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A specific, accurate, precise, and reproducible liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the estimation of acamprosate calcium and baclofen in combination. The separation was achieved using stationary phase Phenomenex C18 column (150 mm× 4.6 mm.) in isocratic mode, with mobile phase containing 0.05 M potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer (pH 7): acetonitrile (10:90 V/V), at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and effluents were monitored at 210 nm. The retention time of acamprosate calcium and baclofen were found to be 1.9 min and 5.3 min, respectively. The linearity for acamprosate calcium and baclofen were in the range of 2-64 µg/mL and 1.2-38.4 µg/mL, respectively. The method was validated as per ICH guideline. The recoveries of Acamprosate calcium and baclofen were found in the range of 98.90 - 100.13 % and 98.60 -100.02 %, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the determination of both the drugs in combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhizoctonia solanicauses destructive diseases in many crops throughout the world, resulting in significant yield and quality losses. Early detection ofR. solaniwould facilitate deployment of timely disease management strategies and prevention of spread of asymptomatic infected plant material. The aim of this study was to develop a simple, rapid and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for the detection ofR. solaniin plants and soil samples. LAMP primers, based on the internal transcribed spacer DNA sequence, were designed for detecting most anastomosis groups ofR. solani.Using these primers, a LAMP protocol was developed, which in sensitivity tests was shown to detect very low levels of DNA ofR. solaniandR. zeae, but notR. oryzae. This LAMP protocol successfully detectedR. solanion inoculated plant tissues and soil samples. For onsite application in the field, the LAMP protocol was implemented in a generic anti-biotin and anti-fluorescein antibody-based LFD. LAMP reactions were performed using biotin-labelled primers, which were hybridized with a fluorescein amidite (FAM)-labelled hybridization probe and detected with the LFD. This LAMP-LFD successfully detectedR. solaniin infected plant tissues. The LAMP-LFD procedure presented here is simple and rapid, and is comparable to quantitative real-time PCR. It has potential for onsite diagnosis ofR. solaniin infected plant samples, seeds, vegetative cuttings and soil samples. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Tan spot, caused by Pyrenophora triticirepentis, is an important disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Pathogenic races of P. tritici-repentis have been identified on the basis of their ability to induce tan necrosis and/or chlorosis symptoms on differential wheat genotypes. A group of isolates of P. triticirepentis collected from Arkansas did not fit into the current race classification system because they lack the ToxA gene. In this study, 535 spring wheat accessions were inoculated with a representative novel isolate (AR CrossB10) of P. tritici-repentis from Arkansas. An association mapping approach and 832 polymorphic diversity array technology markers were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to the isolate AR CrossB10. Two models (QK1 and QK2) with the least mean square difference were selected among nine linear regression models tested, and 11 QTL involved in resistance to AR CrossB10 were identified, which are located on chromosomes 1A, 1D, 2B, 2D, 6A, and 7A. The results suggest that multiple disease resistance genes also are clustered around a few of the significant markers and will be useful for wheat breeding programs and for search of candidate genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial biological control agents (BCAs) are largely used as live products to control plant pathogens. However, due to variable environmental and ecological factors, live BCAs usually fail to produce desirable results against foliar pathogens. In this study, we investigated the potential of cell-free culture filtrates of 12 different bacterial BCAs isolated from flower beds for controlling foliar diseases caused by Alternaria spp. In vitro studies showed that culture filtrates from two isolates belonging to Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens displayed strong efficacy and potencies against Alternaria spp. The antimicrobial activity of the culture filtrate of these two biological control agents was effective over a wider range of pH (3.0 to 9.0) and was not affected by autoclaving or proteolysis. Comparative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses showed that a complex mixture of cyclic lipopeptides, primarily of the fengycin A and fengycin B families, was significantly higher in these two BCAs than inactive Bacillus spp. Interaction studies with mixtures of culture filtrates of these two species revealed additive activity, suggesting that they produce similar products, which was confirmed by LC-tandem MS analyses. In in planta pre- and postinoculation trials, foliar application of culture filtrates of B. subtilis reduced lesion sizes and lesion frequencies caused by Alternaria alternata by 68 to 81%. Taken together, our studies suggest that instead of live bacteria, culture filtrates of B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens can be applied either individually or in combination for controlling foliar diseases caused by Alternaria species., (Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.)