Search

Objective: Hyperpolarized [1-13C]-pyruvate magnetic resonance imaging is an emerging metabolic imaging method that offers unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution for monitoring tumor metabolism in vivo. To establish robust imaging biomarkers of metabolism, we must characterize phenomena that may modulate the apparent pyruvate-to-lactate conversion rate (kPL). Here, we investigate the potential effect of diffusion on pyruvate-to-lactate conversion, as failure to account for diffusion in pharmacokinetic analysis may obscure true intracellular chemical conversion rates. Methods: Changes in hyperpolarized pyruvate and lactate signal were calculated using a finite-difference time domain simulation of a two-dimensional tissue model. Signal evolution curves with intracellular kPL values from 0.02 to 1.00 s−1 were analyzed using spatially invariant one-compartment and two-compartment pharmacokinetic models. A second spatially variant simulation incorporating compartmental instantaneous mixing was fit with the same one-compartment model. Results: When fitting with the one-compartment model, apparent kPL underestimated intracellular kPL by approximately 50% at an intracellular kPL of 0.02 s−1. This underestimation increased for larger kPL values. However, fitting the instantaneous mixing curves showed that diffusion accounted for only a small part of this underestimation. Fitting with the two-compartment model yielded more accurate intracellular kPL values. Significance: This work suggests diffusion is not a significant rate-limiting factor in pyruvate-to-lactate conversion given that our model assumptions hold true. In higher order models, diffusion effects may be accounted for by a term characterizing metabolite transport. Pharmacokinetic models used to analyze hyperpolarized pyruvate signal evolution should focus on carefully selecting the analytical model for fitting rather than accounting for diffusion effects.

The author talks about the Escape Room that she build with her brother, discussing the map created by them for the room, the components to achieve escape, and the additional challenge included in the room.

The article discusses the immigration which has been a controversial issue in the U.S. with topics including the immigrants that make the U.S. citizens unemployed, the American dream of making both sides acquire equal opportunities and the continuing contribution of immigrants in the U.S. economy.

The article discusses how self-improvement can help an individual have a positive impact on the world.