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Chromatography is a technique for the separation of components from the mixture. There is a different type of chromatography techniques vis. thin-layer chromatography (TLC), High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Gas-Liquid chromatography, Column chromatography, Ion exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography. HPTLC is a complex and automated kind of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with superior and advanced separation efficiency and detection limits than gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography and is frequently an excellent alternative to both. This method is used in the evaluation of the quality, safety, and efficacy of herbal drugs and formulations. This technique requires a small amount of sample for qualitative and quantitative analysis. HPTLC is used for phytochemical and biomedical analysis, herbal medication quantification, active component measurement, formulation fingerprinting, and adulterant detection in raw materials and formulations. It is also used in the analysis of drugs screening, poisoning investigation, purity check, food analysis and analysis of drugs in the blood. It is also used in detecting chemicals of forensic concern. HPTLC has become a powerful analytical tool in the field of analysis. Thanks to sophisticated techniques such as hyphenated HPTLC-MS, HPTLC-FTIR and HPTLC-Scanning diode laser. Experts believe that HPTLC is the way of the future for combinatorial approaches to drug formulation, bulk drug, and natural product analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) inhibitory interneurons drive gamma oscillations (30-80 Hz), which underlie higher cognitive functions. In this review, we discuss two groups/aspects of fundamental properties of PV+ interneurons. In the first group (dubbed Before Axon ), we list properties representing optimal synaptic integration in PV+ interneurons designed to support fast oscillations. For example: [i] Information can neither enter nor leave the neocortex without the engagement of fast PV+ -mediated inhibition; [ii] Voltage responses in PV+ interneuron dendrites integrate linearly to reduce impact of the fluctuations in the afferent drive; and [iii] Reversed somatodendritic Rm gradient accelerates the time courses of synaptic potentials arriving at the soma. In the second group (dubbed After Axon ), we list morphological and biophysical properties responsible for (a) short synaptic delays, and (b) efficient postsynaptic outcomes. For example: [i] Fast-spiking ability that allows PV+ interneurons to outpace other cortical neurons (pyramidal neurons). [ii] Myelinated axon (which is only found in the PV+ subclass of interneurons) to secure fast-spiking at the initial axon segment; and [iii] Inhibitory autapses - autoinhibition, which assures brief biphasic voltage transients and supports postinhibitory rebounds. Recent advent of scientific tools, such as viral strategies to target PV cells and the ability to monitor PV cells via in vivo imaging during behavior, will aid in defining the role of PV cells in the CNS. Given the link between PV+ interneurons and cognition, in the future, it would be useful to carry out physiological recordings in the PV+ cell type selectively and characterize if and how psychiatric and neurological diseases affect initiation and propagation of electrical signals in this cortical sub-circuit. Voltage imaging may allow fast recordings of electrical signals from many PV+ interneurons simultaneously., Competing Interests: Katarina D. Milicevic, Brianna L. Barbeau, Darko D. Lovic, Aayushi A. Patel, Violetta O. Ivanova and Srdjan D. Antic, declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

SARS-CoV-2 was discovered in Wuhan, China and quickly spread throughout the world. This deadly virus moved from person to person, resulting in severe pneumonia, fever, chills and hypoxia. Patients are still experiencing problems after recovering from COVID-19. This review covers COVID-19 and associated issues following recovery from COVID-19, as well as multiorgan damage risk factors and treatment techniques. Several unusual illnesses, including mucormycosis, white fungus infection, happy hypoxia and other systemic abnormalities, have been reported in recovered individuals. In children, multisystem inflammatory syndrome with COVID-19 (MIS-C) is identified. The reasons for this might include uncontrollable steroid usage, reduced immunity, uncontrollable diabetes mellitus and inadequate care following COVID-19 recovery., (© 2023 The Authors.)