo ter ali se starostne skupine med seboj razlikujejo v izraženosti narcisizma. Preverjali smo tudi razlike v narcisizmu, samospoštovanju ter doživljanju bližnjih medosebnih odnosov glede na spol in zakonski stan. Naš vzorec je zajemal 261 udeležencev, od tega 167 ženskega in 94 moškega spola. Povprečna starost udeleženca znaša nekaj manj kot 35 let, sicer pa smo v naš vzorec zajeli vse starostne skupine. Njihova starost se je gibala od 17 do 75 let, povprečna starost pa je bila nekaj manj kot 35 let. Narcisizem smo ocenjevali s pomočjo Vprašalnika narcisizma NPI-40 (Raskin in Terry 1988), samospoštovanje s pomočjo Rosenbergove lestvice samospoštovanja RSES (Rosenberg 1965), doživljanje bližnjih medosebnih odnosov pa smo merili s pomočjo Lestvice doživljanja bližnjih medosebnih odnosov ECR-S (Wei, Russel, Mallinckrodt in Vogel 2007). Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da je narcisizem statistično pomembno povezan s samospoštovanjem. Prav tako je samospoštovanje statistično pomembno povezano z doživljanjem bližnjih medosebnih odnosov, med narcisizmom ter doživljanjem bližnjih medosebnih odnosov pa nismo ugotovili nobenih povezav. Narcisizem je nadalje povezan s stopnjo dosežene izobrazbe, mlajše starostne skupine pa se med seboj statistično pomembno razlikujejo od starejših skupin, in sicer slednje dosegajo nižje rezultate. Prav tako moški dosegajo statistično pomembno višji rezultat na vprašalniku narcisizma, v primerjavi z ženskami. Glede na zakonski stan se v izraženosti narcisizma skupine med seboj statistično pomembno ne razlikujejo, kljub temu da samske osebe na našem vzorcu dosegajo najvišji rezultat. Skupine, razdeljene glede na spol ter zakonski stan se v višini samospoštovanja prav tako ne razlikujejo. Nadalje smo ugotovili, da se moški in ženske statistično pomembno razlikujejo pri doživljanju bližnjih medosebnih odnosov, in sicer moški v bližnjih odnosih doživljajo več negotovosti kot ženske, predvsem doživljajo več izogibanja. Prikazali smo tudi, da samski in razvezani v primerjavi s poročenimi osebami doživljajo statistično pomembno več negotovosti, pri čemer samski doživljajo več tesnobe v odnosih, tako samski kot razvezani pa doživljajo tudi več izogibanja v bližnjih medosebnih odnosih. Many studies focus on the connections between different aspects of narcissism, self-esteem and experiences in close relationships. This area of research is complex and a lot is stil unknown. Because we could not find any similar foreign or domestic studies, we therefore focused our research on finding connections between narcissism, self-esteem and experiences in close relationships. We were also interested in the connection between narcissism and the level of achieved education and the difference in narcissism between different age groups. We checked for differences in narcissism, self-esteem and experiences in close relationships between males and females, and between groups, divided according to marital status. Our sample included 261 participants, of which 167 were female and 94 are male participants. Their age ranged from 17 to 75, with the average age of a little less than 35 years. We measured narcissism with Narcissistic Personality Inventory NPI-40 (Raskin and Terry 1988). Self-esteem was assessed with Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale RSES (Rosenberg 1965). Experiences in close relationships were measured with Experiences in Close Relationships Scale ECR-S (Wei, Russel, Mallinckrodt and Vogel 2007). Our research results showed a statistically significant correlation between narcissism and self-esteem, and also between self-esteem and experiences in close relationships. We did not find a statistically significant correlation between narcissism and experiences in close relationships. Narcissism is also significantly correlated to the level of achieved education. Younger aged groups are significantly more narcissistic than older age groups. Men are significantly more narcissistic than women. We discovered no differences in narcissism when we divided the participants based on their marital status, nevertheless single participants in our study achieved higher narcissism scores than divorced participants and participants in a relationship. We found no significant differences in self-esteem between groups divided by gender and marital status. Further, men and women are significantly different in the experiences in close relationships, with men experiencing more insecurity in close relationships than women. Men also experience more avoidance in close relationships than women. We also showed that single and divorced people, in comparison with married and unmarried people in a romantic relationship, experience more insecurity in close relationships, with single people experiencing more attachment anxiety, and single and divorced people experiencing more avoidance than married people.

Intimnost je osrednja komponenta partnerskih odnosov. Združuje občutja zaupanja, povezanosti in bližine s partnerjem, pri čemer sta ključni komponenti odprta komunikacija in občutek varnosti, ki se izraža skozi zmožnost samo-razkritja. Enakopravni partnerski odnosi so tisti, v katerih partnerja enakomerno delita koristi, bremena in odgovornosti, in v katerih so želje, potrebe in skrbi obeh partnerjev enakomerno upoštevane. S tega vidika se občutja, ki jih vzbudi doživljanje enakopravnosti v odnosu, prepletajo z občutji, ki gradijo intimnost v odnosu. Cilj pričujočega magistrskega dela je bil raziskati razlike v doživljanju intimnosti in zadovoljstva v partnerskih odnosih glede na stopnjo enakopravnosti ter preučiti razlike v doživljanju vseh treh konceptov glede na različne sociodemografske lastnosti udeležencev. V prvem delu je avtorica prikazala teoretične osnove in dognanja preteklih raziskav intimnosti in enakopravnosti v partnerskih zvezah, v drugem delu pa rezultate lastne raziskave, kjer je sodelovalo 320 udeležencev, od tega 206 žensk in 114 moških. Uporabljeni so bili sledeči merski pripomočki: Lestvica pravičnosti/nepravičnosti (E/I), Lestvica intimnosti (IS) in Lestvica zadovoljstva s partnerskim odnosom (RAS). Raziskava je prikazala statistično pomembne razlike v doživljanju intimnosti in zadovoljstva v partnerskih zvezah glede na stopnjo enakopravnosti. Posamezniki, ki so svoj partnerski odnos ocenjevali kot enakopraven, so občutili višjo raven intimnosti in zadovoljstva v odnosu v primerjavi z ostalimi. Prav tako so se izrisale razlike v doživljanju enakopravnosti, intimnosti in zadovoljstva v partnerski zvezi glede na nekatere sociodemografske lastnosti udeležencev. Izkazalo se je, da posamezniki, ki imajo s partnerji skupne hobije, doživljajo odnos kot bolj intimen in enakopraven, prav tako so z njim tudi bolj zadovoljni. Razlike so se pokazale tudi v doživljanju intimnosti in zadovoljstva v odnosu glede na trajanje partnerske zveze, čas preživet s partnerjem in zakonski stan. Posamezniki, ki so dlje časa v partnerskem odnosu, tisti, ki s partnerjem preživijo manj časa ter tisti, ki niso več v zvezi in so ocenjevali pretekli partnerski odnos, doživljajo nižjo mero intimnosti in zadovoljstva. Intimnost v odnosu se hkrati razlikuje še glede na starost udeležencev in prisotnost otrok v partnerski zvezi. Mlajši posamezniki in tisti brez otrok doživljajo odnos kot bolj intimen. Razlike v stopnji enakopravnosti pri posameznikih z otroki in brez njih so na meji statistične pomembnosti. Nakazale so se tendence, da več posameznikov, ki imajo v partnerskem odnosu otroke, ocenjuje, da ima partner, glede na enakopravnost v odnosu, prednost. Razlik med spoloma ni bilo mogoče zaznati pri nobenem od treh konceptov. S tem magistrskim delom je nakazana pomembnost enakopravnosti za kvaliteto partnerskega odnosa. Posamezniki, ki zaznavajo večjo mero enakopravnosti v odnosu, le-tega doživljajo kot bolj intimnega in so z njim bolj zadovoljni. Glede na izsledke raziskave lahko sklepamo, da je enakopravnost eden ključnih dejavnikov, ki pripomore k splošni dobrobiti partnerskega odnosa. Intimacy is a central component of romantic relationships. It combines feelings of trust, connectedness, and closeness with a partner, where the key components are open communication and a sense of security, expressed through self-disclosure. Egalitarian relationships are those in which partners equally share all benefits, burdens, and responsibilities, and in which wishes, needs, and concerns of both partners are equally taken into account. From this perspective, the feelings produced by experiencing equality in a relationship are intertwined with the feelings that build intimacy in a relationship. The aim of the present master's thesis was to study the differences in the experience of intimacy and satisfaction in romantic relationships in relation to the degree of equality, and to examine the differences in the experience of all three concepts according to the different sociodemographic characteristics of the participants. In the first part, the author presented the theoretical framework and findings of previous research on intimacy and equality in romantic relationships. In the second part, she presented the findings of the present study involving 320 participants, of whom 206 were women and 114 were men. The measuring tools used by the author were the Equity/Inequity Scale (E/I), the Intimacy Scale (IS), and the Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS). The results showed statistically significant differences in the experience of intimacy and satisfaction in the romantic relationships in relation to the degree of equality. Individuals who viewed their relationship as equal sensed a higher level of intimacy and satisfaction than others. Moreover, differences were found in the experience of equality, intimacy, and satisfaction in the romantic relationships on the basis of some sociodemographic characteristics of the participants. It has been shown that individuals who share hobbies with their partners perceive the relationship as more intimate, equal, and experience a greater degree of satisfaction. Differences were also found in experiencing intimacy and satisfaction in relation to the duration of the relationship, time spent with the partner, and marital status. Individuals who have been in a relationship for a longer period of time, those who spend less time with their partner, and those who were no longer in a relationship and therefore evaluated their past relationship, experience a lower degree of intimacy and satisfaction. Intimacy in the relationship also differs depending on the age of the participants and the presence of children in the relationship. Younger individuals and those without children experience the relationship as more intimate. Differences in the level of equality between individuals with and without children are on the verge of statistical significance. Individuals who have children in their relationship exhibited a tendency to estimate that their partner has an advantage over them when it comes to the equality in the relationship. No gender differences were found in any of the three concepts. This master's thesis shows the importance of equality for the quality of romantic relationships. Individuals who recognize a greater degree of equality in their relationship perceive it as more intimate and experience greater satisfaction. According to the research findings, it can be concluded that equality is one of the key factors that contribute to overall well-being of a romantic relationship.